scholarly journals Intake and excretion of water in reindeer - effects of supplements of potassium and bentonite

Rangifer ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitta Åhman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Made In

<p>Supplements of potassium and bentonite are used to reduce absorption and increase excretion of radiocesium in reindeer. In a feeding experiment with 6 reindeer calves the effects of these supplements on water consumption and water excretion were measured. The experiment was made in three separate parts. During the first part (period I) the reindeer were fed pellets. Two reindeer god not supplements, two got 15 g K/day and two got 15 g K and 80 g bentonite/day. Supplements of K about doubled both the consumption of water and the excretion of urine. Bentonite gave no additional effect. During a period of 5 days all the reindeer were given 180 g of bentonite/day. The animals had trouble keeping their body temperature and the appetite went down. During period II the reindeer ate lichens in combination with pellets. Two reindeer got no supplements. Two got 23 g bentonite/day and two got 46 g/day. The average intake of water was not affected. Intake of water and excretion of urine was higher during collecting periods in three of the reindeer that had received bentonite. In period II the reindeer fed pellets and supplements of 23 g or 46 g of bentonite/day. The average water consumption was not affected. The intake of water and excretion of urine during collecting periods was higher in two of the three animals that had received the higher amount of bentonite. Supplements of 1% potassium or 3% of bentonite when feeding reindeer for slaughter should not cause any problems if fresh drinking water is available. The supplements cannot be recommended to reindeer on pasture in late winter and early spring.</p><p>Intag och utsondring av vatten hos renar vid utfodring med foder inneh&aring;llande tillsatser av kalium eller bentonit.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Tillskott av kalium och bentonit anv&aring;nds for att minska upptaget och oka utsondringen av radioaktivt cesium hos renar. I ett utfodringsforsok med 6 renkalvar testades ocks&aring; dessa tillsatsers effekt p&aring; intaget och utsondringen av vatten. Forsoket utfordes i tre delar. Under forst&aring; delen (period I) fick renarna pelleterat foder. Tv&aring; renar fick inget tillskott, tv&aring; fick 15 g K/dag och tv&aring; 15 g K + 80 g bentonit/kg. K okade vattenforbrukningen och urinutson-dringen till ungef&aring;r det dubbla. Bentoniten gav ingen ytterligare effekt. Under 5 dagar fick samtliga renar ett tillskott av 180 g bentonit per dag. Vattenkonsumtionen okade mycket kraftigt. Renarna hade sv&aring;rt att h&aring;lla kroppstemperaturen och aptiten minskade. Under period II fick renarna lav i kombination med pellets. Tv&aring; renar fick inget tillskott, tv&aring; fick 23 g bento-nit/dag och tv&aring; fick 46 g/dag. Det genomsnittliga vattenintaget under perioden p&aring;verkades inte n&aring;mnv&aring;rt av bentonittillskottet. Vattenintaget och urinutsondringen var dock mycket hog under uppsamlingsperioderna hos tre av de renar som f&aring;tt bentonit. Under period III fick renarna &aring;ter enbart pellets. Tre renar fick 23 g bentonit/dag och tre fick 46 g. Den genomsnittliga vattenkonsumtionen p&aring;verkades inte. Vattenintaget och urinutsondringen under uppsamlingsperioderna var hogre for tv&aring; av de renar som f&aring;tt den storre m&aring;ngden bentonit. Tillsatser av 1% kalium eller 3% bentonit vid utfodring av slaktren bor inte orsaka problem om man ser till att renarna har tillg&aring;ng till vatten. Tillsatserna kan inte rekommenderas vid tillskottsutfodring av livren under v&aring;rvintern.</p>

Reproduction in the Macropod Marsupial Potorous tridactylus (Kerr).

1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Marsupial Species ◽  
Heat Period ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Made In

Thirty-five female Tasmanian rat-kangaroos, Potorous tridmtylus (Kerr), were studied. This marsupial is both polyoestrous and monovular. The length of the oestrous cycle is approximately 42 days (range 39-44 days). Study of vaginal smears over intervals that included 14 oestrous periods revealed that the proportions of cornified cells reached a maximum of over 80% at oestrus, and conversely the other cell types (i.e. nucleated epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes) were at minimal concentrations. In four females copulation was apparently permitted at any time during the period of rapid increase in the proportion of cornified cells. One female repeatedly received a male over a 12-day heat period. Copulations were brief and were observed only between 4.00 p.m. and 1.45 a.m. In two females coitus was found to precede ovulation. The gestation period (defined as the interval between copulation and parturition) varied between 30 and 43 days in four animals. In one instance parturition was witnessed 37.5 days after copulations that were restricted to a 12-hr period. A marked increase in pouch vascularity occurred a few hours prior to parturition. Parturition was witnessed on one occasion and is described. The time taken to reach the pouch was 10 min; attachment was made in a further 12 min. On another occasion a neonatus removed from a teat shortly after parturition took 5 min to locate the teat and a further 15 min to complete reattachment. Permanent attachment of the offspring to a teat occupied 64 days in one instanc; in another it lasted 46 days but as the offspring died 6 days later it may be that the teat was vacated prematurely. The manner in which permanent nipple attachment is achieved is discussed and a description of the development of external features of pouch young is given. Nipples increased in both length and diameter during the first 115 days of suckling, after which regresslon began. The regresslon was correlated wlth the process of weanlng. An indication of three successive lactations was obtained from nipple dimensions. Pregnancy (occupying about 38 days) did not prevent oestrus from appearing at the normal time (i.e. approximately 42 days after the preceding oestrus). Mating occurred at the post-partum oestrus but lactation inhibited further oestrous cycles as well as delaying the development of the resultant uterine embryo. The period of delayed pregnancy can be as long as 4+ months. During most of this period the embryo remained free in the uterus as a dormant blastocyst, diameter 0.25-0.28 mm. Embryonic development was resumed during the weaning period when suckling was intermittent and diminishing or when the offspring was prematurely lost. Observations on both captive and wild populations suggested the existence of two breeding seasons, one in late winter and early spring, the other in summer. However, the evidence on which these breeding seasons are based is extremely limited. Reproduction in Potorous is compared with that in other marsupial species.

EFFECTS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DRINKING WATER ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SHEEP

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Bailey ◽  
R. Hironaka ◽  
S. B Slen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Reduced Water

Temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues of four sheep receiving [Formula: see text] pounds of alfalfa hay per day were recorded at environmental temperatures of 15 °C. and −12 °C. The temperature of the drinking water was 20 °C. when the environmental temperature was 15 °C. and variously 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30 °C. during four different periods when the environmental temperature was −12 °C. At both environmental temperatures, the temperature in the rumen was higher than that in the rectum which, in turn, was higher than that in the subcutaneous tissues. The consumption of feed caused a transient increase in the temperature in the rumen and rectum while the consumption of water caused a transient decrease in the temperature in the rumen. A reduction in environmental temperature from 15 °C. to −12 °C. caused decreases in the temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues, and reduced water intake from about 1600 to about 800 milliliters/day. At an environmental temperature of −12 °C., the temperature of the drinking water did not influence the amount of water consumed. It did, however, have an effect on body temperature because the average temperature in the rectum was slightly higher when the drinking water was 0 °C. than when it was 30 °C.

Thermoregulatory responses to exercise in dehydrated dogs

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Made In

Measurements of rectal temperature (Tre), water lost by evaporation (Eresp) and drooling, cardiac output (CO), and common carotid blood flow (CCBF) were made in dogs (mean hydrated wt 31.0 +/- 1.5 kg) running for 1 h on a level treadmill at 7.5 km/h at an ambient temperature of 25 degrees C. Each animal was studied when it was hydrated ad libitum and when it had been dehydrated by removal of drinking water until 9–10% of the initial body weight had been lost. Dehydrated exercising animals had significantly higher Tre and lower rates of Eresp, CO, and CCBF. Tre and Eresp were measured in seven animals. Average Tre during running was 39.11 +/- 0.10 degrees C in hydrated and 39.80 +/- 0.25 degrees C in dehydrated animals (P less than 0.01). Average Eresp during running was 3.9 +/- 0.3 g/min in hydrated animals and 2.3 +/- 0.3 g/min in dehydrated animals (P less than 0.01). Average CO during exercise, measured in five animals, was 11.1 +/- 0.7 1/min in the hydrated state and 8.6 +/- 0.5 1/min in the dehydrated state (P less than 0.01). Unilateral CCBF during exercise, measured in four animals, was 602 +/- 40 ml/min in the hydrated state and 418 +/- 22 ml/min in the dehydrated state (P less than 0.01). Water lost by drooling in seven exercising animals was 41.5 +/- 11 g/h when they were hydrated and 0.6 +/- 0.4 g/h when they were dehydrated. It is concluded that dehydrated dogs doing mild exercise can save water by reducing Eresp and regulating body temperature above hydrated levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Estimation of Carcinogenic Risks of Drinking Water Consumption in the Cities of Dnipro and Kamyan'sk

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
V. V. Zaitsev ◽  
◽  
N. I. Rublevskaya ◽  
T. V. Krasota ◽  
Y. V. Bannikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption

Copper corrosion control in the Netherlands

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G.G. Slaats ◽  
H. Brink ◽  
T.J.J. van der Hoven
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Copper Pipe ◽  
Copper Release ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Split Treatment ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Monitoring Protocols ◽  
Copper Solubility

Copper is the most commonly used material for pipes in domestic installations in the Netherlands. Depending on the composition of the water the copper pipes can add a significant amount of copper to drinking water. In the new European Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC) the parametric value for copper in drinking water is decreased from 3 to 2 mg/l. The new directive also stipulates that copper levels should be determined on the basis of a sample ‘taken at the consumers' tap’ representative of the weekly average intake by humans. Harmonisation of monitoring protocols for copper in the European member states is necessary. In the Netherlands about 45% of the drinking water is already softened or de-acidified in order to decrease copper concentrations in drinking water. In the Netherlands two new treatment techniques have been studied for their impact on copper release; these are Reverse Osmosis (RO) and the addition of inhibitors. Copper pipe rig tests have shown that RO treatment decreases copper release. Split treatment of water with RO reduces copper solubility of drinking water through a decrease in both total inorganic carbon (TIC) and sulphate level. Remarkable was the relatively small decrease in copper release after split treatment with RO, compared to previous experiences in the Netherlands, suggesting an effect of natural organic matter. A new promising technique in the Netherlands is the addition of the inhibitor carbonate-activated silicate. At the test sites, the reduction in copper solubility due to the use of carbonate-activated silicate was 15 to 35%.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Consumption Patterns: An Exploration of Risk Perception and Governance in Two First Nations Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6851
Author(s):  
Neal Spicer ◽  
Brenda Parlee ◽  
Molly Chisaakay ◽  
Doug Lamalice
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Individual Risk

Many Indigenous communities across Canada suffer from the lack of access to clean drinking water; ensuring individuals and communities have safe water to drink either from their home or from their local environment requires the consideration of multiple factors including individual risk perception. In collaboration with local leaders, semi-structured interviews (n = 99) were conducted over a two-year period in the Dene Tha’ First Nation and Kátł’odeeche First Nation to unpack the issue of risk perception and its meaning to local community members. These local metrics of risk perception including smell, taste, safety, health fears and level of concern were then used to explore patterns in other data on drinking water consumption patterns and bottled water use. The results are consistent with previous research related to water insecurity and indicate that both communities consume more bottled water than the average Canadian. Results also varied by jurisdiction; those in Alberta indicated much higher levels of concern and a greater degree of bottled water consumption.

scholarly journals Social Representations of Drinking Water in Schoolchildren and Parents from Two Schools in Zapopan, Mexico

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1871
Author(s):  
Alejandra María Corona-Romero ◽  
María Fernanda Bernal-Orozco ◽  
Gabriela Alejandra Grover-Baltazar ◽  
Barbara Vizmanos
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Functional Dimension ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Practical Dimension

Childhood obesity and children being overweight has increased recently; although they are multi-causal problems, an unhealthy diet is a critical component. In Mexico, drinking water consumption in children from 9 to 18 years only reaches 30% of total fluid consumption. The aim of our study was to describe the social representations (SR) of drinking water in school-children and parents of two schools in Zapopan, Mexico. Associative free listing was used as an information gathering technique. Schoolchildren aged 8 to 12 years (n = 50) and parents (n = 23) from two elementary schools were selected by a convenience sampling from April to June 2015. A similarity analysis was performed using the co-occurrence index; with this, a similarity graph was obtained. Prototypical analysis was performed to explore the structure of the SR. Three dimensions were described in the children’s SR: a functional dimension related to health and nutrition, a practical dimension that describes the instruments used for its consumption, and a theoretical dimension that specifies the characteristics of water and its relationship with nature. In the parents’ SR, a functional dimension was also found; another dimension was described regarding the integral well-being that drinking water provides. A practical dimension describes the features related to its consumption. The investigation describes the structure of the water SR, which help to contextualize and explain the actions of schoolchildren and their parents regarding drinking water consumption.

scholarly journals The Use of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil as an Additive to Drinking Water for Broiler Chickens and Its In Vitro Reaction with Enrofloxacin

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1535
Author(s):  
M. Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska ◽  
D. Szczerbińska ◽  
S. Zych
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lavender Oil ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Synergistic Reaction

Biological activity of lavender essential oil is a property that can potentially find an application in poultry nutrition. Nowadays, the use of bioactive compounds is encouraged in many areas of industry and agriculture, since these substances have similar properties as withdrawn antibiotic growth promoters. Additionally, antibiotic resistance bacteria are one of the most important current threats to animal health. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of lavender essential oil on the production parameters and blood parameters in broiler chickens and to assess the lavender oil’s in vitro reaction in a combination with enrofloxacin towards Escherichia coli. One-day-old non-sexed chicks (Ross 308) were divided into three experimental groups, each consisting of 100 individuals (five replicate of 20 boiler chicken each). The chickens in the control group received drinking water with no addition of lavender essential oil. In the experimental groups, lavender oil was added to the drinking water at a concentration of 0.4 mL/L, in the LEO1–42 from 1 to 42 days of age and the LEO22–42 group from the 22 to 42 days of age. The chickens’ body weight, feed consumption, water consumption, deaths and elimination due to health reasons were determined in the experiment. On day 42 of the chickens’ lives, blood samples were collected based on which selected parameters were identified. An in vitro experiment of lavender oil in combination with enrofloxacin was investigated with a checkerboard method. The results of the experiment showed the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of lavender essential oil and its positive effect on the production results of broiler chickens. The study results proved that the addition of lavender oil positively impacted the chickens’ final body weight and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01). No differences were observed between the groups for water consumption, death rate and the examined biochemical and immunological blood serum indices. Lavender essential oil was demonstrated to increase the blood serum’s total antioxidant status. A synergistic reaction in vitro was observed for lavender oil combined with enrofloxacin against resistant strains of Escherichia coli. Based on our study, a health-promoting effect of adding LEO to water for broiler chickens was found. Moreover, in vitro studies indicate a significant effect of lavender essential oil on the inhibition of the resistant strains of Escherichia coli growth and synergistic reaction with enrofloxacin.

scholarly journals Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold-water immersions

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
Michael N. Sawka ◽  
Kent B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Repeat Trial ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Made In

This study examined whether serial cold-water immersions over a 10-h period would lead to fatigue of shivering and vasoconstriction. Eight men were immersed (2 h) in 20°C water three times (0700, 1100, and 1500) in 1 day (Repeat). This trial was compared with single immersions (Control) conducted at the same times of day. Before Repeat exposures at 1100 and 1500, rewarming was employed to standardize initial rectal temperature. The following observations were made in the Repeat relative to the Control trial: 1) rectal temperature was lower and heat debt was higher ( P < 0.05) at 1100; 2) metabolic heat production was lower ( P < 0.05) at 1100 and 1500; 3) subjects perceived the Repeat trial as warmer at 1100. These data suggest that repeated cold exposures may impair the ability to maintain normal body temperature because of a blunting of metabolic heat production, perhaps reflecting a fatigue mechanism. An alternative explanation is that shivering habituation develops rapidly during serially repeated cold exposures.

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