Epidemiological evaluation of rubella virus infection among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract: Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and associated birth defects often collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome.Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, and elimination of rubella virus in many developed countries substantial commitment to rubella control has not been demonstrated in the developing countries. This study appraises immunity to rubella, and consequently makes appropriate recommendations aimed at facilitating effective control. A cross-sectional sero-surveillance study was carried out among 272 consenting ante-natal clinic attendees in south-western, Nigeria. Prevalence rates of 91.54% and 1.84% were recorded for anti-rubella virus (anti-RV) IgG and IgM respectively. Also, 90.7% and 92.3% of the women aged ≤30 years and ›30 years respectively had detectable anti-RV IgG. No significant association (p=0.94) was recorded between anti-RV IgG detection and age of the women. Previous exposure and susceptibility of significant fraction of the population to rubella infection were confirmed. Considerable political commitment and promotion of free rubella immunization specifically for women with childbearing potential were recommended.

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Epidemiological evaluation of rubella virus infection among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria

10.7287/peerj.preprints.613 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Olubusuyi M Adewumi ◽

Adebowale O. Olayinka ◽

Babatunde A. Olusola ◽

Temitope O.C. Faleye ◽

Waidi F. Sule ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Defects ◽

Rubella Virus ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Effective Control ◽

Political Commitment ◽

Southwestern Nigeria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rubella Infection

Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and associated birth defects often collectively referred to as CRS. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, and elimination of rubella virus in many developed countries, substantial commitment to rubella control has not been demonstrated in the developing countries. This study appraises immunity to rubella, and consequently makes appropriate recommendations aimed at facilitating effective control. A cross-sectional sero-surveillance study was carried out among 272 consenting ante-natal clinic attendees in southwestern, Nigeria. Prevalence rates of 91.54% and 1.84% were recorded for anti-rubella virus (anti-RV) IgG and IgM respectively. Also, 90.7% and 92.3% of the women aged ≤ 30 years and ˃ 30 years respectively had detectable anti-RV IgG. No significant association (p=0.94) was recorded between anti-RV IgG detection and age of the women. Previous exposure and susceptibility of significant fraction of the population to rubella infection were confirmed. Considerable political commitment and promotion of free rubella immunization specifically for women of childbearing potential were recommended.

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Epidemiological evaluation of rubella virus infection among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria

10.7287/peerj.preprints.613v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Olubusuyi M Adewumi ◽

Adebowale O. Olayinka ◽

Babatunde A. Olusola ◽

Temitope O.C. Faleye ◽

Waidi F. Sule ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Defects ◽

Rubella Virus ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Effective Control ◽

Political Commitment ◽

Southwestern Nigeria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rubella Infection

Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and associated birth defects often collectively referred to as CRS. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, and elimination of rubella virus in many developed countries, substantial commitment to rubella control has not been demonstrated in the developing countries. This study appraises immunity to rubella, and consequently makes appropriate recommendations aimed at facilitating effective control. A cross-sectional sero-surveillance study was carried out among 272 consenting ante-natal clinic attendees in southwestern, Nigeria. Prevalence rates of 91.54% and 1.84% were recorded for anti-rubella virus (anti-RV) IgG and IgM respectively. Also, 90.7% and 92.3% of the women aged ≤ 30 years and ˃ 30 years respectively had detectable anti-RV IgG. No significant association (p=0.94) was recorded between anti-RV IgG detection and age of the women. Previous exposure and susceptibility of significant fraction of the population to rubella infection were confirmed. Considerable political commitment and promotion of free rubella immunization specifically for women of childbearing potential were recommended.

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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella infection in São Paulo

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.60.05.013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. 451-456

Author(s):

Suely Pires Curti ◽

Cristina Adelaide Figueiredo ◽

Maria Isabel de Oliveira ◽

Joelma Queiroz Andrade ◽

Marcelo Zugaib ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Rubella Virus ◽

Fetal Death ◽

Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽

Fetal Blood ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Positive Serology ◽

Rubella Infection ◽

Molecular Assays ◽

Congenital Rubella

Objective: rubella during the early stages of pregnancy can lead to severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Samples collected from pregnant women with symptoms and suspected of congenital rubella infection between 1996 and 2008 were analyzed. Methods: a total of 23 amniotic fluid samples, 16 fetal blood samples, 1 product of conception and 1 placenta were analyzed by serology and RT-PCR. Results: all patients presented positive serology for IgG / IgM antibodies to rubella virus. Among neonates, 16 were IgG-positive, 9 were IgM-positive and 4 were negative for both antibodies. Of the 25 samples analyzed in this study, 24 were positive by RT-PCR. Changes in ultrasound were found in 15 (60%) of 25 fetuses infected with rubella virus. Fetal death and miscarriage were reported in 10 (40%) of the 25 cases analyzed. The rubella virus was amplified by PCR in all fetuses with abnormal ultrasound compatible with rubella. Fetal death and abortion were reported in 10 of 25 cases analyzed. Conclusion: this study, based on primary maternal rubella infection definitely confirms the good sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR using amniotic fluid and ultrasound. The results showed that molecular assays are important tools in the early diagnosis of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome.

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Rubella Virus Replication and Links to Teratogenicity

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.13.4.571 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 571-587 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Jia-Yee Lee ◽

D. Scott Bowden

Keyword(s):

Rubella Virus ◽

First Trimester ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Health Concern ◽

Congenital Defects ◽

Adult Women ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

Host Interactions ◽

Congenital Rubella ◽

First Trimester Of Pregnancy

SUMMARY Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of the disease known more popularly as German measles. Rubella is predominantly a childhood disease and is endemic throughout the world. Natural infections of rubella occur only in humans and are generally mild. Complications of rubella infection, most commonly polyarthralgia in adult women, do exist; occasionally more serious sequelae occur. However, the primary public health concern of RV infection is its teratogenicity. RV infection of women during the first trimester of pregnancy can induce a spectrum of congenital defects in the newborn, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The development of vaccines and implementation of vaccination strategies have substantially reduced the incidence of disease and in turn of CRS in developed countries. The pathway whereby RV infection leads to teratogenesis has not been elucidated, but the cytopathology in infected fetal tissues suggests necrosis and/or apoptosis as well as inhibition of cell division of critical precursor cells involved in organogenesis. In cell culture, a number of unusual features of RV replication have been observed, including mitochondrial abnormalities, and disruption of the cytoskeleton; these manifestations are most probably linked and play some role in RV teratogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanism of RV teratogenesis will be brought about by the investigation of RV replication and virus-host interactions.

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Rubella Virus

10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0013 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Emmaculate Lebo ◽

Susan Reef

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Rubella Virus ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Heart Defects ◽

First Trimester ◽

Significant Progress ◽

Mental Impairment ◽

Rubella Infection ◽

Congenital Rubella ◽

Fetal Infection

Rubella infection in pregnant women, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriages, fetal deaths, stillbirths, or a constellation of congenital anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Infants born with CRS often present with a myriad of classical symptoms, including hearing impairment, congenital heart defects, cataracts, and mental impairment. The risk of developing a congenital defect is highest when the rubella infection occurs during the first 12 weeks of gestation. The risks associated with fetal infection are primarily in pregnant women who are not immune to the rubella virus; immunity is acquired through vaccination with a rubella-containing vaccine or develops naturally following infection with rubella virus. In 2010, approximately 105,000 children with CRS were born globally, with an estimated 49,229 and 38,712 CRS cases born in the Southeast Asia and African WHO regions, respectively. Significant progress has been made toward reducing the burden of rubella and CRS cases globally through the introduction of rubella-containing vaccines in many countries.

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Hubungan antara Pengetahuan Responden yang Pernah Menderita Hepatitis tentang Perilaku Penularan Hepatitis C dengan Antibodi Anti Hepatitis C (Titer Anti-HCV) di Indonesia

Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan ◽

10.22435/mpk.v28i4.632 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 289-294

Author(s):

Noer Endah Pracoyo ◽

Wibowo Wibowo ◽

Raflizar Raflizar ◽

Felly Philipus Senewe

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Condom Use ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Virus Hepatitis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Behavioral Variables ◽

Antibody Titers

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a viral disease that becomes the world’s second problem after hepatitis B virus disease. The prevalence of HCV 3% or about 130-170 million people in the world are infected with HCV. In most developed countries the prevalence is below 1%, but in Asian countries the prevalence is higher. The aim of this study was to find the relationship between hepatitis C immunity (anti-HCV titre) behavior from the Riskesdas 2007. Data was a cross-sectional study, by analyzing anti-HCV titre data and data on age, gender and behavioral variables (use of needles injections, use of razors, condom use and sexual behavior). The total number of respondents who were tested for antibodies was 20,648. The reseach was done in March – October 2014. The results of the study of behavioral variables (using a shared razor, using condoms during sex and changing partners) had no significant association with anti hepatitis C antibody titers, while the age variable and syringe use variables had a significant correlation with p = 0.001. The conclusion of this study was that there was no significant relationship between treatment (shared razor use, condom use and changing sex partners) between people who had hepatitis C and anti hepatitis C antibody titers. Abstrak Virus Hepatitis C (HCV) merupakan penyakit virus yang menjadi masalah kedua dunia setelah penyakit virus hepatitis B. Prevalensi HCV 3% atau sekitar 130-170 juta orang di dunia terinfeksi HCV. Di sebagian besar negara maju prevalensi di bawah 1%, tetapi di negara-negara Asia prevalensinya lebih tinggi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mencari hubungan antara pengetahuan responden tentang perilaku penularan hepatitis C dengan kekebalan hepatitis C (titer anti-HCV) dari data Riskesdas 2007. Desain penelitian cross-sectional, dengan menganalisis data titer anti-HCV dan data variabel umur, jenis kelamin dan variabel pengetahuan tentang perilaku (penggunaan jarum suntik, penggunaan pisau cukur, pemakaian kondom, dan perilaku seksual). Total responden yang diperiksa antibodi sebanyak 20.648. Waktu penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret sampai Oktober 2014. Hasil penelitian variabel perilaku (penggunaan pisau cukur bersama, menggunakan kondom saat berhubungan seks dan berganti pasangan) tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna dengan titer antibodi anti hepatitis C, sedangkan variabel umur dan variabel penggunaan jarum suntik terdapat hubungan yang bermakna dengan nilai p=0,001. Kesimpulan penelitian ini tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara perilaku (penggunaan pisau cukur bersama sama, penggunaan kondom dan berganti ganti pasangan seks) antara orang-orang yang pernah menderita hepatitis C dengan titer antibodi anti hepatitis C.

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Pregnancy and Congenital Rubella Incidence

10.53350/pjmhs2115113166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 3166-3167

Author(s):

Muhammad Sohail Tareen ◽

Maryam Shoaib ◽

Uzma Afridi ◽

Samia Saifullah

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Birth Defects ◽

Study Design ◽

Clinical Information ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Provincial Hospital ◽

Congenital Rubella ◽

The Mean

Background: Rubella is major cause of neonatal abnormalities and miscarriages on worldwide level. Objective: To find the incidence of rubella in congenital births by assessing antibodies against rubella. Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta 1st April 2019 to 31st March 2021. Methodology: Four hundred pregnant women were analyzed for their IgG and IgM levels. A complete socioeconomic, demographics and clinical information was recorded on a well designed questionnaire. Results: The mean age of pregnant women was 24.5±4.1 years. Majority of women were between 35-40 years. High IgG were seen in all patients compared with IgM. The seropositivity for IgG increased with increasing age. Conclusion: The total reported IgG positive cases were up to 16% while of IgM were 3%. Keywords: Rubella, Pregnancy, Birth defects

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Seroprevalence of rubella in antenatal women in and around Kirumampakkam, Puducherry

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2012.10.002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (10) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Vinod Raveendran* ◽

Dhandapany Senthil Pragash* ◽

Dr. Manju ◽

Ivvala Anand Shaker ◽

Vijaya Rayapu

Keyword(s):

First Trimester ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Immunization Policy ◽

Rubella Infection ◽

Igm Antibodies ◽

Congenital Rubella ◽

Obstetric History ◽

Lower Socioeconomic ◽

One Year

Rubella is a mild self limiting vaccine preventable viral disease. Maternal Rubella infection during first trimester of pregnancy leads to abortion, still birth and Congenital Rubella Syndrome. Seroepidemiological studies conducted in different countries have shown that Rubella is a worldwide infection. The present study was conducted to assess the immunity status to Rubella among pregnant women in and around Kirumampakkam, Puducherry for a period of one year. A detailed history with special reference for previous bad obstetric history was collected after an informed consent. They were tested for Rubella IgG and IgM antibodies using commercially available kits. Overall seropositivity was 87.9% and 12% were susceptible to Rubella infection. 6.5% were positive to Rubella specific IgM antibodies. Percentage of seropositivity was seen to be increasing with age. The percentage of IgG negatives was higher among the cases with bad obstetric history. Cases from lower socioeconomic status had good immunity against Rubella. All the cases that had previous immunization record were positive for Rubella specific IgG antibodies. In conclusion, an action revamping the national immunization policy should be considered along with sero-surveillance of Rubella among adolescent girls and women of childbearing age before conception for the assessment and analysis of the situation, and take appropriate action to eradicate Rubella.

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Investigating the molecular basis of rubella virus-induced teratogenesis: a literature review

USURJ University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal ◽

10.32396/usurj.v4i1.263 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mariam Goubran

Keyword(s):

Birth Defects ◽

Rubella Virus ◽

Molecular Basis ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

Maternal Infection ◽

Future Directions ◽

Congenital Rubella ◽

In Pregnancy

Rubella virus (RV) is the etiologic agent of rubella, a disease more commonly known as German measles. The 1940 rubella epidemic in Australia allowed for the identification of RV as a teratogenic agent: infection early in pregnancy causes a variety of birth defects collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Although rigorous immunization policies have dramatically reduced the incidence of CRS, it is still estimated that around 100,000 infants are born with CRS every year. Furthermore, in light of the recent Zika virus epidemic which is now known to be a causative agent of microcephaly and other birth defects, a deeper understanding of RV may help elucidate the paradigm of viral teratogenesis and aid in the development of therapeutic agents to prevent the development of birth defects in fetuses after maternal infection. This review aims to give a summary of the current knowledge regarding the molecular biology of the virus followed by an overview of potential mechanisms of RV-induced teratogenesis as well as suggestions for possible future directions for research.

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