scholarly journals Rubella Virus Replication and Links to Teratogenicity

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Yee Lee ◽  
D. Scott Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Rubella Virus ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

SUMMARY Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of the disease known more popularly as German measles. Rubella is predominantly a childhood disease and is endemic throughout the world. Natural infections of rubella occur only in humans and are generally mild. Complications of rubella infection, most commonly polyarthralgia in adult women, do exist; occasionally more serious sequelae occur. However, the primary public health concern of RV infection is its teratogenicity. RV infection of women during the first trimester of pregnancy can induce a spectrum of congenital defects in the newborn, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The development of vaccines and implementation of vaccination strategies have substantially reduced the incidence of disease and in turn of CRS in developed countries. The pathway whereby RV infection leads to teratogenesis has not been elucidated, but the cytopathology in infected fetal tissues suggests necrosis and/or apoptosis as well as inhibition of cell division of critical precursor cells involved in organogenesis. In cell culture, a number of unusual features of RV replication have been observed, including mitochondrial abnormalities, and disruption of the cytoskeleton; these manifestations are most probably linked and play some role in RV teratogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanism of RV teratogenesis will be brought about by the investigation of RV replication and virus-host interactions.

HISTIOCYTIC REACTION IN DYSGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA AND CONGENITAL RUBELLA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Henry N. Claman ◽  
Vinai Suvatte ◽  
John H. Githens ◽  
William E. Hathaway
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Lymph Node Biopsy ◽  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
Persistent Viral Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Methyl Prednisolone ◽  
Node Biopsy ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

A girl was born of a mother who had rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy. The child showed failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, glaucoma, and nerve deafness. She also developed a dysgammaglobulinemia with low serum γM, low to absent γA, and high (19s) γM. She was treated with methyl prednisolone and vinblastine and appeared to improve; but, after an infection at age 3½, the lymphadenopathy returned and γG became undetectable. Peripheral blood cells were normally stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. A lymph node biopsy showed a marked histiocytic reaction pattern. The incidence of "histiocytosis" in congenital rubella is reviewed, and the possible relations between congenital rubella, dysgammaglobulinemia, and histiocytic reactions are discussed. The following hypothesis is suggested: histiocytosis may be a tissue reaction to a persistent (viral) infection in the presence of an altered immune mechanism also caused by that infection.

Generalized Bone Changes and Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Association with Intrauterine Rubella

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-268
Author(s):  
AARON R. RAUSEN ◽  
ROBERT D. LONDON ◽  
ABRAHAM MIZRAHI ◽  
LOUIS Z. COOPER
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Bone Changes ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

Two newborn infants are presented whose mothers had rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy. Both infants were born with thrombocytopenic purpura and suggestive evidence of a hemolytic disorder. The second infant had congenital heart disease as well. Roentgenographic changes in the metaphyseal ends of several long bones, observed in the first infant at 3 days of age, regressed completely by 2 months of age. The second infant had roentgenographic evidence of metaphyseal changes of a lesser degree, limited to the distal ends of the femora. These changes were no longer present at 6 weeks of age. Both infants were shown to be harboring an interfering agent with the characteristics of the rubella virus.

Tensile Properties of the Swine Cardinal Ligament

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances M. Davis ◽  
Ting Tan ◽  
Suzanne Nicewonder ◽  
Raffaella De Vita
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Pelvic Floor Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pelvic Organ ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Pelvic Organs

Pelvic floor disorders such as urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse represent a major public health concern in the United States affecting one third of adult women [1]. These disorders are determined by structural and mechanical alterations of the pelvic organs, their supporting muscles and connective tissues that occur mainly during pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and aging [1].

scholarly journals A Pragmatic Intervention Using Financial Incentives for Pregnancy Weight Management: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Krukowski ◽  
Brandi Johnson ◽  
Hyeonju Kim ◽  
Saunak Sen ◽  
Riad Homsi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Engagement ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

BACKGROUND Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is common and can result in maternal and child health complications. Pragmatic behavioral interventions that can be incorporated into standard obstetric care are needed, and financial incentives are a promising approach. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of recruitment, randomization, and retention, as well as treatment engagement and intervention satisfaction, in a behavioral program. The program provided small incentives for meeting behavioral goals of self-weighing and physical activity as well as larger outcome incentives for meeting GWG goals. METHODS We recruited 40 adult women in their first trimester of pregnancy from February 2019 to September 2019 at an obstetric clinic. Participants were randomized to 3 intervention components using a 2×2×2 factorial design: daily incentives for self-weighing (lottery vs certain loss), incentives for adhering to the Institute of Medicine’s GWG guidelines based on BMI category (monthly vs overall), and incentives for reaching physical activity goals (yes vs no). Participants were asked to complete daily weigh-ins using the Withings Body wireless scale provided by the study, as well as wear a physical activity tracker (Fitbit Flex 2). Feasibility outcomes of recruitment, randomization, and retention, as well as treatment engagement and intervention satisfaction, were assessed. Weight assessments were conducted at baseline, 32-week gestation, and 36-week gestation. RESULTS Participants were enrolled at, on average, 9.6 (SD 1.8) weeks’ gestation. Of the 39 participants who were oriented to their condition and received the intervention, 24 (62%) were Black or African American, 30 (77%) were not married, and 29 (74%) had an annual household income of less than US $50,000. Of the 39 participants, 35 (90%) completed the follow-up data collection visit. Participants were generally quite positive about the intervention components, with a particular emphasis on the helpfulness of, and the enjoyment of using, the e-scale in both the quantitative and qualitative feedback. Participants who received the loss incentive, on average, had 2.86 times as many days of self-weighing as those who received the lottery incentive. Participants had a relatively low level of activity, with no difference between those who received a physical activity incentive and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS A financial incentive–based pragmatic intervention was feasible and acceptable for pregnant women for promoting self-weighing, physical activity, and healthy GWG. Participants were successfully recruited early in their first trimester of pregnancy and retained for follow-up data collection in the third trimester. Participants demonstrated promising engagement in self-weighing, particularly with loss-based incentives, and reported finding the self-weighing especially helpful. This study supports further investigation of pragmatic, clinic-based financial incentive–based interventions for healthy GWG behaviors. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03834194; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03834194

Rubella Virus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmaculate Lebo ◽  
Susan Reef
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Mental Impairment ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Fetal Infection

Rubella infection in pregnant women, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriages, fetal deaths, stillbirths, or a constellation of congenital anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Infants born with CRS often present with a myriad of classical symptoms, including hearing impairment, congenital heart defects, cataracts, and mental impairment. The risk of developing a congenital defect is highest when the rubella infection occurs during the first 12 weeks of gestation. The risks associated with fetal infection are primarily in pregnant women who are not immune to the rubella virus; immunity is acquired through vaccination with a rubella-containing vaccine or develops naturally following infection with rubella virus. In 2010, approximately 105,000 children with CRS were born globally, with an estimated 49,229 and 38,712 CRS cases born in the Southeast Asia and African WHO regions, respectively. Significant progress has been made toward reducing the burden of rubella and CRS cases globally through the introduction of rubella-containing vaccines in many countries.

Congenital Rubella and Thrombocytopenia: Report of Two Cases with Initial and Follow-up Viral Cultures

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-270
Author(s):  
WILLIAM D. COCHRAN ◽  
MICHAEL CORNFIELD ◽  
DAVID FRIEDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Echo Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

Recent advances have made it possible to isolate rubella virus from affected persons and to propagate the virus in tissue culture. The virus may be identified by the unique cytopathogenic changes in human amnion tissue culture by interference with ECHO virus type 11 in monkey kidney tissue culture. Thus an even closer correlation between an active rubella infection in the mother in the first trimester of pregnancy and the clinical findings of the rubella syndrome is now feasible. The rubella epidemic of 1964 can be expected to produce significant numbers of infants with the congenital rubella syndrome. This paper reports the clinical history of two cases of rubella associated with thrombocytopenia in the newborn.

scholarly journals A Review on Chemistry of Anti-malarials

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Health Problem ◽  
Different Parts

Malaria remains an important public health concern in countries where transmission occurs regularly, as well as in temperate areas and it is a major global health problem, with an estimated 500 million clinical cases occurring annually. Malaria is a complex disease that varies widely in epidemiology and clinical manifestation in different parts of the world. The most prevalent and dangerous type of malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. P. vivax is a common cause of malaria in Latin America, Asia, and Oceania, but not Africa. P. malaria and P. ovale are much less common. Antimalarials are used in three different ways: prophylaxis, treatment of falciparum malaria, and treatment of non-falciparum malaria. Prophylactic antimalarials are used almost exclusively by travelers from developed countries who are visiting malaria-endemic countries. Keywords: Malaria, antimalarial drugs, plasmodium.

scholarly journals Epidemiological evaluation of rubella virus infection among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olubusuyi M Adewumi ◽  
Adebowale O. Olayinka ◽  
Adebiyi B. Olusola ◽  
Temitope O.C. Faleye ◽  
Folorunso W. Sule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella

Abstract: Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and associated birth defects often collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome.Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, and elimination of rubella virus in many developed countries substantial commitment to rubella control has not been demonstrated in the developing countries. This study appraises immunity to rubella, and consequently makes appropriate recommendations aimed at facilitating effective control. A cross-sectional sero-surveillance study was carried out among 272 consenting ante-natal clinic attendees in south-western, Nigeria. Prevalence rates of 91.54% and 1.84% were recorded for anti-rubella virus (anti-RV) IgG and IgM respectively. Also, 90.7% and 92.3% of the women aged ≤30 years and ›30 years respectively had detectable anti-RV IgG. No significant association (p=0.94) was recorded between anti-RV IgG detection and age of the women. Previous exposure and susceptibility of significant fraction of the population to rubella infection were confirmed. Considerable political commitment and promotion of free rubella immunization specifically for women with childbearing potential were recommended.

scholarly journals Epidemiological evaluation of rubella virus infection among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olubusuyi M Adewumi ◽  
Adebowale O. Olayinka ◽  
Adebiyi B. Olusola ◽  
Temitope O.C. Faleye ◽  
Folorunso W. Sule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella

Abstract: Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and associated birth defects often collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome.Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, and elimination of rubella virus in many developed countries substantial commitment to rubella control has not been demonstrated in the developing countries. This study appraises immunity to rubella, and consequently makes appropriate recommendations aimed at facilitating effective control. A cross-sectional sero-surveillance study was carried out among 272 consenting ante-natal clinic attendees in south-western, Nigeria. Prevalence rates of 91.54% and 1.84% were recorded for anti-rubella virus (anti-RV) IgG and IgM respectively. Also, 90.7% and 92.3% of the women aged ≤30 years and ›30 years respectively had detectable anti-RV IgG. No significant association (p=0.94) was recorded between anti-RV IgG detection and age of the women. Previous exposure and susceptibility of significant fraction of the population to rubella infection were confirmed. Considerable political commitment and promotion of free rubella immunization specifically for women with childbearing potential were recommended.

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