scholarly journals Characterization and evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of oxides based on TiO2 synthesized by hydrolysis controlled by the use of water/acetone mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e11
Author(s):  
Werick A. Machado ◽  
Antonio Eduardo da Hora Machado
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Titanium Tetraisopropoxide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
A Value ◽  
Ponceau 4R ◽  
Crystalline Oxides ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Controlled Hydrolysis

New photocatalysts based on TiO2 were synthesized and characterized. The synthesis involved the controlled hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide using water containing different proportions of acetone. X-ray diffraction analyses combined with Raman spectroscopy revealed crystalline oxides characterized by the coexistence of the anatase and brookite phases. The Rietveld refinement of diffractograms showed that the presence of acetone in the synthesis process influenced the composition of these crystalline phases, with the proportion of brookite growing from 13% to 22% with the addition of this solvent in the synthesis process. The BET isotherms revealed that these materials are mesoporous with surface area approximately 12% higher than that of the oxide prepared from hydrolysis using pure water. The photocatalytic potential of these oxides was evaluated by means degradation tests using the dyes Ponceau 4R and Reactive Red 120 as oxidizable substrates. The values achieved using the most efficient photocatalyst among the synthesized oxides were, respectively, 83% and 79% for mineralization, and 100% for discoloration of these dyes. This same oxide loaded with 0.5% of platinum and suspended in a 5:1 v/v water/methanol mixture, produced 56 mmol of gaseous hydrogen in 5 h of reaction, a specific hydrogen production rate of 138.5 mmol h−1g−1, a value 60% higher than that achieved using TiO2 P25 under similar conditions.

scholarly journals Inclusion of the insecticide fenitrothion in dimethylated-β-cyclodextrin: unusual guest disorder in the solid state and efficient retardation of the hydrolysis rate of the complexed guest in alkaline solution

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 106-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyanne L Cruickshank ◽  
Natalia M Rougier ◽  
Raquel V Vico ◽  
Susan A Bourne ◽  
Elba I Buján ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Crystalline Inclusion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
A Value ◽  
Host Compound ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Remarkable Reduction

An anhydrous 1:1 crystalline inclusion complex between the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion [O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)phosphorothioate] and the host compound heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) was prepared and its structure elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This revealed two independent host molecules in the asymmetric unit. In one of these, the cavity is occupied by two disordered guest components (distinguishable as rotamers with respect to the P–OAr bond) while in the other, three distinct guest components with site-occupancies 0.44, 0.29 and 0.27 appear, the last having a reversed orientation relative to all the other components. Kinetic studies of the alkaline hydrolysis of fenitrothion in the presence of DIMEB showed a remarkable reduction of 84% in the rate of this reaction relative to that for the free substrate, a value exceeding those previously attained with the native hosts, β- and γ-cyclodextrin, and fully methylated β-cyclodextrin.

Micro-Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Nanosized TiO2 Powders Prepared by Vapor Hydrolysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2602-2609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Hong Zhang ◽  
Chak K. Chan ◽  
John F. Porter ◽  
Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
Spatial Inhomogeneity ◽  
Titanium Tetraisopropoxide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Raman Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Nanosized Tio2

Micro-Raman analysis was used to study the structure of TiO2 powders produced at low (260 °C) and high (600–900 °C) temperatures by vapor hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP). Spatial inhomogeneity was discovered after the amorphous TiO2 powders produced at low temperature were calcined at 700, 800, and 900 °C for 3 h. The TiO2 powders produced at high temperatures (from 600 to 900 °C) were found to be spatially homogeneous and predominately anatase in structure. Small amounts of rutile and brookite are found for powders produced at 700, 800, and 900 °C after calcination at 600 °C for 3 h. The rutile and brookite impurities are believed to be concentrated on the surface of anatase based on a comparison of results of Raman and x-ray diffraction studies.

A new route for the synthesis of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatites with low Ca/P ratio: Both spectroscopic and electric characterization

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2526-2533 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Andrés-Vergés ◽  
C. Fern´andez-González ◽  
M. Martínez-Gallego ◽  
J. D. Solier ◽  
I. Cachadiña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conduction ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
A Value ◽  
Approximate Composition ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A new route for obtaining calcium-deficient apatites with a Ca/P ratio lower than 1.5 is described, in order to study their proton conduction at temperatures lower than 400 °C. The process is based on the hydrolysis of a mixed solution of Ca(NO3)2 and NH4H2PO4 in the presence of hexamethylenetetramine at a pH of approximately 5 and temperatures of 85–90 °C. The resulting spherical particles of 14 μm in average diameter were aggregates of smaller needles with approximate composition Ca8.5(HPO4)2(PO4)4OH · H2O. The effects of the reagent concentrations, pH, aging time, and temperature were studied, and the solids were characterized by x-ray diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The ionic conduction measured by alternating-current impedance spectroscopy yielded a value of 3 μSm−1 at 200 °C.

Hydrolysis of chlorophosphine ligands on platinum and palladium. 31P and 195Pt nmr studies and the crystal and molecular structures of cis-[PtCl2(PPh2OH)2]•C4H8O and [Pd2(µ-Cl)2{(P(OEt)2O)2H}2]

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2949-2957 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Eric Berry ◽  
Kathryn Anne Beveridge ◽  
Gordon William Bushnell ◽  
Keith Roger Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Controlled Hydrolysis

Controlled hydrolysis of cis-[PtCl2(PPh2Cl)2] gives cis-[PtCl2(PPh2OH)2] which crystallizes as a tetrahydrofuran solvate in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 14.647(3), b = 15.089(3), c = 13.107(2) Å, β = 91.22(3)°. This is the first example of a complex containing a cis-M(PR2OH)2 group to be structurally characterized since further reaction to [Formula: see text] ligand systems is the more usual outcome of such hydrolyses. An example of the latter type, [Pd2(μ-Cl)2-{(P(OEt)2O)2H}2], crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 9.674(2), b = 20.722(5), c = 8.578(2) Å, β = 92.75(3)°. Complete X-ray diffraction studies are reported for both crystals. Synthesis and 31P{1H} and 195Pt{1H} nmr studies are reported for the complexes [PtCl2(PEt3)(PR2Cl)], R = OEt, Ph, Cy, Et, or Bu′, which have cis stereochemistry except when R = Bu′, and for cis-[PtCl2(PR2Cl)2], R = OEt, Ph, or Et, and also for the hydrolysis products, cis-[PtCl2(PEt3)(PR2OH)], R = OEt or Ph, and cis-[PtCl2(PR2OH)2], R = OEt, Ph, or Et. Analogous products for palladium are generally less stable and more difficult to characterize. The complex of products from hydrolysis of palladium/P(OEt)2Cl compounds is discussed in detail.

Identification of acid-insoluble filter-plugging compounds and optimal acid-washing procedures for tubular backpulse pressure filters

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
KEVIN TAYLOR ◽  
RICH ADDERLY ◽  
GAVIN BAXTER
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Sulfamic Acid ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gypsum Formation ◽  
Acid Washing ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Over time, performance of tubular backpulse pressure filters in kraft mills deteriorates, even with regular acid washing. Unscheduled filter replacement due to filter plugging results in significant costs and may result in mill downtime. We identified acid-insoluble filter-plugging materials by scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis in both polypropylene and Gore-Tex™ membrane filter socks. The major filter-plugging components were calcium sulfate (gypsum), calcium phosphate (hydroxylapatite), aluminosilicate clays, metal sulfides, and carbon. We carried out detailed sample analysis of both the standard acid-washing procedure and a modified procedure. Filter plugging by gypsum and metal sulfides appeared to occur because of the acid-washing procedure. Gypsum formation on the filter resulted from significant hydrolysis of sulfamic acid solution at temperatures greater than 130°F. Modification of the acid-washing procedure greatly reduced the amount of gypsum and addition of a surfactant to the acid reduced wash time and mobilized some of the carbon from the filter. With surfactant, acid washing was 95% complete after 40 min.

Investigation of the products of carbothermal reduction of yttrium oxide by the hydrolysis method

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 936-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohumil Hájek ◽  
Pavel Karen ◽  
Vlastimil Brožek
Keyword(s):  
Yttrium Oxide ◽  
Carbothermal Reduction ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrolysis Method ◽  
Sample Decomposition ◽  
Products Of Reaction ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Lower Carbon

For the investigation of the products of reaction of yttrium oxide with carbon mixed in various proportions, the chemical and X-ray diffraction methods of analysis were combined with the gas chromatographic analysis of the mixture of hydrocarbons and hydrogen formed on the sample decomposition with water. The carboreduction of Y2O3 was examined at relatively low temperatures, convenient for obtaining the reaction intermediates in higher yields. At 1 600 °C and pressures of 10-3 Pa the reduction of a mixture of Y2O3 with carbon in a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 7 yields YC2 in equilibrium with 20% of Y2OC phase. At lower carbon contents (down to the Y2O3 : C ratio of 1 : 2) tha fraction of the Y2OC phase increases up to approximately 30%. In addition to Y2O3, the reaction mixture contains also Y2C, Y2OC and a phase giving propyne on hydrolysis. The presence of traces of C3 hydrocarbons and small amounts of methane in the product of hydrolysis of the carbide sample prepared by the carbothermal reduction of the oxide can be explained in terms of the occurrence of the Y15C19 phase, probably substituted in part by oxygen, and of the Y2OC phase. The results are compared with those obtained previously for the Sc2O3 + C system.

scholarly journals Leaching of Chalcopyrite under Bacteria–Mineral Contact/Noncontact Leaching Model

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Ma ◽  
Hongying Yang ◽  
Zuochun Luan ◽  
Qifei Sun ◽  
Auwalu Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Passivation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Copper Leaching ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Leaching Efficiency ◽  
Leaching Models ◽  
Scanning Electron

Bacteria–mineral contact and noncontact leaching models coexist in the bioleaching process. In the present paper, dialysis bags were used to study the bioleaching process by separating the bacteria from the mineral, and the reasons for chalcopyrite surface passivation were discussed. The results show that the copper leaching efficiency of the bacteria–mineral contact model was higher than that of the bacteria–mineral noncontact model. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) were used to discover that the leaching process led to the formation of a sulfur film to inhibit the diffusion of reactive ions. In addition, the deposited jarosite on chalcopyrite surface was crystallized by the hydrolysis of the excess Fe3+ ions. The depositions passivated the chalcopyrite leaching process. The crystallized jarosite in the bacteria EPS layer belonged to bacteria–mineral contact leaching system, while that in the sulfur films belonged to the bacteria–mineral noncontact system.

Reactions of (η5-C9H7)Rh(η2-C2H4)2 with quinones: molecular structure of [(η5-C9H7)Rh(2,3,5,6-C6O2(CH3)4)]

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Stephen A Westcott ◽  
Nicholas J Taylor ◽  
Todd B Marder
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Slip Parameter ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
A Value ◽  
Hinge Angle

Reactions of (η5-C9H7)Rh(η2-C2H4)2 (1) with quinones were investigated. Substitution of the labile ethylene ligands was observed upon addition of either duroquinone (2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) or 1,4-benzoquinone to complex 1. The molecular structure of neutral (η5-C9H7)Rh(2,3,5,6-C6O2(CH3)4) (3), determined by X-ray diffraction, shows that the duroquinone ligand lies in a plane nearly parallel to the indenyl group. The carbonyl moieties of duroquinone lie in a plane incorporating Rh, C2, and the midpoint between C3a and C7a of the indenyl ring. The slip parameter (Δ= d(average Rh-C3a,7a) -d(average Rh-C1,3)) was calculated to be 0.112(2) Å; whereas a value of ca. 0.05 Å had been obtained previously from film data. Values for the hinge angle (HA = angle between normals to the least-squares planes defined by C1, C2, C3 and C1, C7a, C3a, C3) and fold angle (FA = angle between normals to the least-squares planes defined by C1, C2, C3 and C3a, C4, C5, C7, C7a) are 7.2° and 4.0°, respectively.Key words: indenyl, rhodium, quinones, ring-slippage, ground-state distortion.

scholarly journals Elaboration of nitride thin films by reactive sputtering

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Yves Jouan ◽  
Arnaud Tricoteaux ◽  
Nicolas Horny
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Bias Voltage ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
A Value ◽  
Dc Reactive Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

The aim of this paper is first a better understanding of DC reactive magnetron sputtering and its implications, such as the hysteresis effect and the process instability. In a second part, this article is devoted to an example of specific application: Aluminium Nitride. AlN thin films have been deposited by reactive triode sputtering. We have studied the effect of the nitrogen contents in the discharge and the RF bias voltage on the growth of AlN films on Si(100) deposited by triode sputtering. Stoichiometry and crystal orientation of AlN films have been characterized by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and secondary electron microscopy. Dense and transparent AlN layers were obtained at high deposition rates. These films have a (002) orientation whatever the nitrogen content in the discharge, but the best crystallised ones are obtained at low value (10%). A linear relationship was observed between the AlN lattice parameter "c" (perpendicular to the substrate surface) and the in-plane compressive stress. Applying an RF bias to the substrate leads to a (100) texture, and films become amorphous. Moreover, the film's compressive stress increases up to a value of 8GPa before decreasing slowly as the bias voltage increases.

47,49Ti NMR in Metals, Inorganics, and Gels

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bastow
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Titanium Isopropoxide ◽  
Metallic State ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
C Nmr

Some recent progress in solid state 47,49Ti NMR is described and reviewed. The metallic-state work described covers metals such as hep titanium, TiB2 , a number of intermetallics such as TiAl2 and TiAl3· The inorganic work covers the various titanium oxide based materials including the TiO2 polymorphs, anatase, rutile and brookite. The gel work covers the evolution of crystalline titania from gels formed by hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide. Some complementary data from 17O and 13C NMR and powder X-ray diffraction is also included.

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