scholarly journals POTENTIAL CONSTRAINT OF RAINFALL AVAILABILITY ON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND EXPANSION OF AGROFORESTRY IN THE MOPANI DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE IN SOUTH AFRICA

AGROFOR ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phokele MAPONYA ◽  
Casper MADAKADZE ◽  
Nokwazi MBILI ◽  
Zakheleni DUBE ◽  
Thabo NKUNA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Average Rainfall

Agroforestry is a land use system that includes the use of woody perennial and agricultural crops and animals in combination to achieve beneficial ecological and economical interactions for food, fiber and livestock production. South Africa is considered a semi – arid country vulnerable to water stress, particularly drought. Limpopo Province average annual rainfall is 600mm and the threshold for rainfall agriculture is averaged at 250mm annually. In terms of forestry, rainfall needs to be higher than 750mm per annum to sustain commercial forestry. The objective of the study was to determine the potential constraint of rainwater on the establishment and expansion of agroforestry in Mopani district, Limpopo Province. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 62 agrosilviculture community growers and were spread on the 20ha SAFCOL forestland and each grower was allocated a row of 3226m2 (1ha = 10000m2; 20ha * 10000 = 200000m2/62) for production. Quantitative and qualitative designs were used. The results were based on the month the data collection started: September 2019 rainfall results indicated that there was generally good rainfall (25 - 50mm) in the agroforestry sites as compared to the agricultural open field areas. October 2019 rainfall situation improved with an increase in rainfall (51 - 100mm). During November and December 2019, increasing rainfall was experienced at 100 - 200mm and 175 - 250mm, respectively. The last three rainfall status (33rd, median and 66th percentiles) indicated the estimates of rainfall in the future years. It estimated annual rainfalls at 601 and +1000mm; +1000mm and +1000mm across 33rd, 50th and 66th percentiles, respectively. This rainfall situation is well above the Limpopo Province annual average rainfall, agriculture and forestry thresholds. Currently, the eucalyptus trees were integrated with other crops including maize, sweet potatoes, groundnuts and bambara nuts. It is thus recommended that the establishment and expansion of agroforestry be carried out in the identified suitable areas.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO DEFORESTATION IN GRAIN CULTURE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES TO LOSSES THE SOIL IN THE CACHOEIRA DOURADA RESERVOIR REGION – CENTRAL - WESTERN BRAZIL

2013 ◽  
pp. 01
Author(s):  
João Batista Pereira Cabral ◽  
Valter Antonio Becegato ◽  
Francismário Ferreira dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Rainfall Variation ◽  
Influence Area ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Erosivity Index

The erosivity index (EI30) and its spatialization were determined for the contribution basins of the Cachoeira Dourada hydroelectric system reservoir, located between the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais and limited by coordinates 640000-760000 m W and 7910000-7975000 m N. Average monthly and annual rainfall data corresponding to eight localities and to a 30-year period were treated. It was observed that in this period the average annual rainfall was 1441 mm, the highest and lowest indexes having occurred respectively in January and July (7.5 mm). EI30 varied from 7100 to 8500 MJ mm (ha h)-1. The most representative period was October to March, corresponding to 7880.3 MJ mm (ha h)-1and 94% of the average annual EI30. The average rainfall variation coefficient for all stations was 82.73%. There is an irregular rainfall distribution in the region and consequently a non-uniform spatialization of the erosivity indexes within the influence area of the reservoir. The highest rainfall values coincide with the period of soil preparation and development of annual-cycle plants, mainly soybean and corn.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Smallholder Farmer’s Status in the Capricorn District in Limpopo Province, South Africa.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phokele Maponya
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Economic Support ◽  
Market Opportunities

Abstract This paper point the state of smallholder farmers in terms of the socio economic, support and yielding statuses in the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study used a representative sample consisting of 50 smallholder farmers, with 546 beneficiaries participating in the research. Four local municipalities were visited, namely: Polokwane, Molemole, Lepelle – Nkumpi and Blouberg. Quantitative and qualitative plan was used as a detailed questionnaire written in English. Focus group discussion, a stakeholder’s discussion, and field observations were used. A purposive sampling technique was used to select fifty (50) smallholder farmers and data was coded, captured and analysed with a software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Descriptive and Correlations analysis results showed a significant association among the following variables: Crops planted, Size of land, Source of water, Type of market and Land acquisition. The results also indicated that natural resources like land and water are the prerequisite for a smallholder farmer to engage in agricultural production. This will enable smallholder farmers to plant different crops and to identify market opportunities. It is recommended that organisations that oversee the improvement of socio economic conditions, policy, food security and rural development should use the results of this study as a guide for their planning and decision making for improved smallholder farmers’ livelihoods.

scholarly journals Water availability and demand in the humid and arid regions within development regions of South Africa

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
A. B. De Villiers ◽  
L. A. Van Wyk ◽  
W. Viviers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall

A method has been developed to distinguish between water supply and demand in individual development regions which contain distinct humid and arid to subarid areas. Development regions A and D have heterogeneous climatic distributions within their borders and are dealt with in this regard. These regions can be divided into arid and humid areas. A magisterial district was considered to be humid when the average annual rainfall is more than 400 mm over more than 50 percent of its total area. The water availability and demand for each of the districts (whether humid or arid) were calculated on a pro rata basis according to the area each district occupies within the various secondary drainage basins. The results obtained in this study show great promise to divide the regions into arid and humid areas for more accurate and detailed planning within the development regions.

scholarly journals 50 year rainfall data analysis and future trend in Saharanpur region

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
VARTIKA SINGH ◽  
PRAMENDRA DEV
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Rainfall

The environmental implications of rainfall pattern in replenishment of ground water system of Saharanpur region, located in western Uttar Pradesh, have been discussed. The mathematical analysis of rainfall dissimilarity of Saharanpur region for a period of 50 year (1959 to 2008) display a quite good range from 497.70 to 4357.5 mm with an annual average rainfall value of 1209.8 mm. The positive trend of departure from the computer value of average annual rainfall exhibits appropriate periods for recharge of ground water reservoir. The recorded data of annual rainfall during the last 3 year reveal values below the calculated annual average rainfall, pointing out negative trend. The statistical analysis of rainfall data involves computations of various statistical parameters, which also support the negative trend of rainfall. The prediction of expected future rainfall trend for a period up to 2018 has been made, which indicates a negative trend. The proposal have been incorporated to implement a plan for augmentation of ground water resource and also to develop possibilities of rainwater harvesting.

Persistence of several annual legumes in mixtures under continuous grazing in the south west of Western Australia

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (70) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Annual Legumes ◽  
South West ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Average Rainfall

Two experiments are described: one in the wheatbelt in areas receiving 320 and 400 mm average annual rainfall, and the other in a medium rainfall area with an average rainfall of 640 mm. In the first experiment various combinations of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) and cupped (Trifolium cherleri) and rose clovers (T. hirtum) with subterranean clover (T. subeterraneum) were grown at four sites. Each site was continuously grazed by sheep for periods ranging from three to five years. At all sites subterranean clover became dominant within a few years of establishment. The second experiment involved rose and subterranean clovers in ungrazed pure swards and mixed swards which were either grazed or ungrazed. Grazing was continued for three years. Grazing had a profound effect on the composition of the mixture: whereas subterranean clover dominated the grazed sward, in the absence of grazing rose clover over-topped the subterranean clover and dominated the mixture. The success of subterranean clover in grazed mixtures is attributed largely to relative inaccessibility to the grazing animal, particularly of seedlings but also of seeds.

Trends in Kangaroo Numbers in Western New South Wales and their relation to Rainfall

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Caughley ◽  
P Bayliss ◽  
J Giles
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
New South ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The West ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall

Annual aerial counts of kangaroos within randomly selected blocks of the western plains of New South Wales showed that the numbers of kangaroos doubled between 1975-76 and 1982, and that the widespread drought of 1982 reduced the populations on average by 43%. Localized reductions of similar magnitude occurred after regional droughts in 1977 and 1980 within parts of the monitored area. The observed trends in kangaroo numbers, with eastern and western blocks treated separately, were correlated with annual rainfall with a time lag of 6 months in the response. The relationships show that kangaroos reach their maximum rate of increase following rainfall 100 mm above the annual average in the east and approximately 50 mm above the annual average in the west. At average annual rainfall kangaroos increase at 25% (greys) and 35% (reds) per annum in the east and at 25% (greys) and 30% (reds) per annum in the west. Rate of increase is zero when rainfall is 100 mm below average in the east and approximately 60 mm below average in the west. When rainfall is below these values, kangaroo numbers decline.

scholarly journals Multi-agent modelling of climate outlooks and food security on a community garden scheme in Limpopo, South Africa

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1463) ◽  
pp. 2183-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukaina Bharwani ◽  
Mike Bithell ◽  
Thomas E Downing ◽  
Mark New ◽  
Richard Washington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Seasonal Climate

Seasonal climate outlooks provide one tool to help decision-makers allocate resources in anticipation of poor, fair or good seasons. The aim of the ‘Climate Outlooks and Agent-Based Simulation of Adaptation in South Africa’ project has been to investigate whether individuals, who adapt gradually to annual climate variability, are better equipped to respond to longer-term climate variability and change in a sustainable manner. Seasonal climate outlooks provide information on expected annual rainfall and thus can be used to adjust seasonal agricultural strategies to respond to expected climate conditions. A case study of smallholder farmers in a village in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province, South Africa has been used to examine how such climate outlooks might influence agricultural strategies and how this climate information can be improved to be more useful to farmers. Empirical field data has been collected using surveys, participatory approaches and computer-based knowledge elicitation tools to investigate the drivers of decision-making with a focus on the role of climate, market and livelihood needs. This data is used in an agent-based social simulation which incorporates household agents with varying adaptation options which result in differing impacts on crop yields and thus food security, as a result of using or ignoring the seasonal outlook. Key variables are the skill of the forecast, the social communication of the forecast and the range of available household and community-based risk coping strategies. This research provides a novel approach for exploring adaptation within the context of climate change.

scholarly journals Rainfall erosivity and rainfall return period in the experimental watershed of Aracruz, in the coastal plain of Espirito Santo, Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 999-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Gualberto Martins ◽  
Junior Cesar Avanzi ◽  
Marx Leandro Naves Silva ◽  
Nilton Curi ◽  
Lloyd Darrell Norton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Data Extrapolation ◽  
Espirito Santo

Knowledge on the factors influencing water erosion is fundamental for the choice of the best land use practices. Rainfall, expressed by rainfall erosivity, is one of the most important factors of water erosion. The objective of this study was to determine rainfall erosivity and the return period of rainfall in the Coastal Plains region, near Aracruz, a town in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, based on available data. Rainfall erosivity was calculated based on historic rainfall data, collected from January 1998 to July 2004 at 5 min intervals, by automatic weather stations of the Aracruz Cellulose S.A company. A linear regression with individual rainfall and erosivity data was fit to obtain an equation that allowed data extrapolation to calculate individual erosivity for a 30-year period. Based on this data the annual average rainfall erosivity in Aracruz was 8,536 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. Of the total annual rainfall erosivity 85 % was observed in the most critical period October to March. Annual erosive rains accounted for 38 % of the events causing erosion, although the runoff volume represented 88 % of the total. The annual average rainfall erosivity return period was estimated to be 3.4 years.

scholarly journals Turning mirrors into windows: Knowledge transfer among indigenous healers in Limpopo province of South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan R. Maluleka ◽  
Mpho Ngoepe
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Traditional Healing ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Snowball Sampling

Background: Knowledge transfer is an unavoidable process when it comes to indigenous knowledge especially in Africa, the continent known for its oral tradition. Such knowledge is in danger of being obliterated as a result of a number of factors, including lack of interest from younger generations and low life expectancy whereby knowledgeable people die before transferring it to the next generation as it is mostly not documented. Objectives: This qualitative study utilised hermeneutic phenomenology guided by the organisational knowledge conversion theory to investigate the transfer of indigenous knowledge by traditional healers in the Limpopo province of South Africa. Method: The study utilised a snowball sampling technique to determine the population. Data collected through interviews with traditional healers were augmented with observations done on two healers who were in the middle of their training when this study was conducted, as well as an analysis of records held by some healers. Results: The findings suggestthat knowledge of traditional healing is believed to be transferred to the chosen ones through dreams and visions. However, this knowledge seems to be transferred through mentorship and apprenticeship, as well as interactions with other healers. Conclusion: It is concluded that transferring knowledge of traditional healing goes beyond just transference; it is embedded as a belief system in many African communities. An in-depth study on the development of a framework to integrate indigenous knowledge of traditional healers into mainstream health system is recommended.

Investigation on Distribution and Habitat of National Medicine Red Ant

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Fang Yi Deng ◽  
Yu Song He ◽  
Yuan Fang Li
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Annual Average Temperature ◽  
Living Area

Red Ant is a kind of national medicinal insects with important value, and is widely used as medicine in Lijiang. Its distribution and habit in Lijiang were investigated. The results showed that the insect is distributed in all the sites investigated including all districts of Lijiang. The relatively central distribution area of the insect is in Yulong and Ninglang. The suitable living area has the annual average temperature 13 to 19, average annual rainfall 750~1 100mm, average altitude 2300m. Red Ant live in the palce where full of sunshine and organic matter, such as the valley cold water terraces, the mud field ridge and the soil of pond . Its known that Red Ant can eat more than 60 kinds of food , which accounted for more than 30 species of crop pests .Its main food is the larvae of Lepidoptera Pyralidae.

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