scholarly journals Professions as Science-Based Occupations

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brante
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Invariant Definition ◽  
Cognitive Dimensions

How professions should be defined and separated from other occupations has constituted an enduring theoretical and empirical problem in studies of the professions. In this article, the definitions of the so-called list approaches, involving enumerations of social attributes, are scrutinized. Weak-nesses are highlighted and analysed. It is argued that an alternative approach to the issue of definition, commencing from the epistemic or cognitive dimensions of professions, may be more fruitful. One such possibility is presented by setting out from realist philosophy of science. The links between science and profession are explored by addressing, primarily, the relation between the concepts of mechanism and intervention. A new, ‘invariant’ definition is proposed. In conclusion, a few consequences for future empirical studies of the professions are outlined.

From Selz to Gigerenzer: A thought-psychological research history, which needs a Popperian, fallibilist theory of rationality to effectively develop

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wettersten
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Herbert Simon ◽  
Research History

Two sharply separated traditions in the philosophy of science and in thought psychology began with Otto Selz’s psychology. The first tradition began with Karl Popper; it has been developed by many others. The developers of the second tradition have included Julius Bahle, Adriaan de Groot, Herbert Simon, and Gerd Gigerenzer. The first tradition has ignored empirical studies of thought processes. The second tradition is widely based on Simon’s inductivist philosophy. The first tradition can be improved by integrating empirical studies of rationality into its research. The second tradition can be improved by replacing its inductivist assumptions with a fallibilist framework.

scholarly journals A Scoping Review of Empirical Evidence on (Digital) Public Services Co-Creation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
A. Paula Rodriguez Müller ◽  
Cesar Casiano Flores ◽  
Valerie Albrecht ◽  
Trui Steen ◽  
Joep Crompvoets
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Implementation Gap ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Innovative Solutions

The public sector is facing significant challenges regarding public services provision, including declination of users’ trust and limited resources. An alternative approach to traditional public service provision with the potential to address these challenges is the co-creation of public services. Co-creation promises to foster innovative solutions to provide high-quality services that respond to users’ needs. Considering this background, we aim at critically exploring public service co-creation via a scoping review, employing the PRISMA-ScR method. Our review focuses on 25 empirical studies out of 75 analyzed articles that examine the implementation of co-creation of (digital) public services and investigates how the empirical literature portrays the concept of public service co-creation. Our findings primarily suggest that co-creation can be implemented in a wide range of sectors and settings, to improve public services and to foster innovation, throughout the whole public service cycle, using a variety of digital, analog and hybrid co-creation tools and strategies. Yet, our review has also shown that there is still an implementation gap that needs to be bridged between knowing and doing in the context of public services co-creation in a digital setting.

The harm reduction approach revisited

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-sum Tsui
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Substance Abuse Prevention ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Abuse Prevention ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Reduction Approach ◽  
Internationally Adopted

The harm reduction approach has been used in substance abuse prevention, treatment and rehabilitation for three decades. This article re-examines its underlying assumptions, redefines the major concepts and reviews the main features of existing programs in an international perspective. The author finds that harm reduction is pragmatic, incremental, comprehensive, scientific, proactive and accessible. Its effectiveness is supported by empirical studies. Although it is still an alternative approach in some parts of the world, it will soon become an internationally adopted, mainstream approach.

scholarly journals The sequence of manipulation matters: Abstract thinking offsets ego-depletion when induced before, but not after a depleting task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Unger ◽  
Julie Papastamatelou
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Ego Depletion ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Control Measurement ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Depletion Effect ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractBased on theoretical and empirical studies dealing with the facilitation and inhibiting effects of different psychic distances (low vs. high construal-level), we tested if the exhibition of self-control under a high construal-level is a more efficient and less resource exhausting mode, compared to the exhibition of self-control under a low construal level. Prior studies already showed that the execution of self-control results in a lower construal-level and a high construal-level has facilitating effects on self-control. We expand upon these studies by: 1. operationalizing the whole process of ego-depletion through two sequential self-control tasks, 2. combining one ego-depletion and one construal-level manipulation in a 2 by 2 design and 3. varying the sequence of manipulations. In Experiment 1, we examined how the manipulation of the participants before and after being depleted, affects the self-control performance in a final task. In Experiment 2, we re-tested the offset of ego-depletion on another self-control measurement, with the condition of a high construal-level manipulated first. In Experiment 1 the ego-depletion effect remained existent when the construal-level was manipulated after the execution of self-control in a stroop test, but it was offset, when the construal-level was manipulated before the stoop test. Drawing on measurements of the perceived available self-control resources in Experiment 2, we were able to rule out an alternative approach, explaining similar results by an attentional shift towards reduced resources under low construal-level.

Love as Origin of Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-472
Author(s):  
Heung Myung Oh
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Theory Of Science ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Rigorous Model ◽  
Externalist Approach ◽  
Objective Validity ◽  
Ultimate Ground

Summary The approaches to the possibility of theology as science are divided roughly into three types: first, the internalist approach which rejects any attempt to verify the objective validity of revelation under the general concept of science. Second, the externalist approach which demands the verification of objective validity of revelatory truth. Third, the inclusivist approach which seeks the scientificity of theology from a hermeneutic perspective. Outlining the crucial points and limits of these approaches and replacing the question about theology as science with a theological reexamination of the possibility of science in general, this paper tries to suggest an alternative approach by establishing the possibility of scientific knowledge in general from the trinitarian perspective. Under this reformulation of the question, the philosophy of science set forth by Fichte as the most rigorous model of theory of science is critically explored. In conclusion, it is argued that the ultimate ground of all human knowledge and science consists in the eternal divine love and trust in it.

The Use Made of Treatment: an Alternative Approach to the Evaluation of Alcoholism Services

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred E. Yates ◽  
Hugh Norris
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Unsuccessful Treatment ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Evaluative Research ◽  
Treatment Use

Despite much evaluative research on alcoholism services, the effectiveness of treatment is still an unsettled matter. The inconclusive results of empirical studies comparing different methods and extensive statistical analysis of their findings do not point a clear way forward for future evaluative efforts. Using a sample of follow-up data from an evaluation study of three residential units (not considered here) this report sets out to demonstrate that dynamics in individual drinking patterns make surveys of studies which have applied different outcome criteria very unreliable. The feasibility of the single controlled study in evaluation is also questioned and attributed to the inappropriate use of a “quality control” model. An alternative approach which avoids the methodological and practical difficulties of the conventional design examines the use made of treatment by clients. A more realistic account based on individual cases is urged which recognizes that seeking help for a drink problem is only one of a number of ways in which the treatment episode fits into the lives of problem drinkers. Some observational evidence is presented and a reinterpretation of Costello' successful and unsuccessful treatment groupings is made in support of a treatment-use approach to evaluation.

scholarly journals The Interplay of Religious Symbols and Cultural Values Theory in Advertising

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
Rima Žitkienė ◽  
Gintarė Kriaučiūnaitė-Lazauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Critical View ◽  
Religious Symbols ◽  
Alternative Approach

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyse symbolic advertising and its effect on cultural values in the consumer society. A conceptual framework is grounded in the scientific literature analysis on Christian religious symbols in advertising along with a critical view of its impact on consumers’ cultural values. There is a lack of empirical studies regarding consumers’ approaches towards religious symbols in advertising and their impact on consumption in different cultural values. In this article we are trying to seek an alternative approach to advertising, social, and cultural trends in society.

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