Counterinsurgency Success

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Jacqueline L. Hazelton
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
State Building ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
The West ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Military Campaign

This chapter argues that counterinsurgency success is about power, co-optation, building a coalition, and crushing opposition, not good governance. In the cases examined in the previous chapters, great power backing helped the client government achieve counterinsurgent success, and all six states remain at least nominally partnered with the West on important issues. But all six campaigns also had high human and moral costs. These findings force those who support great-power, liberal military intervention to consider unpalatable choices about national interests. Individually and collectively, these cases provide strong evidence of the explanatory power of the compellence theory, with its emphasis on coalition building among rival elites and a military campaign targeting civilians as well as insurgents. The chapter then looks at the implications of this analysis on peacekeeping and state-building efforts.

scholarly journals The Role of non-Western Countries in the Construction of Russian Great Powerness: The Cases of Turkey and Israel

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-528
Author(s):  
Ebru Birinci ◽  
Ali Emre Sucu ◽  
Ivan Alekseevich Safranchuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The West ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Power Construction

This article contributes to the study of Russian great powerness, focusing on the potential of the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Israeli relations to influence the construction of Russias great power status in a multipolar world. Based upon Russian and English literature dedicated to the study of great power concept and Russian great powerness, authors adopt analytic eclecticism for the theoretical framework of the study. In this regard, for a comprehensive understanding of Russian great powerness, both constructivism with its focus on identity, and neorealism stressing national interests, security, and power, are applied. The authors actively employ the official documents, international agreements, statements of government officials, and official declarations. As a result, the study examines to what extent bilateral relations with Turkey and Israel, the Wests traditional non-Western allies, can contribute to the construction of Russian great power identity. For this purpose, first of all, the factors of Russian great power construction and its role in Russian foreign policy are examined. After addressing the efficiency of great power status as a foreign policy tool, the development of Russian-Turkish and Russian-Israeli relations are discussed. It is concluded that Russia has developed strategically significant relations with Turkey and Israel despite the deteriorated relations with the West, and the development of these relations has supported the consolidation of Russias great power status at the international and regional levels. Furthermore, the study suggests that Russian-Turkish and Russian-Israeli bilateral relations can enable Russia to strengthen its great power status vis--vis the West via cooperation and competition and contribute to the construction of a multipolar world.

Parallels and Analogies

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Patrick Milton ◽  
Michael Axworthy ◽  
Brendan Simms
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
State Building ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Role Of Religion

This chapter shifts towards the explicitly applicatory part of the book. The parallels and analogies between the Thirty Years War and the contemporary Middle East are systematically expounded. The similarities include structural parallels (such as the complexity and multiple typologies of conflict; contested sovereignty leading to civil war; sequences of escalation with proxy wars escalating to direct military intervention; overarching great power rivalry and realpolitik; state-building wars and the absence of declarations of war), the role of religion and sectarian animosity, the role of monarchy and dynasty, refugees, communications technology, and general atmospheric parallels

Counterinsurgency

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jacqueline L. Hazelton
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
The Government

This chapter provides an overview of counterinsurgency, which means defeating armed, organized, persistent political challengers to the government. What explains success in counterinsurgency? This book argues that government success against an insurgency is a nonviolent and violent competition among elites that leads to political stability after a single armed actor — the counterinsurgent government — gains dominance over the others within its territory. The use of compellence (the use or threat of force to change an actor's behavior) and brute force (the power to take and to hold) together break the challenger's ability and will to fight. The book examines counterinsurgency as a form of liberal great power military intervention with relevance to contemporary Western policy debates and offers better understanding of how the use of force may — or may not — help threatened governments attain their political objectives. The chapter then introduces the compellence theory, which differs from good governance counterinsurgency.

scholarly journals Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem (1100-1190)

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 143-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The West ◽  
Active Service ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crusader States ◽  
Military Campaign

The important part played by women in the history of the crusader states has been obscured by their exclusion from the battle-field. Since scarcely a year passed in the Frankish east which was free from some major military campaign it is natural that the interest of historians should have centred on the men responsible for the defence of the kingdom. Yet in any society at war considerable power has to be delegated to women while their menfolk are on active service, and the crusader states were no exception to this general rule. Moreover, because the survival rate among girl-children born to Frankish settlers was higher than that among boys, women often provided continuity to the society of Outremer, by inheriting their fathers’ fiefs and transmitting them to husbands many of whom came from the west.

scholarly journals Russia living from its past

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-183
Author(s):  
Isabela de Andrade Gama
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Ontological Security ◽  
The West ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Inferior Status ◽  
The Cold War

Since the end of the Cold War Russia has been treated as a defeated state. Western countries usually perceive Russia not only as a defeated state but also relating it to Soviet Union. Beyond that the West has Orientalized Russia, segregating it from the “western club” of developed states. But Russia’s recovery from the collapse of the 90’s made it more assertive towards the West. It’s proposed here that this assertiveness is due to it’s orientalization, it’s inferior status perceived by the West. The inferior perception by the West has triggered a process of identity’s reconstruction which will be analyzed through a perspective of ontological security. The more Russia has it’s great power status denied, the more aggressive it becomes regarding it’s foreign policy. As the international hierarchy continues to treat Russia as that of “behind” the modern states, and the more it feels marginalized, it will double down on efforts to regain its great power status it will have to dispose power. Russia’s ontological insecurity might lead it to a path of aggressiveness.

scholarly journals Religious Freedom Not For All: Homeland Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Zavaliy
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern History ◽  
The West ◽  
Pope Francis ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Way

The modern history of Ukraine shows that the nation seeks to advance on the European path and meet the level of civilization development of the West. In this state of affairs, one can not ignore the rights of citizens, which are a state-building principle for European communities, namely, the primordial rights and freedoms of its citizens. The European face of Ukraine is formed from many components, including the importance of religious relations in the state, within which the freedom of citizens in general is determined. In 2015, Pope Francis recalled that religious freedom is "a fundamental right that forms the way by which we interact socially and personally with people who are around us, whose religious views may differ from ours."

Think More About Camels

1837 ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Paul W. Werth
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Severe Winter ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
Sense Of Entitlement ◽  
Military Campaign

Russia’s military campaign against the khanate of Khiva in 1839–40 is noteworthy for its disastrous outcome. Planned for the winter months in order to obviate the absence of water in the arid Kazakh steppe, the campaign encountered an uncommonly severe winter, which imposed exceptional hardships and compelled the expedition to return to the outpost of Orenburg. Felled largely by the decimation of its camels in the cold winter, the campaign is enmeshed in larger changes unfolding in Russia’s relationship to Kazakhs, Central Asia, and the wider world. A growing Russian attitude of European superiority and preoccupations with great-power status after the defeat of Napoleon equipped tsarist elites with an enhanced sense of entitlement. The year 1837 proved critical for translating these sentiments into attempted conquest. Russian activity in the region also served as the midwife for an intense British Russophobia.

28. Threats to the Existing Global Order: Challenges from the East

2020 ◽  
pp. 687-708
Author(s):  
John W. Young ◽  
John Kent
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
The West ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Policy ◽  
Military Strength ◽  
International Role ◽  
Geopolitical Risks

This chapter considers challenges from Russia, North Korea, and China. The first section describes Vladimir Putin’s acquisition and retention of power, and his antagonistic approach towards former members of the Soviet Union. Russia’s rift with the West was exacerbated by its annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Syria. The second section discusses tensions arising from North Korea’s nuclear policy, and attempts by Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un to achieve a lasting peace agreement. The third section examines the economic growth of China, the development of its international role since joining the WTO, its increasing military strength, and its foreign policy. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the opportunities and the geopolitical risks for Asia and China while the influence of the United States, European Union, and Russia wanes.

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