scholarly journals Intuitive Learning in Moral Awareness. Cognitive-Affective Processes in Mencius’ Innatist Theory

2022 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
İlknur Sertdemir
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Moral Awareness ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Developmental Theories ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Inductive Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Warring State Period

Mencius, referred to as second sage in Chinese philosophy history, grounds his theory about original goodness of human nature on psychological components by bringing in something new down ancient ages. Including the principles of virtuous action associated with Confucius to his doctrine, but by composing them along psychosocial development, he theorizes utterly out of the ordinary that makes all the difference to the school. In his argument stated a positive opinion, he explains the method of forming individuals’ moral awareness by means of inseparable integrity of feelings and thoughts, saying human being are born innately good. According to Mencius, heart-mind correlation is the motivational complement of inner incentives. Knowledge and virtue, which are extensions of inborn goodness, comprehended intuitively; then affective motives respond to circumstance, what is learned transmits to cognitive process and eventually behavior emerges. Comparing during the years of Warring State period he lived, in western geography Aristotle, who is one of the pioneers of Greek philosophy, argues deductive and inductive methods in mental activity. On the other hand, Mencius uses analogical reasoning throughout his self-titled work. This essay is an attempt to assert that most postulates of developmental theories, which have been considered an integral part of modern psychology, begin with Mencius in early era. Secondly, this study also aims to discuss the main paradigm of Mencius across emotivist-rationalist opposition, which keeps emotion above thought as well as reason above emotion.

Feng Youlan and Greek Philosophy

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-73
Author(s):  
Jiyuan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Philosophy Of Life

The article is to examine Feng Youlan’s views about the differences and similarities between Chinese and Greek philosophy, to show the role of Greek philosophy in his effort to establish the study of Chinese philosophical thought as a modern discipline. It starts with a discussion of how Feng argues for what he thinks to be the two major features of Chinese philosophy: (a) China is weak in metaphysics/epistemology, and (b) Chinese philosophy concentrates on the philosophy of life. It proceeds to examine to what extent they are really in contrast to Greek philosophy, and it ends up with a reconsideration of the relation of these two features.

V.—Mr. Harkee and Mr. Debley on the Scandinavian Ice-Sheet

1894 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 496-499
Author(s):  
Henry H. Howorth
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
The North ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Inductive Methods ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Difference

Mr. Deeley tells your readers that he has recently been to the summit of Mont Blanc, and has been studying the difference between névé and glacier ice. This is interesting; but we thought that a great many people had done the same thing during the last hundred years, and we thought that one of them, Forbes, had studied the famous Mountain and the phenomenoninquestion to good effect, not in a casual visit to the Alps, but in the course of many years of patient labour. Among other things we also thought he had shown that in a viscous body like ice, the slope of the upper surface necessary to make it begin to move is the same as the slope which, would be required to induce motion in the ice if its bed were inclined at an angle. He further collected considerable evidence to show what the least angle is upon which ice will begin to move. This is the slope, the least slope, available. It is nothing less than astounding to me that anyone should venture to postulate a Scand in avian ice-sheet in the North Sea until he had considered this necessary factor, and how it would operate.The Scand in avian ice-sheet was, I believe, the invention of Croll, who, sittinginhis arm-chair and endowed with a brilliant imagination, imposed upon sober science this extraordinary postulate. He did not dream of testing it by an examination of the coasts of Norway, or even of Britain, but put it forward apparently as a magnificent deduction. All deductions untested by experiment are dangerous. Thus it came about that the great monster which is said to have come from Norway, goodness knows by what mechanical process, speedily dissolved away on the application of inductive methods. Of course it still maintained its hold upon that section, of geologists who dogmatiseinprint a great deal about the Glacial period before they have ever seen a glacier at work at all; but I am speaking of those who have studied the problem inductively. First Mr. James Geikie, a disciple of Croll, was obliged to confess that this ice-sheet, which is actually said to have advanced as far as the hundred-fathom line in the Atlantic, and there presented a cliff of ice like the Antarctic continent, never can have reached the Faroes, which had an ice-sheet of their own. Next Messrs. Peach and Home were constrained to admit that no traces of it of any kind occur in the Orkneys, or in Eastern Scotland. They still maintained its presence in the Shetlands; however, this was upon evidence which is somewhat extraordinary. I do not mean the evidence as to the direction of the striation, which was so roughly handled by Mr. Milne-Home, but I mean the evidence they adduce that the boulders found on the islands are apparently all local ones, and that, contrary to the deposits of glaciers, they diminish in number as we recede from the matrix whence they were derived.

scholarly journals Гермотим из Клазомен и начало афинской философии

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
О.А. Матвейчев
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Classical Greek Philosophy ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Greek World

Гермотим из Клазомен – фигура в истории греческой философии, можно сказать, маргинальная. В современной литературе он появляется разве что в ряду других колдунов и мистиков VII–VI вв. до н.э. В таком статусе он включается и в собрание Дильса. Анализируя сведения о Гермотиме, автор ставит перед собой цель найти ему место среди малоазийских философов первой величины, которых считают основателями греческой философии. Различение духа (души) и материи (тела) станет основополагающим принципом греческой философии, понятие Ума (нуса) выступит фундаментом для системы Анаксагора, первого афинского философа, с которого, собственно, и начнется история классической греческой философии. Автор разделяет точку зрения Э. Доддса и др., что появление нового для Греции представления о различии души и тела коренится в северной (гиперборейской?) ментальности, привнесенной в греческий мир во времена колонизации VII–VI вв. до н.э., а возможно – и в более ранние. Ключевые слова: история философии, Древняя Греция, Гиперборея, Гермотим из Клазомен, Анаксагор, шаманизм, нус, душа, тело Hermotimus of Clazomenae can be called a marginal figure in the history of Greek philosophy. In modern literature he is mentioned only among other sorcerers and mystics of the VIIth–VIth centuries BC. The collection of Hermann Diels describes him in the same manner. Analyzing available information about Hermotimus, the author makes an attempt to place him among the primary Anatolian philosophers who are considered the founders of Greek philosophy. The distinction between spirit (soul) and matter (body) will become the fundamental principle of Greek philosophy; the concept of Nous (cosmic Mind) will be the foundation for the system of Anaxagoras, the first Athenian philosopher, from which, in fact, the history of classical Greek philosophy begins. The author shares the point of view of E. Dodds and others that the emergence of a new concept about the difference between soul and body in Greece is rooted in the northern (Hyperborean?) mentality introduced into the Greek world during the colonization of the VIIth–VIth centuries BC or possibly in earlier times. Keywords: history of philosophy, Ancient Greece, Hyperborea, Hermotimus of Clazomenae, Anaxagoras, shamanism, nous, soul, body

scholarly journals APIE (FILOSOFIJOS) PRIGIMTĮ

Problemos ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 8-33
Author(s):  
Skirmantas Jankauskas
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Poetic Discourse ◽  
The Will ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Theoretical Thinking

Straipsnyje aptariama graikiškojo filosofavimo genezė, t. y. nagrinėjamos pirmojo filosofijos teiginio susiklostymo prielaidos ir tų prielaidų numanoma teiginio prasmė. Filosofijos istorijoje nusistovėjusios pirmųjų filosofų teiginių interpretacijos kilmė siejama su Aristotelio filosofija. Teigiama, kad Aristotelis graikiškąjį filosofavimą jau visiškai įkurdina rašte. Iš rašto pozicijų Aristotelis žvelgia ir į pirmųjų filosofų ištaras, todėl suvokia jas vien kaip rašto (teorinio mąstymo) elementus. Straipsnyje daroma prielaida, kad filosofavimas prasidėjo ne kaip raštas, o kaip su žmogaus veikla susijęs tradicinis kalbėjimas. Filosofavimo kaip konstruktyvios kalbėjimo atmainos specifiką lėmė antikoje susiklosčiusi refleksijos situacija, kuri siejama su septynių išminčių imperatyvu ‘Pažink save!’ Parodoma, kad šis imperatyvas steigia skirtį tarp logo ir kosmo, kurią antikos išminčius išgyvena kaip sinkretinio gyvenimo vidujybės netektį. Straipsnio autorius interpretuoja filosofavimą kaip kalbėjimą ir veikimą, kuriais antikos išminčius siekia susigrąžinti ikirefleksinę būseną. Teigiama, kad sinkretinių mąstymo įgūdžių nepraradęs antikos išminčius savąjį filosofavimą linkęs aiškinti kaip pritapimo prie kosmo būdą. Kadangi refleksija įkurdina žmogų teorinio mąstymo erdvėje, tai pritapimo prie kosmo veiksmas tegalimas mąstymo plotmėje, todėl filosofavimą steigianti skirtis tarp logo ir kosmo besiplėtojančiame filosofavime nuaidi skirtimis kosme. Tačiau pirmieji išminčiai dar tikisi pilnatviško pritapimo prie kosmo ir tokio pritapimo regimybę jie dar pelno kosmo kaip grožio išgyvenimu, kurį Platonas ir Aristotelis sieja su nuostaba. Pirmoji kanonizuotoji filosofijos ištara interpretuojama kaip estetinį pritapimą prie kosmo referuojantis poetinis bylojimas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: raštas, priežastis, refleksija, kosmas, pritapimas, archė, grožis, tiesa, būtis.On the Nature (of Philosophy)Skirmantas Jankauskas   SummaryThe paper deals with the genesis of Greek philosophy. The circumstances of the appearance of the first utterance in Greek philosophy and their impact upon its meaning are revealed. The traditional interpretation of the first utterances in the early Greek philosophy is attributed to Aristotle. The latter is said to have transferred Greek philosophizing totally into writing and subsequently to treat the first utterances as elements of writing. In the article, the suggestion is put forward that philosophizing did not begin as a writing but rather as a talking activity immersed in human activity in general. The specificity of philosophizing as constructive talking is related to the situation of reflection, caused by the imperative of the Seven Sages, namely by the imperative ‘Know thyself!”. It is shown here that the imperative introduces the difference between logos and cosmos, which is experienced by a Greek Sage as a loss of sincretic life. Philosophizing is then introduced as an activity of talking, provoked by the will to reestablish the original sincretic state. The author argues that because of syncretist skills, this activity is treated by early Greek philosophers as a way of partaking in cosmos. As reflection conveys a philosopher into the realm of theoretical thinking, partaking in cosmos is possible only as a way of thinking. Consequently, the difference between logos and cosmos in philosophizing resolves itself in the differences of cosmos. Nevertheless, the first philosophers still retained some hope for complete partaking in cosmos, and they gained the illusion of such a partaking by aesthetic experience of cosmos, which was attributed by Plato and Aristotle to wondering. Consequently, the first utterance of Greek philosophy is interpreted in this article as a kind of poetic discourse that refers to the activity of aesthetic partaking in cosmos.Keywords: writing, reason, reflection, cosmos, partaking, arche, the beautiful, truth, being.

Students’ perceptions of deductive and inductive methods in teaching reading skills

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi ◽  
Eszter Tarsoly
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Inductive Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Discovery Method ◽  
Guided Inductive

AbstractThis article explores students’ perceptions of inductive and deductive methods of teaching reading in Finnish and Hungarian in a higher education setting. A guided inductive discovery method of reading involves independent work and minimum vocabulary and grammar explanation before the reading assignment is given. A deductive pre-taught method involves grammar, vocabulary and content explanation before a text is read. Structured focus group interviews revealed that the advantages of the discovery method, i.e. guided inductive reading, are that it helps to maintain curiosity, enhances memorisation, encourages independent and active learning, and prepares for real-life reading situations. The deductive pre-taught method, on the other hand, feels safe and helpful, can keep one’s confidence up, saves time and effort for other language-learning tasks, and ensures a correct understanding of the text. The interviewees wanted to be given information about which grammar to expect in advance, some felt the same way about vocabulary. They were not always aware of the difference between the two approaches. By using both methods the teacher can help to maintain motivation and cater for different student preferences. Mixing methods also reflects how we treat information in real life. There appears to be no ideal method in teaching L2 reading: both methods have their advantages and disadvantages from the students’ point of view. Explicit instruction is crucial for reading development either before or after a text is read.

scholarly journals Mysteries, philosophy, and self-representation in imperial Rome : Plutarch, Apuleius, and Vettius Agorius Praetextatus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Andrew J. Buchheim
Keyword(s):  
Religious Practice ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Common People ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Social Elite ◽  
The Social ◽  
Philosophy And Religion ◽  
The Difference

In my dissertation, I explore the use of mystery cults in three separate authors -- Plutarch of Chaeronea, Apuleius of Madauros, and Vettius Agorius Praetextatus -- and analyze how these writers use mystery cults to self-referential ends. This study is not primarily concerned with the actual rituals and the objects used in mystery cults, but rather explores how these writers present these elements in their works. Through writing about mystery cults, I argue, these authors intentionally construct significant facets of their public iamges built around claims to erudition and the possession of a paideia that includes knowledge of Greek philosophy (often explicitly Platonic). Further, these constructed images are colored by traditionalism and antiquarianism. I argue that these texts are (auto)biographical in nature because each author shapes his personal experience and his ideas about religious practice in calculated ways that aims for a particular type of self-presentation. Through discussion of mystery cults, that is, these three authors present themselves in a way that address both reading and listening audiences. I chart the elements consistent between each author and also explore how specific historical contexts and contemporary intellectual currents shaped what it meant to write about mystery cults over a span of nearly three hundred years. Plutarch's On Superstition and On Isis and Osiris, Apuleius' Apology and Golden Ass, and Praetextatus' funerary monument in conjunction with Macrobius' Saturnalia all show that elite authors intimately connect participation in mystery cults with erudition and the possession of philosophical knowledge, which is Greek and Platonic in nature. More particularly, Plutarch and Apuleius make strong connections between themselves and the Greek past, emphasizing their connections to Platonic thought. Although Praetextatus' funerary monument contains some vague Platonic resonances, it primarily emphasizes his connection with traditional religion practices of the Roman senatorial aristocracy that consciously separate the senator from the Christian element in Roman high society. Ultimately, philosophy and religion are nearly synonymous in these texts. In short, each author intellectualizes popular religious forms in order to highlight in some manner the difference between the social elite and the common people. Writing about mysteries is also self-writing.

Causality, Agency, and the Limits of Medicine

Apeiron ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Holmes
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Automatic Behavior ◽  
Medicine And Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
Causal Force ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Limits Of Medicine ◽  
Ancient Greek Medicine

Abstract The difference between ancient Greek medicine and ancient Greek philosophy has often been seen by scholars in terms of two targets of expertise: the body and the soul. In this paper, I argue that we can better understand the boundaries between medicine and philosophy in antiquity by focusing instead on the difference between causes and motivations (or causes and desires). The reason is this. It is not the case that the writers of the Hippocratic Corpus are uninterested in the soul (psychē). They are, however, reluctant to address their therapies to expressions of the patient’s own agency, despite tacitly acknowledging such agency as a causal force that cannot be reduced to the automatic behavior of the body. I go on to show how thinkers like Plato and Democritus zero in on the problem of perverted desires as part of a strategy of establishing a new domain of therapy, a domain that comes to be classified as the therapy of the soul.

Materialism in Ancient Greek Philosophy and in the Writings of the Young Marx

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Burns
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
De Anima ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhat is the young Marx's attitude towards questions of psychology? More precisely, what is his attitude towards the human mind and its relationship to the body? To deal adequately with this issue requires a consideration of the relationship between Marx and Feuerbach. It also requires some discussion of the thought of Aristotle. For the views of Feuerbach and the young Marx are (in some respects) not at all original. Rather, they represent a continuation of a long tradition which derives ultimately from ancient Greek philosophy, and especially from the philosophy of Aristotle. As is well known, Aristotle's thought with respect to questions of psychology are mostly presented, by way of a critique of the doctrines of the other philosophers of his day, in his De Anima. W.H. Walsh has made the perceptive observation that Aristotle's views might be seen as an attempt to develop a third approach which avoids the pitfalls usually associated with the idealism of Plato, on the one hand, and the materialism of Democritus on the other. It might be argued that there is an analogy between the situation in which Aristotle found himself in relation to the idealists and materialists of his own day and that which confronted Marx in the very early 1840s. For, like Aristotle, Marx also might be seen as attempting to develop such a third approach. The difference is simply that, in the case of Marx, the idealism in question is that of Hegel rather than that of Plato, and the materialism is the ‘mechanical materialism’ of the eighteenth century rather than that of Democritus. This obvious parallel might well explain why Marx took such a great interest in Aristotle's De Anima both during and shortly after doing the preparatory work for his doctoral dissertation – the subject matter of which, of course, is precisely the materialist philosophy of the ancient Greek atomists Democritus and Epicurus.

scholarly journals Setting the Children’s Teeth on Edge? The Influence of Parental Alcoholism on Children’s Wellbeing

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jini P Francis ◽  
Viju Painadath Devassy
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Parental Alcoholism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alcoholic Parents

The research on the impact of alcoholism on the family indicates that alcoholism often poses threat to the wellbeing of the family, the most affected ones being the other spouse and the children. Alcoholism often poses serious risk to the emotional, cognitive, behavioural, physical and social wellbeing of the abuser, the partner and the children. Most of the researches have explored the impact of parental alcoholism on the negative outcome on psychosocial development of partners and children, very few documented studies have been carried out on the positive aspects of life such as wellbeing and futuristic hope in the children of alcoholic parents (COA). This study attempts to explore the relationship and the difference between QOL and Hope in COA and children of non-alcoholics (CONA). The study was conducted on a sample of 60 children each between the age of 12 to 15 from alcoholics and non-alcoholic parents drawn from a district of Kerala using purposive sampling technique. The measures used were QOL-BREF by WHO (1996) and Children Hope Scale (CHS) by Snyder et al. (1996). The data was first analyzed using the descriptive statistics, the normality of the data was checked using Shapiro Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test was used to find the difference between the COA and CONA on QOL and Hope. The relationship between the variables was assed using Spearman rank correlation. The results of the study indicate that there is significant difference in QOL among the children of alcoholics and non-alcoholics. The COA demonstrated comparatively less Hope than the CONA, however there was no significant difference among them. The QOL and Hope were correlated only among the CONA. The study has implication for positive intervention for the COA, parental and school based interventions such as preventive, remedial and holistic counselling or therapy.

Creativity

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Carol Wagner ◽  
Danielle E. Schlough
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Pretend Play ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Developmental Theories ◽  
The Relationship

The chapter examines the relationship between creativity and human development from birth to eighteen years of age. The chapter begins by describing several fundamental developmental theories, including Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages of development, Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory, and Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development. Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development Theory is also explored. The use of creativity in these theories and the relationship between these theories and creativity is also explored. After these theories are discussed, the importance of creativity will be highlighted by examining how creativity is developed, impacts cognitive, and social-emotional development in childhood. Creativity development is linked to pretend play, and it is important for parents to help nurture their child in an appropriate manner. Finally, this chapter explores how stimulating a child's divergent thinking in early life will have a host of benefits in later life.

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