scholarly journals Rene Descartes and secular salons of the XVII century

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Nataliya Vladimirovna Zaуtseva
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
French Society ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Behavioral Norms ◽  
Mental Transformation ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
The Impact

The scale of persona of Rene Descartes, who was the founder of several trends of philosophical thought, often overshadows the intellectual life of the era and the environment that gave rise to Cartesianism. At the same time, we observe a unique situation, when the philosophical doctrine being seized by the secular educated society, rather than the intellectual elite. The key condition for such impact of the philosophical system consists in the fact that the philosophy should meet the demands the era and the environment it is proliferated within. Therefore, the author places Rene Descartes and some aspects of his philosophy in a specific historical context, pursuing correlation with the thoughts and ideas of his contemporaries. This method indicates how the philosophy of Descartes completes and structures the mental transformation that have already taken place or were taking place in French society. Descartes’ perception of his mission, his appeal to future generations, should not deceive or allow to forget that Descartes is not just philosopher with whom the finest minds of the next centuries are engaged into a dialogue or debate , but also a nobleman of the XVII, who responded to the demands of his time. It were not the complicated philosophical tasks that he tried to solve, but the particular answers that influenced and formed the European mentality of the Modern Age without the fact that the perception of his philosophy by the contemporaries would of fully correspond to its essence, and the impact correspond to the letter. Affected by the philosophy of Descartes, the society develops new behavioral norms that underlie the subconscious of modern culture; and from this space of the unsconsious affect the life of modern society.

scholarly journals A Failure of Laïcité: Analyzing the Ongoing Discrimination of French-Muslims in the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Degener
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
French Society ◽  
Service Programs ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Charlie Hebdo

The question of how to deal with the “Muslim problem” has once again arisen in France, opening old wounds of colonization and cultural racism. France’s rich Christian past and the historical context of the French-Algerian conflict are key players in the modern suffering of Muslims in French Society. Its colonization of Africa included nations such as Morocco, Indochina, Madagascar and notably in this context, Algeria in 1830. In their valiant fight for independence, the National Liberation Front was launched by Algerians and resulted in a bloody struggle that still haunts the Muslim-French relations in modern France. Though Algeria achieved its independence in 1962, the overall negative attitude towards immigrants from the region remains. Beyond the impact of colonization, the imbalanced living conditions of Muslims and their fellow Frenchmen, as seen by the French banlieues, have turned into a hunting ground for jihadists. The skewed standard of living, exacerbated by the predatory manner of jihadists, suggests that the French be held under a standard of collective responsibility. Thus, under the failing social constructs of the banlieue, Abdelmajid Hannoum’s article “Cartoons, Secularism, and Inequality,” published following the attack on Charlie Hebdo, speaks to the means by which the French ideals of fraternity and equality do not apply to the Muslim populace on the basis of historical animosity and ingrained Islamophobia. Moreover, failure of the French government to unbiasedly enforce their policy of complete secularism plays into the discrimination against Muslims and interferes with the performance of religious traditions, such as in the case of the 2004 ban, which unjustly prevents females from wearing their hijabs, burkas and niqabs. As addressed in The Republic Unsettled: Muslim French and the Contradictions of Secularism by Mayanthi Fernando, there had been attempts to police the religious headwear of Muslim women previously which calls into question the validity of France’s claim to secularism. Legislation like the ban of 2004 allows for blatant discrimination. Unchecked, these factors lead to violent outbursts of extremist retaliation, which is followed by the notion of collective responsibility and pushing of a narrative that holds all Muslims as potential terrorists. Through media, unchecked publications run rampant with this damaging ideal, supporting islamophobia to help to justify discrimination. In the instance of the Charlie Hebdo attack, the common narrative pointed to the attack occurring from born and bred Muslims, but in reality, the guilty parties were driven into jihadism by a number of failings in social service programs. To supplement the research and cold fact, the novel I Die by This Country by Fawzia Zouari, which is based on a real French headline, speaks to the ongoing, every day struggle that French Muslims still endure. There is an evident link between the lasting economic, political and social inequalities faced by 21st century French-Muslims and their historical conflicts with French imperialism and deep-rooted Christian attitudes. The influence of history on the struggle of French Muslims in the 21st century is displayed by the grouping of Muslims into lower income communities, as well as headlines of police violence and anti-Muslim attitudes taken on by political leaders. The conflicts faced by Muslims within the French state is not secularism and until all citizens are, in the eyes of the state, regarded as French first and foremost, conflicts of violence and terror will continue to gain a foothold.

scholarly journals COMPUTER GAMES AS A COMPONENT OF CULTURE AND A SUBJECT OF CULTURAL RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Yuliia Trach
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Research Concept ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article is to characterize computer games as a component of culture and a subject of cultural research. The methodology involves distraction from the technological aspects of the genesis and implementation of computer games and is determined mainly by the humanitarian guidelines for the phenomenon under study. Thus, the methodological principles are based on the cultural research concept of computer games as a value of modern culture. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in Ukrainian cultural research the need to study computer games as a component of culture is actualized. Conclusions. The article highlights the need for cultural research of computer games as a full and equal component of culture. Attention is paid to the scale of the computer games spread, their importance for culture and the individual, as well as the impact on various spheres of human life. Conclusions. It is emphasized that the issue of the creation and functioning of computer games in modern society is an inexhaustible source for further research, including in cultural research. Computer games are a wide “field” for the application of the latest IT developments, philosophical ideas, and artistic innovations. Therefore, this issue will remain in the focus of research not only for cultural scientists but also for philosophers, educators and psychologists, sociologists, economists, and jurists, given the pace and scale of the information spread and communication technologies, and most importantly their complexity.

scholarly journals Cartesius dissoluto / Dissolute Cartesius

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Danilo Bernardes Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Brazilian Literature ◽  
French Mathematician ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
European Thought ◽  
The Impact

Resumo: No romance Catatau, de Paulo Leminski, uma personagem reconhecível se projeta: Renatus Cartesius, produtor do imenso solilóquio que constitui a totalidade do texto, parece corresponder a René Descartes, o famoso matemático francês do século XVII. Postado sob uma árvore do Jardim Botânico de Recife, entre as lentes de sua luneta e o cachimbo de erva narcótica que vorazmente aspira, Cartesius toma contato com a selvagem natureza brasileira, ainda que (cartesianamente) organizada sob as formas de um jardim zoobotânico. Este artigo pretende investigar, a princípio, o modo pelo qual o romance- ideia de Leminski agencia esse inevitável contraste entre dois Descartes: o Descartes da história da filosofia, autor das Regras para a direção do espírito, e o desregrado Cartesius da situação ficcional engendrada por Leminski. Para realizar tal investigação, este artigo procurou se ater a algumas passagens do romance, com o intuito de checar os modos pelos quais a paródica e carnavalesca figuração de Descartes se baseia em uma anticartesiana dissolução da integridade egoica da personagem, gerando, com isso, muito mais que superficial humorismo. Antes, o artigo defende a hipótese de que, com a dissolução da figura de Descartes, o romance esboça antropofágica reação aos processos coloniais a que o Brasil teria sido exposto, ao longo de sua história. Tal reação, contracolonizadora, se sustenta na medida em que associa o esfacelamento egoico de Cartesius ao impacto causado por uma exuberante natureza que, por sua hiperbólica constituição, não se submete às quadraturas impostas pelo pensamento europeu – de que Descartes se faz emblema.Palavras-chave: Paulo Leminski; Catatau; René Descartes; literatura brasileira; estudo de personagem; filosofia.Abstract: In Paulo Leminski’s novel, Catatau, a recognizable character is projected: Renatus Cartesius, the immense soliloquy’s producer that constitutes the entire text, seems to correspond to René Descartes, the famous 17th century French mathematician. Standing under a tree at the Recife Botanical Garden between the lenses of his bezel and the narcotic weed pipe he voraciously smokes, Cartesius makes contact with the wild Brazilian nature, although (Cartesian) organized in the form of a zoobotanical garden. This article intends to investigate at first the way in which Leminski’s novel-idea handles this inevitable contrast between both Descartes: Descartes from the History of Philosophy, author of Rules for the Direction of the Mind and the intemperate Cartesius from the fictional situation engendered by Leminski. To conduct such an investigation, this article sought to stick to some passages of the novel in order to check the ways in which Descartes’s parody and carnival figuration are based on an anticartesian dissolution of the character’s egoic integrity, thus generating much more than superficial humor. Rather, the article defends the hypothesis that with the dissolution of Descartes’s figure, the novel outlines an anthropophagic reaction to the colonial processes to which Brazil would have been exposed throughout its history. This counter-colonizing reaction is sustained insofar as it associates Cartesius’s egoic disintegration with the impact caused by an exuberant nature, which due to its hyperbolic constitution, does not submit to the quadratues imposed by the European thought – of which Descartes becomes an emblem.Keywords: Paulo Leminski; Catatau; René Descartes; Brazilian literature; character study; philosophy.

Philosophic Pride

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
Hugo Grotius ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

This is the first full-scale look at the essential place of Stoicism in the foundations of modern political thought. Spanning the period from Justus Lipsius's Politics in 1589 to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile in 1762, and concentrating on arguments originating from England, France, and the Netherlands, the book considers how political writers of the period engaged with the ideas of the Roman and Greek Stoics that they found in works by Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The book examines key texts in their historical context, paying special attention to the history of classical scholarship and the historiography of philosophy. The book delves into the persisting tension between Stoicism and the tradition of Augustinian anti-Stoic criticism, which held Stoicism to be a philosophy for the proud who denied their fallen condition. Concentrating on arguments in moral psychology surrounding the foundations of human sociability and self-love, the book details how the engagement with Roman Stoicism shaped early modern political philosophy and offers significant new interpretations of Lipsius and Rousseau together with fresh perspectives on the political thought of Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes. The book shows how the legacy of the Stoics played a vital role in European intellectual life in the early modern era.

The Process of Globalization and Its Impact on Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Veton Zejnullahi
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
World Order ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Four Corners ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Human Eyes ◽  
The Impact

The process of globalization, which many times is considered as new world order is affecting all spheres of modern society but also the media. In this paper specifically we will see the impact of globalization because we see changing the media access to global problems in general being listed on these processes. We will see that the greatest difficulties will have small media as such because the process is moving in the direction of creating mega media which thanks to new technology are reaching to deliver news and information at the time of their occurrence through choked the small media. So it is fair to conclude that the rapid economic development and especially the technology have made the world seem "too small" to the human eyes, because for real-time we will communicate with the world with the only one Internet connection, and also all the information are take for the development of events in the four corners of the world and direct from the places when the events happen. Even Albanian space has not left out of this process because the media in the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo are adapted to the new conditions under the influence of the globalization process. This fact is proven powerful through creating new television packages, written the websites and newspapers in their possession.

Islam, Economic Rationalism, and Accounting

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-93
Author(s):  
Roger Willett ◽  
Maliah Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
The West ◽  
Accounting Standard ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Belief Structure ◽  
Belief Structures ◽  
Western Values ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
The Impact

This paper discusses the impact of western accounting technologies on belief structures such as those of the Islamic faith. It assesses a theory of accounting reporting originally proposed by Baydoun and Willett (1994). It goes on to consider the nature and origins of western materialist philosophy and contrasts the belief structure of Islam with the West. The paper also ex.amines the historical context in which western values became adopted in Muslim societies and discusses the policy issues that confront Islamic accounting standard setters.

The Price of Truth: Reciprocity, Giving, and Generosity in the Philosophy of René Descartes

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 147-170
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Homo Oeconomicus ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Selfish Interest

The article provides a comparison of the concept of homo œconomicus with the core theses of René Descartes’ moral philosophy. The first section draws on the work of the contemporary Western philosopher Anselm Jappe in which Descartes’ philosophy is held to be the cornerstone of the established view and current scientific definitions of homo œconomicus as the fundamental and indispensable agent of capitalistic relations. As opposed to this “common sense” position in the modern social sciences, the second section of the article builds upon Pierre Bourdieu’s Anthropologie économique (2017) to demystify the notion of homo œconomicus. The article then examines some aspects of modern philosophical anthropology that show odd traces of Descartes’ thinking and that are regularly applied in economic science as well as in the critique of economic thinking as such. These are the concepts of mutuality, giving, exchange and generosity, and they are regarded as central to the philosopher’s moral doctrine.The author concludes that the philosophical doctrine of generosity has very little in common with the bourgeois ideology of utility which implies an instrumental relationship between subjects: in Caretesian moral philosophy the Other is neither an object of influence nor a means to achieve someone’s personal goals nor a windowless monad. Generosity certainly has its economic aspects, but these do not include accumulating wealth in the bourgeois sense. It is more in the realm of the aristocratic practice of making dispensations. All throughout his life Decartes may be viewed as exhibiting a peculiar kind of nobility in which the desire to give, endow and sacrifice outweighs any selfish interest. The vigorous pursuit of well-being gives way to a quest for the leisure required to pursue intellectual activity, and care for oneself does not preclude attending to and loving the Other, whatever form it may take.

Impact of the 2020 crises on the arts and culture in the United States: The effect of COVID-19 and the Black Lives Matter movement in historical context

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-465
Author(s):  
Stanley N. Katz ◽  
Leah Reisman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Organizations ◽  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Arts And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Sector ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter movement on the arts and cultural sector in the United States, placing the 2020 crises in the context of the United States’s historically decentralized approach to supporting the arts and culture. After providing an overview of the United States’s private, locally focused history of arts funding, we use this historical lens to analyze the combined effects of the pandemic and Black Lives Matter movement on a single metropolitan area – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We trace a timeline of key events in the national and local pandemic response and the reaction of the arts community to the Black Lives Matter movement, arguing that the nature of these intersecting responses, and their fallout for the arts and cultural sector, stem directly from weaknesses in the United States’s historical approach to administering the arts. We suggest that, in the context of widespread organizational vulnerability caused by the pandemic, the United States’s decentralized approach to funding culture also undermines cultural organizations’ abilities to respond to issues of public relevance and demonstrate their civic value, threatening these organizations’ legitimacy.

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