scholarly journals The mother’s risk of premature death after child loss across two centuries

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unnur A Valdimarsdóttir ◽  
Donghao Lu ◽  
Sigrún H Lund ◽  
Katja Fall ◽  
Fang Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Child Loss ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Experienced Child

While the rare occurrence of child loss is accompanied by reduced life expectancy of parents in contemporary affluent populations, its impact in developing societies with high child mortality rates is unclear. We identified all parents in Iceland born 1800–1996 and compared the mortality rates of 47,711 parents who lost a child to those of their siblings (N = 126,342) who did not. The proportion of parents who experienced child loss decreased from 61.1% of those born 1800–1880 to 5.2% of those born after 1930. Child loss was consistently associated with increased rate of maternal, but not paternal, death before the age of 50 across all parent birth cohorts; the relative increase in maternal mortality rate ranged from 35% among mothers born 1800–1930 to 64% among mothers born after 1930. The loss of a child poses a threat to the survival of young mothers, even during periods of high infant mortality rates.

scholarly journals A large decrease in the magnitude of seasonal fluctuations in mortality among elderly explains part of the increase in longevity in Sweden during 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Ledberg
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Time Period

Abstract Background Mortality rates are known to depend on the seasons and, in temperate climates, rates are highest during winter. The magnitude of these seasonal fluctuations in mortality has decreased substantially in many countries during the 20th century, but the extent to which this decrease has contributed to the concurrent increase in life expectancy is not known. Here, I describe how the seasonality of all-cause mortality among people ages 60 years or more has changed in Sweden between 1860 and 1995, and investigate how this change has contributed to the increase in life expectancy observed during the same time period. Methods Yearly sex-specific birth cohorts consisting of all people born in Sweden between 1800 and 1901 who reached at least 59 years of age were obtained from a genealogical database. The mortality rates for each cohort were modeled by an exponential function of age modulated by a sinusoidal function of time of year. The potential impact of seasonal fluctuations on life expectancy was investigated by a novel decomposition of the total mortality rate into a seasonal part and a part independent of the seasons. Cohort life expectancy at age 60 was used to quantify changes in lifespan during the time period. Results The magnitude of seasonal fluctuations in mortality rates decreased substantially between 1860 and 1995. For cohorts born in 1800, the risk of dying during the winter season was almost twice that of dying during summer. For cohorts born in 1900, the relative increase in winter mortality was 10%. Cohort life expectancy at age 60 increased by 4.3 years for men and 6.8 years for women, and the decrease in seasonal mortality fluctuations accounted for approximately 40% of this increase in average lifespan. Conclusion By following a large number of extinct cohorts, it was possible to show how the decrease in seasonal fluctuations in mortality has contributed to an increase in life expectancy. The decomposition of total mortality introduced here might be useful to better understand the processes and mechanisms underlying the marked improvements in life expectancy seen over the last 150 years.

scholarly journals A large decrease in the magnitude of seasonal fluctuations in mortality explains part of the increase in longevity in Sweden during the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Ledberg
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Time Period

AbstractBACKGROUNDMortality rates of are known to depend on the seasons and in temperate climates rates are highest during winter. The magnitude of these seasonal fluctuations in mortality have decreased substantially during the 20th century in many countries, but the extent to which this decrease has contributed to the concurrent increase in life expectancy, is not known. Here I describe how the seasonality of all-cause mortality among persons aged 60 years or more in Sweden has changed in the time period from 1860 to 1995, and furthermore investigate how this change has contributed to the increase in life expectancy observed during the same period.METHODSYearly sex-specific birth cohorts consisting of all persons born in Sweden between 1800 and 1901, and who reached at least 59 years of age, were obtained from a genealogical database. The mortality rates of each cohort were modeled by an exponential function of age modulated by a sinusoidal function of time of year. The contribution of seasonal fluctuations to life expectancy was investigated by a novel decomposition of the total mortality rate into a seasonal part and a part independent of the seasons. Cohort life expectancy at 60 was used to quantify changes in lifespan during the time period.RESULTSThe magnitude of seasonal variations of mortality rates decreased substantially over the time period. For cohorts born in 1800, the risk of dying during the winter season was almost twice that of dying during summer. For cohorts born in 1900, the relative increase in winter mortality was 10%. Cohort life expectancy at 60 increased with 4.3 years for men and 6.8 years for women and the decrease of seasonal variability accounted for approximately 40% of this increase in average lifespan.CONTRIBUTIONBy following a large number of extinct cohorts it was possible to show how the decrease in seasonal mortality fluctuations has contributed to an increase in life expectancy. The decomposition of total mortality introduced here might be useful to better understand the processes and mechanisms underlying the marked improvements in life expectancy seen over the last 150 years.

On African Responsibility for Economic Problems

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Richard E. Mshomba
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Poor Infrastructure

African countries, like many other developing countries, suffer the problems associated with poverty—malnutrition, poor health services, high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, high illiteracy rates, poor infrastructure, and inadequate technology. These problems are especially severe in Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Rank Indices Method and its use for the comparative analysis of population health data

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
A. M. Bolshakov ◽  
Vyacheslav Krutko ◽  
T. M. Smirnova ◽  
S. V. Chankov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
The Social

There is presented a calculation method aimed to elevate the informative value of the integral indices of the social and hygienic monitoring for purposes of comparative analysis. The method of rank indices is based on the ranking of monitoring objects on the values ofprimary indices on the base of which there are calculated the integral such indices as, for example, life expectancy. There are presented results of the use of this method for the comparative analysis of mortality rate in WHO Member States for the period of 1990-2011. There were revealed special features of mortality trends which cannot be detected when using only mortality rates or the life expectancy. In particular, for Russia there was shown that, in spite of the downward trend in child and adolescent mortality rate observed in the last decade, the country's world rankings for these indices fail to achieve the level of 1990. This means that the competitiveness of the country, sharply declined in the 90's, was not restored until now. There are described some features of the use of the method of rank indices for the analysis of indices of the environment state, public health and its socio-economic determinants.

scholarly journals Secular Trends in the Incidence of and Mortality Due to Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia in China From 1990 to 2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Study and Joinpoint Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongliang Gao ◽  
Xiaonan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
National Level ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Incident Dementia ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Males And Females

BackgroundThe number of individuals with dementia is increasing, which negatively affects families, communities, and health care systems worldwide. The changes in the incidence of and mortality due to Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia at the national level in China have remained unknown over the past three decades.MethodsFollowing the general analytical strategy used in the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019, the age- and sex-specific incidence and mortality rates for dementia in China were analyzed. Trends in the incidence of and mortality due to dementia from 1990 to 2019 were assessed by joinpoint regression analysis. The effects of age, period and cohort on the incidence of and mortality due to dementia were estimated by an age-period-cohort model.ResultsThe age-standardized incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 population were 103.83 (95% UI, 87.93–118.87) and 23.32 (95% UI, 5.66–61.31), respectively, for dementia in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, a significant average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the age-standardized incidence rate was observed in both males [0.49% (95% CI, 0.43–0.55%)] and females [0.31% (95% CI, 0.24–0.38%)], and the age-standardized mortality rate significantly increased in males [0.42% (95% CI, 0.31–0.53%)]. The population aged 55–59 years had the highest AAPC in the incidence of dementia [0.87% (95% CI, 0.81–0.93%)]. The age effect showed that the relative risks (RRs) of incident dementia and dementia-associated mortality increased with age among males and females, and individuals aged 60 years and older had significantly higher RRs. The RR of incident dementia increased with time, and the RR started to substantially increase in 2009. The cohort effect showed that the incidence decreased in successive birth cohorts.ConclusionAlzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia continue to become more common among males and females in China, and the associated mortality rate in males significantly increased from 1990 to 2019. Early interventions should be implemented to reduce the burden of dementia on individuals at high risk in China.

scholarly journals Evolution and current state of global research on paediatric resuscitation: a systematic scientometric analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean S. Scholz ◽  
Rainer Borgstedt ◽  
Leoni C. Menzel ◽  
Sebastian Rehberg ◽  
Gerrit Jansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Hirsch Index ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Infant Mortality

Abstract Background Paediatric resuscitation is rare but potentially associated with maximal lifetime reduction. Notably, several nations experience high infant mortality rates even today. To improve clinical outcomes and promote research, detailed analyses on evolution and current state of research on paediatric resuscitation are necessary. Methods Research on paediatric resuscitation published in-between 1900 and 2019 were searched using Web of Science. Metadata were extracted and analyzed based on the science performance evaluation (SciPE) protocol. Research performance was evaluated regarding quality and quantity over time, including comparisons to adult resuscitation. National research performance was related to population, financial capacities, infant mortality rate, collaborations, and authors’ gender. Results Similar to adult resuscitation, research performance on paediatric resuscitation grew exponentially with most original articles being published during the last decade (1106/1896). The absolute number, however, is only 14% compared to adults. The United States dominate global research by contributing the highest number of articles (777), Hirsch-Index (70), and citations (18,863). The most productive collaboration was between the United States and Canada (52). When considering nation’s population and gross domestic product (GDP) rate, Norway is leading regarding population per article (62,467), per Hirsch-Index (223,841), per citation (2226), and per GDP (2.3E-04). Regarding publications per infant mortality rate, efforts of India and Brazil are remarkable. Out of the 100 most frequently publishing researchers, 25% were female. Conclusion Research efforts on paediatric resuscitation have increased but remain underrepresented. Specifically, nations with high infant mortality rates should be integrated by collaborations. Additional efforts are required to overcome gender disparities.

scholarly journals The trend in the mortality rate and life expectancy of the employable age population in Kuzbass (2011–2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-207
Author(s):  
Olga I. Baran ◽  
Natalya M. Zhilina ◽  
Valeriy A. Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Care Financing ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Urban Settlements

The mortality rate and life expectancy are the most important characteristics of public health, depending on the country’s socio-economic development, living conditions, and the quality of the living environment. At the state level, excess mortality at the working-age is recognized as an important reason for the low life expectancy of Russians. The objective of the study is to analyze the trend in the mortality rate and life expectancy of the employable age population of the Kemerovo region during 2011-2018. Material and methods. To estimate the mortality rate, the general and age-specific mortality rates, mortality rates by significant classes and individual causes of death were used. The life expectancy of the employable age population was calculated using temporary mortality tables based on age-specific mortality rates. A graphic analysis of the dynamics of age-specific mortality rates and the life expectancy in men and women of employable age in urban settlements, rural areas and the entire population of the Kemerovo region was carried out over five-year age intervals for 2011-2018. Statistical data obtained on the website of Rosstat. Results. In 2018, in the Kemerovo region, the mortality rate of 40-44 year men in urban settlements, 35-44 years old in rural areas, and women 35-44 years old in urban settlements and rural areas exceeded the level of 2011, which negatively affected the dynamics of life expectancy. In rural areas, due to these age groups, the life expectancy in men decreased by 0.57, women - by 0.41 years. Losses in urban settlements were minor. Conclusion. When developing regional socio-demographic programs, it is necessary to consider the identified features of mortality of the employable age population. An increase in life expectancy is impossible without overcoming the socio-economic crisis, improving health care financing, and increasing the availability and quality of medical care. A person should be interested in improving his health, saving his life. It is necessary to raise the level of culture, education, change the mentality.

scholarly journals Mortality Rate and Years of Life Lost, Due to Premature Death Caused by COVID-19, In Iran, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibollah Azarbakhsh ◽  
Alireza Mirahmadizadeh ◽  
Maryam Rostami ◽  
Mohebat vali
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spreadsheet Software

Abstract Background: The emerging and evolving situation of COVID-19 threatens the health of all human beings.The aim of this study is to measure the mortality rate and years of life lost, due to premature death caused by COVID-19 in Iran, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.Materials and Methods: In this study, all definite deaths due to COVID-19 were used. First, descriptive analysis including mean and standard deviation and number were performed, then raw and age-standardized (ASR) mortality rates were calculated. The analysis of the number of years of life lost due to premature death due to COVID-19 was performed using the YLL template of 2015, from the World Health Organization, in the Excel spreadsheet software version 2007.Results: During the study period (from March 2020 to June 2020), 629 definite deaths due to COVID-19 occurred (men 59.14% and women 40.86 %). The mortality rate due to COVID-19 in men and women was 16.24 and 17.17 per 100,000 persons, respectively. Total years of life lost (YLL) during the study period was 4722 (3.06 per thousand persons) in men, 3691 (2.46 per thousand persons) in women and 8413 (2.77 per thousand persons) in both sexes.Conclusion: This study is one of the first studies to measure the years of life lost due to COVID-19 in Iran. The results of this study show that due to the high mortality of this disease, decision makers should focus on reducing mortality in order to stop the possibly next waves of COVID-19.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Trend of Fetal Mortality Rates among Working and Jobless Households in Japan, 1995–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4810
Author(s):  
Tasuku Okui
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

This study aimed to identify differences in the trends of artificial and spontaneous fetal mortality rates between working and jobless households depending on ages, periods, and birth cohorts in Japan. Vital Statistics data from 1995 to 2019 and age groups in 5–year increments from 15 to 19 years through 45 to 49 years were used. Bayesian age–period–cohort analysis was used to evaluate changes in each of the outcomes. As a result, the difference in maternal age–standardized rate of both the artificial and spontaneous fetal mortality rates between the two types of households decreased in the periods analyzed. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the mortality rate between jobless and working households, regardless of maternal ages, periods, and cohorts for the artificial fetal mortality rate. A statistically significant difference was also observed for the spontaneous fetal mortality rates in some maternal ages, periods, and cohorts. In addition, the trend of birth cohort effects was particularly different between the two types of households for both the artificial and spontaneous fetal mortality rates.

scholarly journals Evolution and Current State of Global Research on Paediatric Resuscitation: A Systematic Scientometric Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean S. Scholz ◽  
Rainer Borgstedt ◽  
Leoni C. Menzel ◽  
Sebastian Rehberg ◽  
Gerrit Jansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Hirsch Index ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Infant Mortality

Abstract Background:Paediatric resuscitation is rare but potentially associated with maximallifetime reduction. Notably, there are still today high infant mortality rates in several nations. To improve clinical outcomes and promote research detailed analyses on evolution and current state of research on paediatric resuscitation are necessary.Methods:Research on paediatric resuscitation published in-between 1900-2019 weresearched using Web of Science. Metadata were extracted and resolved based on the science performance evaluation (SciPE) protocol. Research performance was evaluated regarding quality and quantity over time, including comparisons to adult resuscitation. National research performance was related to population, financial capacities, infant mortality rate, collaborations, and authors gender.Results:Similar to adult resuscitation research performance on paediatric resuscitationgrew exponentially with most original articles being published during the last decade (1,106/1,896). The absolute number, however, is only 14% compared to adults. The United States dominate global research by contributing the highest number of articles (777), Hirsch-Index (70), and citations (18,863). The most productive collaboration was between the United States and Canada (52). When considering nation’s population and gross domestic product (GDP) rate, Norway is leading regarding population per article (62,467), per Hirsch-Index (223,841), per citation (2,226), and per GDP (2.3E- 04). Regarding publications per infant mortality rate, efforts of India and Brazil are remarkable. Out of the 100 most frequently publishing researchers, 25% were female.Conclusion: Research efforts on paediatric resuscitation have increased but remainunderrepresented. Specifically, nations with high infant mortality rates should be integrated by collaborations. Additional efforts are required to overcome gender disparities.

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