Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

Objective: The study aimed to 1) measure the prevalence of depression and anxiety among Iraqi pharmacy and medical students at a number of universities in Baghdad using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and 2) investigate the association between various sociodemographic factors and students’ HADS scores. Methods: This study was based on a cross-sectional descriptive design in four universities in Baghdad, Iraq. Depression and anxiety were screened using an Arabic version of the HADS. An online survey was administered via Qualtrics to convenience samples of students at four colleges of pharmacy and a college of medicine between March and June 2018. Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among the participants. Results: The researchers received 750 usable surveys. The participating students spent more time browsing social media (6.64 hours/day) than studying (1.92 hours/day) and exercising (2.83 hours/week). Approximately forty-six percent (45.9%) of the participants had scores that indicated depression symptoms and one-quarter (24.8%) had scores that indicated depression borderline symptoms. More than one-half (52.1%) of the participants had scores that indicated anxiety symptoms, while 20.1% had scores that indicated anxiety borderline symptoms. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, more depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly (p-value <0.05) associated with higher study hours weekly and lower sleep hours at night, academic achievement, and colleagues and family social support during exams. Conclusions: Pharmacy and medical students may be vulnerable to depression and anxiety because of long study hours.. To reduce their levels of anxiety and depression, they may need more social support, more exercise, more sleep, less social media use and a lower academic workload.

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Assessing the Predictor Roles of Mindfulness and Spiritual Intelligence for Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms

Spiritual Psychology and Counseling ◽

10.37898/spc.2020.5.3.103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 273-285

Author(s):

Pınar Ünal-Aydın ◽

Yasin Arslan ◽

Orkun Aydın

Keyword(s):

Short Form ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Spiritual Intelligence ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire ◽

Hospital Anxiety ◽

Web Based ◽

Predictors Of Depression

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of mindfulness (MF) and spiritual intelligence (SI) as predictors of depression and anxiety, the most frequent manifestations of mental disorders – among 184 Turkish participants of diverse ages, predominantly students, living in Istanbul and Sarajevo. Four instruments were administered either directly or via web-based services: Scale for Spiritual Intelligence (SSI), Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire – Short Form (FFMQ-S) and Sociodemographic Information Form. Through the use of linear regression analysis, Actaware (b=-.19, p≤.001), Nonjudge (b=-.22, p≤.001), Nonreact (b=-.19, p≤.001) subscales of FFMQ-S were found to be negative predictors for depression and anxiety, whereas, Self-understanding subscale of SSI was not significant. Although our findings suggest that spiritual intelligence is not significant in prediction of depression and anxiety, our research provides empirical evidence for the link between MF, SI, depression and anxiety, as well as revealing MF as predictor for anxiety and depression which may be useful for further improvements in the scope of current interventions.

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Effect of Psychological–Behavioral Intervention on the Depression and Anxiety of COVID-19 Patients

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586355 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Xiangyu Kong ◽

Fanyang Kong ◽

Kailian Zheng ◽

Min Tang ◽

Yi Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Behavioral Intervention ◽

Clinical Care ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Control Group ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Cutoff Score ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Breathing Exercises

The COVID-19 epidemic has caused increasing public panic and mental health stress. In this study, we explore the prevalence and factors linked to anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. A total of 144 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 underwent depression and anxiety assessment by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Social support level was also evaluated by the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) at admission. Results showed that gender, age, oxygen saturation, and social support were associated with anxiety for COVID-19 patients. In addition, age, family infection with SARS-CoV-2, and social support were the risk factors associated with depression. Moreover, we designed a psychological–behavioral intervention (PBI) program that included psychological support and breathing exercises, and explored its effects on patients with COVID-19. Of the 144 participants, 26 patients with both anxiety and depression symptoms (cutoff score of ≥8 on HADS-A and HADS-D) were randomly assigned to the intervention group and the control group at a 1:1 ratio. After 10-day treatment, the HADS scores of depression and anxiety were significantly reduced in the intervention group, and PSSS scores were also significantly improved. However, no significant differences in HADS and PSSS scores between pre- and post-treatment were found in the control group. Our findings indicate that mental concern and appropriate intervention are essential parts of clinical care for COVID-19 patients.

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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in St. Peter Specialized Hospital Treatment Centers

10.26420/austinpsychiatry.2021.1009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dereseh BA ◽

◽

Abraha M ◽

Haile K ◽

Fanta T ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Support ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Hospital Treatment ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Specialized Hospital

Background: Since December 2019, an outbreak of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has widely and rapidly spread in China and around the world. Since 31 December 2019 and as of 30 April 2020, more than 25,000,000 cases of COVID-19 and 800,000 deaths have been reported. The grim epidemic has caused increasing public panic and mental health stress. Mental health is becoming an issue that cannot be ignored, while trying to control the outbreak. Cross sectional study was conducted to assess magnitude and factors associated depression among patients with COVID-19 in St. Peter Specialized Hospital Treatment Centers Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 Patients with COVID-19 admitted at St. Peter Specialized Hospital COVID-19 treatment center. The Anxiety and Depression was assessed through face to face interviews by trained psychiatry nurses using 14-items Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Correlates for depression & anxiety were assessed using a structured questionnaire and Oslo social support scale. Result: A total of 373 participants were volunteer to be included in the study which makes the response rate88.4%. The mean age of the respondents was 37.46 (±SD=16.09) years. This study revealed that the Magnitude of Depression 36.5 % (136) and Anxiety 21.2 % (79) among COVID-19 patients. By using Multivariate (Anxiety) Logistic Regression, Patients who were Male (AOR 5.01, 95%CI (2.11, 11.87)), Housewife (AOR 11.43, 95%CI ( 2.67, 48.90)), Selfemployed (AOR 2.45,, 95%CI (1.07, 5.60)), having Diagnosed Chronic illness (AOR 2.56, 95%CI (1.19, 5.53)), having COVID-19 Symptoms for below 7 days and for 8-14 days ((AOR 3.21, 95%CI (1.21, 8.58)) & AOR 3.70, 95%CI (1.55, 8.84)) respectively) and those who had Poor/low Social Support (AOR 3.42, 95%CI (1.21, 9.63)) had Statistically Significant Association with Anxiety. By using Multivariate (Depression) Logistic Regression, Patients who were 41 and above years of old (AOR 3.95, 95% CI (1.80, 8.69)), had Monthly Income of less than 1000 birr (AOR 2.99, 95%CI (1.11, 8.05)), Having COVID-19 Symptoms for 8-14 days (AOR 2.63, 95% CI (1.34, 5.17)) and who had Poor Social Support (AOR 3.13, 95% CI (1.34, 7.30)) were Statistically Significant Associated with Depression. Conclusion: In the current study area the magnitude of depression and anxiety was high. Factors like sex, Job, having Diagnosed Chronic illness, Duration of COVID-19 symptom and social support with anxiety and factors such as age, income, duration of COVID-19 symptom and social support had statistically significant associated with depression.

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The relationship between specific cognitive defects and burden of care in Parkinson's disease

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610215001593 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 275-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Michael Zhong ◽

Richard Peppard ◽

Dennis Velakoulis ◽

Andrew H. Evans

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Caregiver Burden ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Motor Symptom ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Psychosocial Effects

ABSTRACTBackground:In spite of the recognized physical and psychosocial effects of caring for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), caregiver burden (CB) in this setting is poorly understood. The objective of this research was to identify factors that were associated with CB in an Australian population of PD caregivers using a novel instrument – the Parkinson's Disease Caregiver Burden (PDCB) questionnaire.Methods:Fifty patient–caregiver couples were recruited from three movement disorders clinics in Melbourne, Australia. Burden on caregivers was rated using the PDCB questionnaire. Burden scores were correlated with patient factors, including motor symptom severity (Unified Parkinson's Disease Ratings Scale and Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) scale), patient cognition (Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool; NUCOG), presence of impulsive and compulsive behaviors (Questionnaire for Impulsive–Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's disease), and patient olfaction. Caregiver and patient demographics, as well as results for depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS), were also examined for their relationship with CB.Results:H&Y stage, depression or anxiety in either caregiver or patient, and decreased patient NUCOG score were significantly associated with higher PDCB score. Multiple linear regression analysis identified caregiver and patient depression score and patient score for the visuoconstructional subscale of NUCOG to predict burden score. In addition, disease duration, duration of caregiving, and increased hours per day spent in giving care were significantly associated with increased burden.Conclusions:We found psychiatric and cognitive factors to be the most relevant factors in the perception of burden in PD caregivers. On top of this, we found deficits in the domain of visuoconstruction predicted burden – a relationship not yet described in literature. Targeting depression and anxiety in this setting as well as identifying caregivers at high risk of burden may give clinicians the chance to optimize care of patients with PD through the caregiver.

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Factors associated with persistent risk of depression in older people following discharge from an acute cardiac unit

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610208007138 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 738-751 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. J. Hammond ◽

S. Yu ◽

K. Esa ◽

J. Jabbour ◽

L. Wakefield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Geriatric Depression Scale ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Post Discharge ◽

Time Points ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Hospital Patients

ABSTRACTBackground:This longitudinal study aims to describe the prevalence and characteristics associated with persistent risk of depression in a group of older, hospitalized patients.Methods:We examined patients at two time-points: baseline and one month post-discharge from hospital. Patients in this study comprised those who had been admitted to the cardiology unit, with no cognitive impairment, aged 60 years and over, and those who were followed up at both time points (N = 155). Questionnaires administered included risk of depression (Geriatric Depression Scale-15; GDS-15), cognitive impairment (Mini-mental State Examination), social support (7-Item Subjective Social Support Index), co-morbidity (Charlson's Comorbidity Index), sociodemographic variables, physical functioning (Modified Barthel's Index) and clinical variables.Results:The prevalence of risk of depression (GDS-15 score ≥ 5) among older inpatients at baseline was 34%. At one month post-discharge this had fallen to 17% and this group was identified as those at persistent risk of depression. Factors associated with a risk of persistent depression were: hospitalization within the last six months; length of stay of four days or more; discharge diagnosis of angina; and impaired Subjective Social Support Score.Conclusion:Depression occurs commonly among older hospitalized patients and may resolve spontaneously. The identification of factors associated with persistent risk of depression can be helpful when looking at which patients may benefit most from screening and treatment for depression after discharge.

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Depression and anxiety among paediatric and adult in-patients with dengue fever in Metro Manila, Philippines

10.31234/osf.io/6jnzx ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Von Ralph Dane Marquez Herbuela ◽

Ferdinand S. de Guzman ◽

Girly S. Sobrepeña ◽

Andrew Benedict F. Claudio ◽

Angelica Cecilia V. Tomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dengue Fever ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Child Anxiety ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Psychiatric symptoms have been reported in adult patients with dengue fever (DF); however, information on pediatric patients remains inadequate. We sought to identify the prevalence and determinants of depression and anxiety and identify other encephalopathy symptoms among pediatric and adult patients with DF.Methods: This cross-sectional study used a non-probability purposive sampling method among clinically or serologically confirmed in-patients with DF. Participants completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale for pediatric patients and youth controls and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for adult patients. Results: The prevalence of depression and anxiety were significantly higher among 225 pediatric patients than among 81 youth controls, but was lower than that among 43 adult patients. A multiple linear regression analysis of socio-demographic and clinical data found that age, family history of DF, ≤2 days of hospitalization, and myalgia and arthralgia tended to increase depression and anxiety scores of pediatric patients. Further, 26.7% of pediatric patients reported irritability, agitation, visual hallucinations and aggressiveness. Conclusion: Prevalence and determinants of depression and anxiety and the presence of encephalopathy symptoms differ between pediatric and adult patients. Longitudinal post-DF recovery studies should be conducted to examine whether these symptoms may develop to subsequent chronic psychiatric conditions in the future.

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Psychosocial determinants of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan: Is social support a mediator?

10.7287/peerj.preprints.463v3 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Waqas ◽

Nahal Raza ◽

Haneen Wajid Lodhi ◽

Zerwah Muhammad ◽

Mehak Jamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Rural Women ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Stressful Event ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Antenatal Anxiety

Introduction: Pregnancy is generally viewed as a time of fulfillment and joy; however, for many women it can be a stressful event. In South Asia it is associated with cultural stigmas revolving around gender discrimination, abnormal births and genetic abnormalities. It is also associated with several psychiatric problems in women, most notably depression and anxiety. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at four teaching hospitals in Lahore from February, 2014 to June, 2014. A total of 500 pregnant women seen at hospital obstetrics and gynecology departments were interviewed with a questionnaire consisting of three sections: demographics, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS). All data were analyzed with SPSS v. 20. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for demographic variables. Pearson’s chi-squared test, bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression were used to analyze associations between the independent variables and scores on the HADS and SPS. Results: Mean age among the 500 respondents was 27.41 years (5.65). Anxiety levels in participants were categorized as normal (145 women, 29%), borderline (110, 22%) or anxious (245, 49%). Depression levels were categorized as normal (218 women, 43.6%), borderline (123, 24.6%) or depressed (159, 31.8%). Inferential analysis revealed that higher HADS scores were significantly associated with lower scores on the SPS, rural background, history of harassment, abortion, cesarean delivery and unplanned pregnancies (P < .05). Social support (SPS score) mediated the relationship between the total number of children, gender of previous children and HADS score. Women with more daughters were significantly more likely to score higher on the HADS and lower on the SPS, whereas higher numbers of sons were associated with the opposite trends in the scores (P < .05) Conclusion: Because of the predominantly patriarchal sociocultural context in Pakistan, the predictors of antenatal anxiety and depression may differ from those in developed countries. Rural women and working women had higher levels of antenatal anxiety and depression, which contradicts earlier findings in western countries. Our study found that higher numbers of daughters were associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety, whereas sons had a protective influence. We therefore suggest that interventions designed and implemented to reduce antenatal anxiety and depression should take into account these unique factors operating in developing countries and patriarchal societies.

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Increases in Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19: A Large Longitudinal Study From China

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.706601 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Shizhen Wu ◽

Keshun Zhang ◽

Elizabeth J. Parks-Stamm ◽

Zhonghui Hu ◽

Yaqi Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Self Rating ◽

Development Of Students

Although accumulating evidence suggests the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with costs in mental health, the development of students' mental health, including the change from their previous levels of depression and anxiety and the factors associated with this change, has not been well-studied. The present study investigates changes in students' anxiety and depression from before the pandemic to during the lockdown and identifies factors that are associated with these changes. 14,769 university students participated in a longitudinal study with two time points with a 6-month interval. Students completed the Anxiety and Depression subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) before the COVID-19 outbreak (October 2020, Time 1), and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) during the pandemic (April 2020, Time 2). The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms were 1.44 and 1.46% at Time 1, and 4.06 and 22.09% at Time 2, respectively, showing a 181.94% increase in anxiety and a 1413.01% increase in depression. Furthermore, the increases in anxiety and depression from pre-pandemic levels were associated with students' gender and the severity of the pandemic in the province where they resided. This study contributes to the gap in knowledge regarding changes in students' mental health in response to the pandemic and the role of local factors in these changes. Implications for gender and the Typhoon Eye effect are discussed.

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Psychosocial determinants of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan: Is social support a mediator?

10.7287/peerj.preprints.463 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Waqas ◽

Nahal Raza ◽

Haneen Wajid Lodhi ◽

Zerwah Muhammad ◽

Mehak Jamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Rural Women ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Stressful Event ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Antenatal Anxiety

Introduction: Pregnancy is generally viewed as a time of fulfillment and joy; however, for many women it can be a stressful event. In South Asia it is associated with cultural stigmas revolving around gender discrimination, abnormal births and genetic abnormalities. It is also associated with several psychiatric problems in women, most notably depression and anxiety. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at four teaching hospitals in Lahore from February, 2014 to June, 2014. A total of 500 pregnant women seen at hospital obstetrics and gynecology departments were interviewed with a questionnaire consisting of three sections: demographics, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS). All data were analyzed with SPSS v. 20. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for demographic variables. Pearson’s chi-squared test, bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression were used to analyze associations between the independent variables and scores on the HADS and SPS. Results: Mean age among the 500 respondents was 27.41 years (5.65). Anxiety levels in participants were categorized as normal (145 women, 29%), borderline (110, 22%) or anxious (245, 49%). Depression levels were categorized as normal (218 women, 43.6%), borderline (123, 24.6%) or depressed (159, 31.8%). Inferential analysis revealed that higher HADS scores were significantly associated with lower scores on the SPS, rural background, history of harassment, abortion, cesarean delivery and unplanned pregnancies (P < .05). Social support (SPS score) mediated the relationship between the total number of children, gender of previous children and HADS score. Women with more daughters were significantly more likely to score higher on the HADS and lower on the SPS, whereas higher numbers of sons were associated with the opposite trends in the scores (P < .05) Conclusion: Because of the predominantly patriarchal sociocultural context in Pakistan, the predictors of antenatal anxiety and depression may differ from those in developed countries. Rural women and working women had higher levels of antenatal anxiety and depression, which contradicts earlier findings in western countries. Our study found that higher numbers of daughters were associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety, whereas sons had a protective influence. We therefore suggest that interventions designed and implemented to reduce antenatal anxiety and depression should take into account these unique factors operating in developing countries and patriarchal societies.

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