scholarly journals The evolution of the international emergency care workforce: a thematic analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahita Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
African Region ◽  
Cross Sectional

Acute care has historically been a relatively peripheral area on the global health agenda. Emergency care was first identified as a global priority at the WHO’s 60th World Health Assembly in 2007.  The WHO first mandated international coordination over the global shortage of human resources in health (HRH) in 2006. Little research has focused on the intersection of these problems, regarding the international workforce working in acute care.MethodsA systematic search was conducted to retrieve articles evaluating components of secondary-level local, local, regional or national acute services published in academic journals from 2000 onwards. A thematic analysis of selected articles was completed with a focus on human resource capacities, utilising a framework-based synthesis approach. Results73 articles based in 44 countries were retrieved, of which 43 were cross-sectional studies and 22 were qualitative case reports. Articles largely reported inadequate competencies, training opportunities and insufficient physical resource within local emergency medical systems. Emergency departments worldwide are widely staffed by unspecialised personnel.  Task-shifting within the acute care sector is frequently employed across the Subsaharan African region. Workforce issues were not restricted to low-income settings. However, a rigorous and stratified global dataset of workers in this category is not available and would be useful.ConclusionEmergency medical systems are undergoing a period of development worldwide. Inadequacies regarding supervision, infrastructure, and support services are not frequently addressed and should not be neglected in human resource policy. Identifying the successes and failures of systems on a global scale to date can prove useful for health systems planning and policy.

Factors That Protect Children From Community Violence: Applying the INSPIRE Model to a Sample of South African Children

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626051989842
Author(s):  
N. Suzanne Falconer ◽  
Marisa Casale ◽  
Caroline Kuo ◽  
Beverly J. Nyberg ◽  
Susan D. Hillis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Community Violence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
World Health ◽  
Young Carers ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional

Community violence is a prevalent form of interpersonal violence in South Africa for children living in low-income areas. Trauma arising from violence exposure is of concern in contexts where access to treatment is often unattainable. As simultaneous multisectoral strategies show higher potential to counter interpersonal violence than single interventions, the World Health Organization with partners created INSPIRE. INSPIRE takes an integrated approach coordinated across formal and informal settings of civil and private society. Responding to research paucity on methods that counter community violence in LMIC settings, this study employed a cross-sectional correlational design consisting of a sample of 2,477 children aged 10 to 17 years from the Young Carers 2009–2010 study conducted in a low-income, HIV-endemic province of South Africa highly affected by community violence. Multiple logistic regressions assessed individual and dose associations between four INSPIRE-based violence prevention strategies—positive parenting, basic necessities, formal social support, and school structural support—and direct and indirect community violence outcomes. Three strategies had significant associations with community violence outcomes: necessities (direct p < .001; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .57; indirect p < .01; AOR = .62), formal support (direct p < .05; AOR = .83; indirect p < .05; AOR = .73), and school support (direct p < .001; AOR = .53; indirect p < .001; AOR = .49). Combined interventions in direct and indirect community violence analyses demonstrated that children reporting a higher number of strategies were less likely to have experienced community violence. This outcome extends the results of longitudinal studies in South Africa highlighting social protection with care as a means to overcome structural deprivation strains, thereby reducing the likelihood of children’s exposure to community violence. Moreover, these findings uphold the INSPIRE model as an effective cross-sectoral approach to prevent and reduce the community violence that children experience.

scholarly journals Disease burden and associated risk factors for metabolic syndrome among adults in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samrawit Solomon ◽  
Wudeneh Mulugeta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are alarmingly increasing in low-income countries. Yet, very limited is known about the prevalence and risk factors associated with MetS in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult outpatients (N = 325) at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was conducted in accordance with STEPwise approach of the World Health Organization. MetS was defined using modified National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results The overall prevalence of MetS was 20.3%. Among the 325 participants, 76.9% had at least one MetS components. Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was the most common MetS component at 48.6%, followed by elevated blood pressure at 36.3%, and elevated fasting glucose at 32.6%. Older age (odds ratio [OR] = 4.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43–12.04), Amhara ethnicity (OR = 2.36; 95%CI = 1.14–4.88), overweight status (OR = 2.21; 95%CI = 1.03–4.71), higher income (OR = 3.31; 95%CI = 1.11–9.84) and higher education levels (OR = 2.19; 95%CI = 1.05–4.59) were risk factors for MetS. Conclusion The disease burden of MetS among Ethiopians is high, and is associated with age, weight, income, education and ethnicity. Comprehensive screening and assessment of MetS is needed along with effective preventive and treatment strategies in low-income countries, such as Ethiopia.

Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infected individuals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail F. Melicor ◽  
Katrina Loren R. Rey ◽  
Leonila F. Dans
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Wide Confidence Interval ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Health Organization

KEY FINDINGSAsymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur.• Manifestations of COVID-19 are highly varied and may include asymptomatic cases, who do not manifest with anysigns and symptoms despite testing positive for COVID-19 by viral nucleic acid tests. Pre-symptomatic cases areinfected individuals who are still in their incubation period, hence do not exhibit any symptoms yet but eventuallydevelop symptoms.• As of June 2020, only 586 (2.8%) of the 20,990 active cases in the Philippines were classified as asymptomatic,but it is unclear whether cases are pre-symptomatic or carriers (true asymptomatic).• Based on 36 observational studies (case reports, case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies) and 9 statisticalmodeling analysis, asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur. However, 3studies reported no transmission from pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.• Studies on viral load comparing symptomatic cases with pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases reportedcontradicting results. The duration of viral shedding was significantly longer for symptomatic patients comparedto asymptomatic patients but similar for asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients.• Therewas no difference in the transmission rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. However,the estimatedinfectivity and probability of transmission was higherfor symptomatic cases compared to asymptomatic cases, butresults were imprecise due to a wide confidence interval.• The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognize thepossibility of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission. According to WHO, current evidence suggestsasymptomatic cases are less likely to transmit the virus than symptomatic cases.

scholarly journals THE CURRENT SITUATION OF HUMAN RESOURCE AND SOME INFLUENCING FACTORS AT SONG CAU DISTRICT HEALTH CENTER IN 2017-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thị Tường Lịnh Nguyễn ◽  
Văn Trọng Phan ◽  
Thanh Hùng Phùng
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
District Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Employee Evaluation

The cross-sectional description research, combining quantitative and qualitative aims to fulfill two objectives: (1) To describe the current situation of human resource and (2) To analyze factors affecting the current situation of human resource at Song Cau District Health Center in 2017-2019. The research results show that the quantity of preventive healthcare personnel complies with the current regulations, and the workfore has an appropriate age (53.9% is 30 - 50 years old). Regarding structure of expertise, it is still inappropriate with low proportion of doctor (10.4%). In term of educational level, the proportion of undergraduate health worker (including doctor) at the Health Center (71.4%) is higher than the overall national proportion, while this proportion at Health Station is lower (8.8%). Some of the factors positively influence the current situation of human resource including: benefit policies under Resolution 110/2014/NQ-HDND; improved human resource planning and recruitment process; the infrastructure system; improved employee evaluation process; encouragement for training. Besides, some negative influencing factors include: unclear employee evaluation; lack of funding to support training; low income.

scholarly journals Tobacco Use and Associated Risk Factors in Burkina Faso: Results from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bonnechère ◽  
Cissé Kadari ◽  
Millogo Tiéba ◽  
Ouédraogo H. Gautier ◽  
Garanet Franck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Tobacco is a leading preventable cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Studies characterizing the prevalence of tobacco use in low-income countries are lacking. This study describes the prevalence of tobacco use in Burkina Faso and its associated factors. Methods : Data from the 2013 Burkina Faso World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) were analyzed. The prevalence of any tobacco product use, cigarette smoking, and other tobacco use was calculated. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with tobacco use. Overall, 4,691 people were included in this analysis. Results: The prevalence of any tobacco use was 19.8% (95% CI: 18.4–21.2). Tobacco use was higher for men (29.2% [27.0–31.5]) than women (11.8% [10.3–13.4]). The prevalence of smoked tobacco was 11.3% (10.3–12.4), with a significantly higher prevalence among men (24.5% [22.1–27.0]) than women (0.1% [0.01–0.3]). The overall prevalence of other tobacco use was 8.9% (7.4–10.7), with lower values for men (5.6% [4.1–7.2]) compared to women (11.7% [9.4–14.1]). Tobacco smoking among men was significantly associated with an increased age and alcohol consumption. The analysis of risk factors for other tobacco use stratified by gender showed that age, education, residence, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with consumption for women, and age and alcohol consumption for men. Conclusion: Tobacco use is common in Burkina Faso. To effectively reduce tobacco use in Burkina Faso, a comprehensive tobacco control program should consider associated factors, such as gender, age, and alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Indirect cost of non-communicable diseases deaths in the World Health Organization African Region

10.3823/2304 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia ◽  
Germano M Mwabu ◽  
James Machoki M'Imunya ◽  
Rosenabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri ◽  
Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Human Capital Approach ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Region ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Background: In 2012, a total of 9 398 809 deaths from all causes occurred in the WHO African Region; out of which 2 788 381 (29.67%) were due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). The objective of this study was to estimate future gross domestic product (GDP) losses associated with NCD deaths in the African Region for use to advocate for increased investments into prevention and management of NCDs. Methods: Human capital approach is used to estimate non-health GDP losses associated with NCD deaths. Future non-health GDP losses were discounted at 3%. The analysis was done for three income groups of countries and six age groups. One-way sensitivity analysis at 5% and 10% discount rates was undertaken to assess the impact on expected non-health GDP loss estimates.Results: The 2 788 381 NCD deaths that occurred in the African Region in 2012 are estimated to have resulted in a total discounted GDP loss of Int$ 61 302 450 005. Out of that total loss, 20.36% was borne by those aged 0-4 years; 12.76% by 5-14 years; 16.64% by 15-29 years; 44.93% by 30-59 years; 2.99% by 60-69 years; and 2.33% by those aged 70 years and above. Thus, those aged between 15 and 59 years bore 61.57% of the GDP losses.Approximately 47.4%, 33.1% and 19.5% of the total loss was borne by high and upper middle-, lower middle- and low-income countries respectively. The average total non-health GDP loss was Int$ 21 985 per NCD death. The average non-health GDP lost per NCD death was Int$ 54 534 for Group 1, Int$ 21 492 for Group 2 and Int$ 9 096 for Group 3. Conclusion: Premature NCD deaths are associated with substantive GDP losses in countries of the African Region. Therefore, unless African countries and their development partners bolster their investments to assure universal population coverage of cost-effective promotive, preventive and management interventions for NCDs, prospects of achieving the United Nations General Assembly Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) might be greatly undermined in Africa.Key words: Non-communicable diseases, non-health GDP loss, NCD prevention and management, human capital approach

scholarly journals Tobacco use and associated risk factors in Burkina Faso: results from a population-based cross-sectional survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bonnechère ◽  
Kadari Cissé ◽  
Tiéba Millogo ◽  
Gautier H. Ouédraogo ◽  
Franck Garanet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Tobacco is a leading preventable cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Studies characterizing the prevalence of tobacco use in low-income countries are lacking. This study describes the prevalence of tobacco use in Burkina Faso and its associated factors. Methods Data from the 2013 Burkina Faso World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) were analyzed. The prevalence of any tobacco product use, cigarette smoking, and other tobacco use was calculated. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with tobacco use. Overall, 4691 people were included in this analysis. Results The prevalence of any tobacco use was 19.8% (95% CI: 18.4–21.2). Tobacco use was higher for men (29.2% [27.0–31.5]) than women (11.8% [10.3–13.4]). The prevalence of smoked tobacco was 11.3% (10.3–12.4), with a significantly higher prevalence among men (24.5% [22.1–27.0]) than women (0.1% [0.01–0.3]). The overall prevalence of other tobacco use was 8.9% (7.4–10.7), with lower values for men (5.6% [4.1–7.2]) compared to women (11.7% [9.4–14.1]). Tobacco smoking among men was significantly associated with an increased age and alcohol consumption. The analysis of risk factors for other tobacco use stratified by gender showed that age, education, residence, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with consumption for women, and age and alcohol consumption for men. Conclusion Tobacco use is common in Burkina Faso. To effectively reduce tobacco use in Burkina Faso, a comprehensive tobacco control program should consider associated factors, such as gender, age, and alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production in Grenada

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindonne Glasgow ◽  
Martin Forde ◽  
Darren Brow ◽  
Catherine Mahoney ◽  
Stephanie Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level

Objective. Research is often lacking in low-income countries to substantiate the regulation of antibiotics in poultry production. Nonregulation of antibiotics in food animal industries has implications for human health. This study was conducted to provide an understanding of farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the use of antibiotics in poultry production in Grenada. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted in August-September, 2016, surveying 30 poultry farmers each having 500 or more chickens grown for commercial purposes. Results. More than 1000 birds were kept on 18 (60.0%) farms. Antibiotics were used on the majority of farms (25, 83.3%). More than half of the respondents, 19 (63.3%), stated they were only somewhat aware of issues related to the use of antibiotics and the majority, 21 (70.0%), were also unable to define antimicrobial resistance. There was inconsistency in the farmers’ knowledge about how and when to use antibiotics. There was also a high level of noncompliance with manufacturers’ recommendations for use of antibiotics. The respondents were not aware of local programs to monitor antibiotic use or manage antibiotic resistance in the poultry industry. Conclusion. Generally, the farmers’ knowledge and practices were inconsistent with recommendations by the World Health Organization for antibiotic stewardship. While low-income countries, such as Grenada, are challenged with the lack of resources to undertake research and implement responsive actions, this research highlights the need for some immediate measures of remedy, such as education of farmers and monitoring procurement and use of antibiotics, to reduce risk to public health.

Emergency Care Capabilities in North East Haiti: A Cross-sectional Observational Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelies De Wulf ◽  
Adam R. Aluisio ◽  
Dana Muhlfelder ◽  
Christina Bloem
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Emergency Equipment

AbstractIntroductionThe North East Department is a resource-limited region of Haiti. Health care is provided by hospitals and community clinics, with no formal Emergency Medical System and undefined emergency services. As a paucity of information exists on available emergency services in the North East Department of Haiti, the objective of this study was to assess systematically the existing emergency care resources in the region.MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study was carried out at all Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP)-affiliated hospitals in the North East Department and all clinics within the Fort Liberté district. A modified version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Tool for Situational Analysis to Assess Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and Generic Essential Emergency Equipment Lists were completed for each facility.ResultsThree MSPP hospitals and five clinics were assessed. Among hospitals, all had a designated emergency ward with 24 hour staffing by a medical doctor. All hospitals had electricity with backup generators and access to running water; however, none had potable water. All hospitals had x-ray and ultrasound capabilities. No computed tomography scanners existed in the region. Invasive airway equipment and associated medications were not present consistently in the hospitals’ emergency care areas, but they were available in the operating rooms. Pulse oximetry was unavailable uniformly. One hospital had intermittently functioning defibrillation equipment, and two hospitals had epinephrine. Basic supplies for managing obstetrical and traumatic emergencies were available at all hospitals. Surgical services were accessible at two hospitals. No critical care services were available in the region. Clinics varied widely in terms of equipment availability. They uniformly had limited emergency medical equipment. The clinics also had inconsistent access to basic assessment tools (sphygmomanometers 20% and stethoscopes 60%). A protocol for transferring patients requiring a higher level of care was present in most (80%) clinics and one of the hospitals. However, no facility had a written protocol for transferring patients to other facilities. One hospital reported intermittent access to an ambulance for transfers.ConclusionsDeficits in the supply of emergency equipment and limited protocols for inter-facility transfers exist in North East Department of Haiti. These essential areas represent appropriate targets for interventions aimed at improving access to emergency care within the North East region of Haiti.De WulfA, AluisioAR, MuhlfelderD, BloemC. Emergency care capabilities in North East Haiti: a cross-sectional observational study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(6):553–559.

scholarly journals Mental Disorders Among Elderly People in Baghdad, Iraq, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 004695801984596
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdulameer Ibrahim ◽  
Faris AI-Lami ◽  
Riyadh Al-Rudainy ◽  
Yousef S. Khader
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Distress Scale ◽  
Distress Scale

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and determinants of mental disorders (MDs) among elderly people residing in nursing homes (NHs) and those living with their families (WF) in Baghdad, Iraq, 2017. A cross-sectional study was conducted on all elderly individuals residing in all NHs in Baghdad and an equal number of elderly people residing WF. MDs were defined based on Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). We used relevant World Health Organization–accredited tools to identify the types of MDs. The prevalence of MDs among elderly people was 38.7%, being statistically significantly ( P < .01) higher among those in NH (55.8%) compared with those living WF (21.5%). The proportion of types of MDs among NH versus WF residents was as follows: depression (35.4% vs 16.6%), anxiety (32.6% vs 9.9%), dementia (19.3% vs 5%), and suicide thoughts (25.4% vs 4.4%). The multivariate analysis showed many factors that were associated with MD. Low income, dependency on others, and being neglected were stronger determinant of MD among elderly people living WF. However, chronic joint pain, visual impairment, auditory impairment, and economic status deterioration were stronger determinant among those in NHs. The prevalence of MDs in the NH is more than double the prevalence in the community. We recommended enhancing elderly mental health care services including curative, preventive, and promotive activities.

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