Psychosocial determinants of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan: Is social support a mediator?

Introduction: Pregnancy is generally viewed as a time of fulfillment and joy; however, for many women it can be a stressful event. In South Asia it is associated with cultural stigmas revolving around gender discrimination, abnormal births and genetic abnormalities. It is also associated with several psychiatric problems in women, most notably depression and anxiety. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at four teaching hospitals in Lahore from February, 2014 to June, 2014. A total of 500 pregnant women seen at hospital obstetrics and gynecology departments were interviewed with a questionnaire consisting of three sections: demographics, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS). All data were analyzed with SPSS v. 20. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for demographic variables. Pearson’s chi-squared test, bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression were used to analyze associations between the independent variables and scores on the HADS and SPS. Results: Mean age among the 500 respondents was 27.41 years (5.65). Anxiety levels in participants were categorized as normal (145 women, 29%), borderline (110, 22%) or anxious (245, 49%). Depression levels were categorized as normal (218 women, 43.6%), borderline (123, 24.6%) or depressed (159, 31.8%). Inferential analysis revealed that higher HADS scores were significantly associated with lower scores on the SPS, rural background, history of harassment, abortion, cesarean delivery and unplanned pregnancies (P < .05). Social support (SPS score) mediated the relationship between the total number of children, gender of previous children and HADS score. Women with more daughters were significantly more likely to score higher on the HADS and lower on the SPS, whereas higher numbers of sons were associated with the opposite trends in the scores (P < .05) Conclusion: Because of the predominantly patriarchal sociocultural context in Pakistan, the predictors of antenatal anxiety and depression may differ from those in developed countries. Rural women and working women had higher levels of antenatal anxiety and depression, which contradicts earlier findings in western countries. Our study found that higher numbers of daughters were associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety, whereas sons had a protective influence. We therefore suggest that interventions designed and implemented to reduce antenatal anxiety and depression should take into account these unique factors operating in developing countries and patriarchal societies.

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Psychosocial determinants of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan: Is social support a mediator?

10.7287/peerj.preprints.463v3 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Waqas ◽

Nahal Raza ◽

Haneen Wajid Lodhi ◽

Zerwah Muhammad ◽

Mehak Jamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Rural Women ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Stressful Event ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Antenatal Anxiety

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Psycho-social determinants of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan: Is social support a mediator?

10.7287/peerj.preprints.463v2 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Waqas ◽

Nahal Raza ◽

Haneen Wajid Lodhi ◽

Zerwah Muhammad ◽

Mehak Jamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Rural Women ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Stressful Event ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Male Progeny ◽

Antenatal Anxiety ◽

Had Scale

Introduction: Pregnancy is generally viewed as a time of fulfillment and joy, however, for many women, it can be a stressful event. In South Asia, it is associated with cultural stigmas revolving around gender discrimination, abnormal births and genetic abnormalities. It is also associated with several psychiatric problems in women, most notably, depression and anxiety. Methodology: This cross sectional study was undertaken in four teaching hospitals in Lahore from February, 2014 to June, 2014. 500 Pregnant women presenting at the outdoors of obstetrics and gynecology department were interviewed. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: Demographics, Hospital anxiety and depression scale and social provision scale. Data was analyzed in SPSS v.20. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for demographics. Pearson Chi Square, Bivariate Correlations and linear regression were run to analyze associations of independent variables with scores on HAD scale and SPS. Results: There were a total of 500 respondents. Mean age of respondents was 27.41 years (5.65). Anxiety levels of participants were categorized as Normal 145 (29%), borderline 110 (22%) and anxious 245 (49%). Depression levels were categorized as 218 (43.6%) normal, 123 (24.6%) borderline, and 159 (31.8%) depressed. Inferential analysis revealed that higher scores on HAD scale were significantly associated with lower scores on social provisions scale (SPS), rural background, history of harassment, abortion, C-sections and unplanned pregnancies (P < .05). Social support also mediated the relationship between gender of previous offspring and scores on HAD scale. Women reporting higher numbers of female children were significantly associated with higher scores on HAD scale and lower on SPS scale. Whereas increasing number of male progeny were associated with low scores on depression subscale (P < .05). Conclusion: Keeping in context the predominantly patriarchal socio-cultural setting, the predictors of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan may differ from those of the developed countries. Rural women and working women showed higher levels of antenatal anxiety and depression, which contradicts studies from western countries. Our study revealed higher number of female progeny was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety while male progeny had a protective influence. We, therefore, suggest that interventions designed to reduce antenatal anxiety and depression should take these unique factors, operating in developing countries and patriarchal societies, into account in their design and implementation.

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Psycho-social determinants of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan: Is social support a mediator?

10.7287/peerj.preprints.463v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Waqas ◽

Nahal Raza ◽

Haneen Wajid Lodhi ◽

Zerwah Muhammad ◽

Mehak Jamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Rural Women ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Stressful Event ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Male Progeny ◽

Antenatal Anxiety ◽

Had Scale

Introduction: Pregnancy is generally viewed as a time of fulfillment and joy, however, for many women, it can be a stressful event. In South Asia, it is associated with cultural stigmas revolving around gender discrimination, abnormal births and genetic abnormalities. It is also associated with several psychiatric problems in women, most notably, depression and anxiety. Methodology: This cross sectional study was undertaken in four teaching hospitals in Lahore from February, 2014 to June, 2014. 500 Pregnant women presenting at the outdoors of obstetrics and gynecology department were interviewed. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: Demographics, Hospital anxiety and depression scale and social provision scale. Data was analyzed in SPSS v.20. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for demographics. Pearson Chi Square, Bivariate Correlations and Partial Correlations were run to analyze associations of independent variables with scores on HAD scale and SPS. Results: There were a total of 500 respondents. Mean age of respondents was 27.41 years (5.65). Anxiety levels of participants were categorized as Normal 145 (29%), borderline 110 (22%) and anxious 245 (49%). Depression levels were categorized as 218 (43.6%) normal, 123 (24.6%) borderline, and 159 (31.8%) depressed. Inferential analysis revealed that higher scores on HAD scale were significantly associated with lower scores on SPS, rural background, history of harassment, abortion, C-sections and unplanned pregnancies (P < .05). Social support also mediated the relationship between total numbers of children, gender of previous offspring and scores on HAD and SPS scales. Women reporting higher numbers of female children were significantly associated with higher scores on HAD scale and lower on SPS scale. Whereas increasing number of male progeny were associated with low scores on these scales (P < .05). Conclusion: Keeping in context the predominantly patriarchal socio-cultural setting, the predictors of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan may differ from those of the developed countries. Rural women and working women showed higher levels of antenatal anxiety and depression, which contradicts studies from western countries. Our study revealed higher number of female progeny was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety while male progeny had a protective influence. We, therefore, suggest that interventions designed to reduce antenatal anxiety and depression should take these unique factors, operating in developing countries and patriarchal societies, into account in their design and implementation.

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Measuring depression and anxiety prevalence among Iraqi healthcare college students using hospital anxiety and depression scale

Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 2303

Author(s):

Sarmed H. Kathem ◽

Ali A. Al Jumaili ◽

Malak Noor-Aldeen ◽

Noor Najah ◽

Dema Ali Khalid

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Social Media ◽

Medical Students ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Multiple Linear Regression ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Hospital Anxiety

Objective: The study aimed to 1) measure the prevalence of depression and anxiety among Iraqi pharmacy and medical students at a number of universities in Baghdad using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and 2) investigate the association between various sociodemographic factors and students’ HADS scores. Methods: This study was based on a cross-sectional descriptive design in four universities in Baghdad, Iraq. Depression and anxiety were screened using an Arabic version of the HADS. An online survey was administered via Qualtrics to convenience samples of students at four colleges of pharmacy and a college of medicine between March and June 2018. Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among the participants. Results: The researchers received 750 usable surveys. The participating students spent more time browsing social media (6.64 hours/day) than studying (1.92 hours/day) and exercising (2.83 hours/week). Approximately forty-six percent (45.9%) of the participants had scores that indicated depression symptoms and one-quarter (24.8%) had scores that indicated depression borderline symptoms. More than one-half (52.1%) of the participants had scores that indicated anxiety symptoms, while 20.1% had scores that indicated anxiety borderline symptoms. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, more depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly (p-value <0.05) associated with higher study hours weekly and lower sleep hours at night, academic achievement, and colleagues and family social support during exams. Conclusions: Pharmacy and medical students may be vulnerable to depression and anxiety because of long study hours.. To reduce their levels of anxiety and depression, they may need more social support, more exercise, more sleep, less social media use and a lower academic workload.

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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

10.1101/2020.03.24.20043075 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Xiangyu Kong ◽

Kailian Zheng ◽

Min Tang ◽

Fanyang Kong ◽

Jiahuan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Clinical Care ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Factors Associated

AbstractObjectiveThe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic has raised international concern. Mental health is becoming an issue that cannot be ignored in our fight against it. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and factors linked to anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.MethodsA total of 144 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were included in this study. We assessed depression and anxiety symptoms using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and social support using the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) among patients at admission. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression.ResultsOf the 144 participants, 34.72% and 28.47% patients with COVID-19 had symptoms of anxiety or depression, respectively. The bivariate correlations showed that less social support was correlated with more anxious (r=-0.196, p<0.05) and depressive (r=-0.360,p<0.05) symptoms among patients with COVID-19. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that gender (β=1.446, p=0.034), age (β=0.074, p=0.003), oxygen saturation (β =-2.140, p=0.049), and social support (β =-1.545, p=0.017) were associated with anxiety for COVID-19 patients. Moreover, age (β=0.084, p=0.001), family infection with SARS-CoV-2 (β =1.515, p=0.027) and social support (β =-2.236, p<0.001) were the factors associated with depression.ConclusionHospitalized patients with COVID-19 presented features of anxiety and depression. Mental concern and appropriate intervention are essential parts of clinical care for those who are at risk.

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Evaluation of the relationship between perceived social support, coping strategies, anxiety, and depression symptoms among hospitalized COVID-19 patients

The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine ◽

10.1177/0091217420982085 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 009121742098208

Author(s):

Ali Kandeğer ◽

Memduha Aydın ◽

Kürşat Altınbaş ◽

Alparslan Cansız ◽

Özge Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Negative Association ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Control Group ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Adaptive Coping ◽

The Relationship

Objective We aimed to evaluate the relationship between perceived social support, coping strategies, anxiety, and depression symptoms among hospitalized COVID-19 patients by comparing them with a matched control group in terms of age, gender, and education level. Method The patient group (n = 84) and the healthy controls (HCs, n = 92) filled in the questionnaire including the socio-demographic form, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced through the online survey link. Results The COVID-19 patients had higher perceived social support and coping strategies scores than the HCs. However, anxiety and depression scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. In logistic regression analysis performed in COVID-19 patients, the presence of chest CT finding (OR = 4.31; 95% CI = 1.04–17.95) was a risk factor for anxiety and the use of adaptive coping strategies (OR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.73–0.99) had a negative association with anxiety. In addition, the use of adaptive coping strategies (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79–0.98) and high perceived social support (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.93– 0,99) had a negative association with depression symptoms. Conclusions Longitudinal studies involving the return to normality phase of the COVID-19 pandemic are needed to investigate the effects of factors such as coping strategies and perceived social support that could increase the psychological adjustment and resilience of individuals on anxiety and depression.

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Psychosocial Factors of Antenatal Anxiety and Depression in Pakistan: Is Social Support a Mediator?

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0116510 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. e0116510 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Ahmed Waqas ◽

Nahal Raza ◽

Haneen Wajid Lodhi ◽

Zerwah Muhammad ◽

Mehak Jamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Psychosocial Factors ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Antenatal Anxiety

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Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety amongst Cancer Patients in a Hospital Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study

Psychiatry Journal ◽

10.1155/2016/3964806 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Anish Khalil ◽

Muhammad Faheem ◽

Ammad Fahim ◽

Haran Innocent ◽

Zainab Mansoor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mental Wellbeing ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Background. The biomedical care for cancer has not been complemented by psychosocial progressions in cancer care.Objectives. To find the prevalence of anxiety and depression amongst cancer patients in a hospital setting.Design and Setting. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the tertiary care hospitals Shifa International Hospital Islamabad and Nuclear Medicine, Oncology, and Radiotherapy Institute [NORI].Patients and Methods. 300 patients were interviewed from both the outpatient and inpatient department using The Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS).Main Outcome Measures. Using a score of 20 and above on the AKUADS, 146 (48.7%) patients were suffering from anxiety and depression.Results. When cross tabulation was done between different factors and the cancer patients with anxiety and depression, the following factors were found out to be significant with associatedpvalue < 0.05: education of the patient, presence of cancer in the family, the severity of pain, and the patient’s awareness of his anxiety and depression. Out of 143 (47.7%) uneducated patients, 85 (59.4%) were depressed, hence making it the highest educational category suffering from depression and anxiety.Conclusion. The prevalence of anxiety and depression amongst cancer patients was high showing that importance should be given to screening and counseling cancer patients for anxiety and depression, to help them cope with cancer as a disease and its impact on their mental wellbeing.Limitations. The frequency of female patients in our research was higher than those of male patients.

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Sleep patterns and symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic pain

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x2009000100007 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 25-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Martha M.C. Castro ◽

Carla Daltro

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Myofascial Pain ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Sleep Patterns ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The Mean

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances and symptoms of anxiety and depression have been shown to be involved in the genesis and perpetuation of chronic pain. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sleep patterns and the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic pain. METHOD: Four hundred consecutive patients referred to a chronic pain outpatient clinic were investigated using patient charts, the numerical Visual Analogue Scale for the evaluation of pain, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale and the Mini-Sleep Questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 45.6±11.4 years. The most frequent medical diagnosis was myofascial pain followed by neuropathic pain. The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety was 72.8%, depression 93% and altered sleep patterns 93%. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a high prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety and alterations in sleep patterns in patients with chronic pain, justifying investigation into these disturbances in this group of patients.

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Screening of Anxiety and Depression Related CD4 Count of People Living with HIV/AIDS with Anti-Retroviral in Medan, Indonesia

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.396 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (16) ◽

pp. 2590-2594

Author(s):

Dona Farila Agus ◽

Elmeida Effendy ◽

Vita Camellia

Keyword(s):

Negative Correlation ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Severe Depression ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Correlation Strength ◽

Hiv Aids

BACKGROUND: HIV, which causes AIDS, infects the immune system cells, by destroying or damaging the function of the CD4. PLWHA will have twice the risk of experiencing mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety compared with the general population, thereby suppressing immune function, decreasing their quality of life, decreasing the level of adherence to treatment, and contributing significantly to the occurrence of premature death. AIM: To determine the correlation Anxiety and Depression symptoms and CD4 levels in PLWHA who are undergoing Anti-Retroviral treatment at the HIV/AIDS METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional study, which assesses the correlation between Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores (HADS) and CD4 levels in PLWHA who are receiving ARV in the HIV/AIDS Special Services Polyclinic Medan Haji general hospital. RESULTS: It was found that the average HADS-A score, PLWHA was 15.286 and the SD ± 2.244. This shows that PLWHA is in moderate to severe anxiety and moderate to severe depression. The mean CD4 level of people with HIV/AIDS/PLWHA was 288.171 and SD ± 88.955. According to WHO criteria, regarding the classification of HIV immunodeficiency in adults, are classified as moderate immunodeficiency. There was a significant correlation between the HADS-A score and CD4 level with a correlation value of r = -0.592 indicating a negative correlation with a moderate correlation strength, and the correlation between HADS-D score and CD4 level. The strength of the relationship between HADS-D score and CD4 level is r = -0.650, shows a negative correlation with strong correlation strength. CONCLUSION: from this study, it was found that there is a relationship between depression and anxiety symptom and CD4 level.

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