Chemical Properties, Biological Activities and Poisoning Treatment of Novichok: A Review

Major lignans of sesame sesamin and sesamolin are benzodioxol--substituted furofurans. Sesamol, sesaminol, its epimers, and episesamin are transformation products found in processed products. Synthetic routes to all lignans are known but only sesamol is synthesized industrially. Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, followed by the formation of dioxoles, oxidation, and glycosylation. Most genes of the lignan pathway in sesame have been identified but the inheritance of lignan content is poorly understood. Health-promoting properties make lignans attractive components of functional food. Lignans enhance the efficiency of insecticides and possess antifeedant activity, but their biological function in plants remains hypothetical. In this work, extensive literature including historical texts is reviewed, controversial issues are critically examined, and errors perpetuated in literature are corrected. The following aspects are covered: chemical properties and transformations of lignans; analysis, purification, and total synthesis; occurrence in Seseamum indicum and related plants; biosynthesis and genetics; biological activities; health-promoting properties; and biological functions. Finally, the improvement of lignan content in sesame seeds by breeding and biotechnology and the potential of hairy roots for manufacturing lignans in vitro are outlined.

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Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26040844 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 844 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrea Rónavári ◽

Nóra Igaz ◽

Dóra I. Adamecz ◽

Bettina Szerencsés ◽

Csaba Molnar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Large Body ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Biological Synthesis ◽

Silver And Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Comprehensive Collection ◽

Synthetic Approaches ◽

Physical And Chemical

The nanomaterial industry generates gigantic quantities of metal-based nanomaterials for various technological and biomedical applications; however, concomitantly, it places a massive burden on the environment by utilizing toxic chemicals for the production process and leaving hazardous waste materials behind. Moreover, the employed, often unpleasant chemicals can affect the biocompatibility of the generated particles and severely restrict their application possibilities. On these grounds, green synthetic approaches have emerged, offering eco-friendly, sustainable, nature-derived alternative production methods, thus attenuating the ecological footprint of the nanomaterial industry. In the last decade, a plethora of biological materials has been tested to probe their suitability for nanomaterial synthesis. Although most of these approaches were successful, a large body of evidence indicates that the green material or entity used for the production would substantially define the physical and chemical properties and as a consequence, the biological activities of the obtained nanomaterials. The present review provides a comprehensive collection of the most recent green methodologies, surveys the major nanoparticle characterization techniques and screens the effects triggered by the obtained nanomaterials in various living systems to give an impression on the biomedical potential of green synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles.

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Influence of the polyanion on the physico-chemical properties and biological activities of polyanion/DNA/polycation ternary polyplexes

Acta Biomaterialia ◽

10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.034 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 3014-3026 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Cuifeng Wang ◽

Xin Luo ◽

Yuefang Zhao ◽

Lina Han ◽

Xin Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physico Chemical

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Synthesis of a Series of Novel 2-Amino-5-Substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole Derivatives as Potential Anticancer, Antifungal and Antibacterial Agents

Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573406417666210803170637 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Em Canh Pham ◽

Tuyen Ngoc Truong ◽

Nguyen Hanh Dong ◽

Duy Duc Vo ◽

Tuoi Thi Hong Do

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Molecular Docking Study ◽

Antifungal Activities ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽

Thiadiazole Derivatives ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal

Background: Many compounds containing a five-membered heterocyclic ring display exceptional chemical properties and versatile biological activities. Objective: The objective of the present study was the desire to prepare the 5-substituted 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives and evaluate their potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Methods: Twenty-seven derivatives were synthesized by iodine-mediated cyclization of semicarbazones or thiosemicarbazones obtained from condensation of semicarbazide or thiosemicarbazide and aldehydes. The structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectra. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated by diffusion method and the anticancer activities were evaluated by MTT assay. Results: Twenty-seven derivatives have been synthesized in moderate to good yields. A number of derivatives exhibited potential antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities. Conclusion: Compounds (1b, 1e and 1g) showed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus faecalis, MSSA and MRSA with MIC ranging between 4 to 64 µg/mL. Compound (2g) showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans (8 µg/mL) and Aspergillus niger (64 µg/mL). Compound (1o) exhibited high cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell line (IC50 value 8.6 µM), which is comparable to the activity of paclitaxel, and is non-toxic on LLC-PK1 normal cell line. The structure activity relationship and molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds are also reported.

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Comparison of Microbial Gene Diversity in Grassland Topsoil Depending on Soil Quality

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11209569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (20) ◽

pp. 9569

Author(s):

Siwon Lee ◽

Heejung Kim ◽

Jae E Yang ◽

Han-Sun Ryu ◽

Jinah Moon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Assessment ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Surface Soil ◽

Gene Diversity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Primary Data ◽

Reliable Index ◽

Soil Quality Index ◽

Soil Quality Assessment

Soil has multiple functions, including the provision of habitat to organisms, and most biological activities occur in the surface soil. Due to the negative effects of soil erosion, efforts for soil conservation are being made, including the development of a reliable index that can help assess soil quality. In this study, the physical and chemical properties and biological genes from grassland topsoil were analyzed, in order to identify surface soil organism markers that could be used as a soil quality index. Six spots of grassland topsoil were analyzed, one high-quality and five low-quality, based on a web-based soil quality assessment module. Consequently, eukaryotes and prokaryotes with different soil quality ratios were compared and examined. The following bacteria and archaea have the potential to be used in soil quality assessment: circulation of materials including nitrogen, Nitrospira spp., Candidatus Nitrososphaera, and Candidatus Nitrosotalea; biological purification, Geobacter spp.; pathogens, Burkholderia spp., Paraburkholderia spp., Pseudomonas brassicacearum, and Rhizobacter spp.; antibiotic secretion, Candidatus Udaeobacter; and material degradation Steroidobacter spp. and Rhodanobacter spp. This study provides primary data for identifying biological markers for soil quality evaluation. In the future, a wider variety of data need to be accumulated to develop a highly reliable index related to soil quality.

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Synthesis, Spectral, Bio Assay, Chromatographic - Studying of New Imidazole Reagents Via Three Components Reaction

NeuroQuantology ◽

10.14704/nq.2021.19.7.nq21092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 115-122

Author(s):

Mohammed Nawfal Abdul Maged Alkhafaji ◽

Hutham Abd Ali Abd Al Hussain ◽

Dr. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Cancer Drug ◽

Condensation Process ◽

Chromatographic Study ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Physical And Chemical

Imidazoles are part of the theophylline Reagent, found in tea leaves and coffee beans, which stimulates the central nervous system. It is found in the anti-cancer drug mercaptopurine, which fights leukemia by interfering with DNA systems. A number of prepared imidazoles, including clotrimazole, are selective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, which makes them interesting drug targets in inflammation, respiratory diseases and tumors of the nervous system. Other biological activities of the drug carrier imidazole relate to deregulation of the intracellular fluxes of (Ca and K) ions. Novel imidazole –heterocyclic reagents were created via cyclization process then condensation process., followed by investigation of all created new reagents via a number of spectral performances (FT.IR, H.NMR)–spectrophotometric, other physical and chemical properties, and chromatographic study with microbial studying for all new created imidazole reagents.

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Synthesis and Kinetic Investigations for the Isomerization Process of 2–Hydroxy Chalcone Derivatives

Journal of the chemical society of pakistan ◽

10.52568/000824/jcsp/41.06.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 1046-1046

Author(s):

Omar A Shareef Omar A Shareef ◽

Said A Said and Ali Y Abdulrazaq Said A Said and Ali Y Abdulrazaq

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Pseudo First Order Reaction ◽

First Order ◽

Steric Factors ◽

Kinetic Investigations ◽

The Stability ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

The wide biological activities of flavanones are mainly depends on their physical and chemical properties, thus a number of substituted 2-Hydroxy chalcones have been synthesized, and their isomerization to their corresponding flavanones was studied. In order to determine the rate constant, kinetic experiments were performed using HPLC technique in (9:1) (CH3CN:H2O) medium at different temperature (298-318) K. The obtained results were interpreted by four steps mechanism, which considered the existence of phenoxide ion as the key intermediate. This study performed with a pseudo first order ( reaction in which the rate for the studied compounds follow the sequence 5 andgt; 2 andgt; 1 andgt; 4 andgt; 3, the activation energy have the same sequence for these compounds .The effect of substituents on the rate showed that electronic and steric factors play reasonable role on the stability of the product .

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Breaking Dormancy and Effects of Shade Level and NPK Fertilizer Rates on Yield of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith (Lempoyang)

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture8120198 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suzanne Goh ◽

Thohirah Lee Abdullah ◽

Siti Hassan ◽

Johnson Stanslas

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

High Yield ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Zingiber Zerumbet ◽

Npk Fertilizer ◽

Fertilizer Rates

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, known as Lempoyang in Malaysia, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Previous studies on Lempoyang mainly focused on the chemical properties and biological activities of the rhizome extracts of this plant. Despite the tremendous demand for the rhizomes of Z. zerumbet, there is a lack of information on cultivation practices and a scarcity of planting materials. By using the pre-soaked technique, the challenges posed by Z. zerumbet dormancy can be overcome, obtaining good quality and uniform planting material throughout the year. Besides that, it is also crucial to determine the optimum shade level and NPK fertilizer rates to obtain a high yield and good quality rhizomes of Lempoyang. Six concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP, 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L) and ethephon (0, 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 mg/L) were tested to evaluate their effects on breaking rhizome dormancy. Three different shade levels (full sun, 30%, and 50% shade levels) and four combinations of Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) (NPK) fertilizer at different rates were evaluated to study their effects on plant growth and yield performance. The results showed that BAP at 100 mg/L and ethephon at 300 mg/L performed better than the other compound concentrations tested in promoting the breaking of bud dormancy. A significant interaction effect was observed between shade levels and NPK fertilizer rates in all the growth parameters examined, except for the number of tillers per plant. Plants grown under 30% shade with NPK 4 produced the highest rhizome fresh weight, dry weight, and yield, but plants grown under 50% shade with NPK 4 showed the highest plant height and number of tillers per plant.

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Proanthocyanidins: Oligomeric Structures with Unique Biochemical Properties and Great Therapeutic Promise

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1200700321 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zhanjie Xu ◽

Peng Du ◽

Peter Meiser ◽

Claus Jacob

Keyword(s):

Protein Interactions ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Cancer Chemoprevention ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Wide Range ◽

Physical And Chemical

Proanthocyanidins represent a unique class of oligomeric and polymeric secondary metabolites found ubiquitously and in considerable amounts in plants and some algae. These substances exhibit a range of rather surprising physical and chemical properties which, once applied to living organisms, are translated into a multitude of biological activities. The latter include antioxidant properties, cancer chemoprevention, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects as well as some exceptional, yet highly interesting activities, such as anti-nutritional and antimicrobial activity. Despite the wide range of activities and possible medical/agricultural applications of proanthocyanidins, many questions still remain, including issues related to bioavailability, metabolism and the precise biochemical, extra- and intracellular targets and mode(s) of action of these highly potent materials. Among the various physical and chemical interactions of such substances, strong binding to proteins appears to form the basis of many of their biological activities. Once easy-to-use synthetic methods to produce appropriate quantities of pure proanthocyanidins are available, it will be possible to identify the prime biological targets of these oligomers, study oligomer-protein interactions in more detail and develop possible practical applications in medicine and agriculture.

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Biophysical Characterization and Anticancer Activities of Photosensitive Phytoanthraquinones Represented by Hypericin and Its Model Compounds

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25235666 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (23) ◽

pp. 5666

Author(s):

Valéria Verebová ◽

Jiří Beneš ◽

Jana Staničová

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Model Compounds ◽

Antitumor Effects ◽

Biophysical Characterization ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Photosensitive compounds found in herbs have been reported in recent years as having a variety of interesting medicinal and biological activities. In this review, we focus on photosensitizers such as hypericin and its model compounds emodin, quinizarin, and danthron, which have antiviral, antifungal, antineoplastic, and antitumor effects. They can be utilized as potential agents in photodynamic therapy, especially in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. We aimed to give a comprehensive summary of the physical and chemical properties of these interesting molecules, emphasizing their mechanism of action in relation to their different interactions with biomacromolecules, specifically with DNA.

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