scholarly journals Light intensity drives different growth strategies in two duckweed species: Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12698
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Strzałek ◽  
Lech Kufel
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Spirodela Polyrhiza ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Open Habitat

Duckweed species Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza are clonal plants with vegetative organs reduced to a frond and a root in L. minor or a frond and several roots in S. polyrhiza. They reproduce vegetatively by relatively rapid multiplication of their fronds. The habit of S. polyrhiza (large fronds with up to 21 roots) makes it a strong competitor among representatives of the family Lemnaceae, probably due to different resource-use strategies compared to small duckweed. In our study, light was the resource that affected the plants before and during the laboratory experiment. We sampled the plants from natural habitats differing in light conditions (open and shady) and grew them for 16 days in a thermostatic growth room at 22 °C under a 16:8 photoperiod and three light intensities (125, 236, 459 µmol photons m–2 s–1) to investigate the trade-off between frond enlargement and multiplication. Both species from the open habitat had higher growth rates based on the frond numbers and on surface area of fronds compared to plants from the shady habitat. They adopted different species-specific strategies in response to the experimental light conditions. The species size affected the growth rates in L. minor and S. polyrhiza. Spirodela polyrhiza grew slower than L. minor, but both species grew fastest at medium light intensity (236 µmol m–2 s–1). Lemna minor maintained the growth rates at high light intensity, while S. polyrhiza slowed down. Spirodela polyrhiza responded to deteriorating light conditions by increasing its frond surface area, thus optimising light capture. Lemna minor from the shady habitat enhanced light harvest by increasing chlorophyll a concentration, but did not invest more in frond enlargement than L. minor from the open habitat. Under shady conditions, S. polyrhiza is likely to achieve an advantage over L. minor due to the larger frond size of the former. Our findings suggest the existence of a trade-off between size and number in duckweed.

Growth responses of six bryophyte species to different light intensities

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Rincón
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Plastic Responses

The growth responses of Brachythecium rutabulum, Eurhynchium praelongum, Lophocolea bidentata, Plagiomnium undulatum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, and Thuidiurn tamariscinum, growing under seven different light conditions, were determined in a 36-day laboratory experiment. Biomass production, relative growth rate, chlorophyll content, and morphological plastic responses (bending of the shoots) were determined following initial and final harvests. All species achieved greater biomass as irradiance increased. This trend was also observed in the relative growth rates, which were higher as irradiance increased, for all the bryophytes investigated. All species except L. bidentata showed an increased elevation of the shoot as irradiance decreased. Total chlorophyll was higher in all species at the lowest irradiance level, but no clear differences were observed in the ratios of chlorophyll a to b for all the species. Key words: grassland bryophytes, light intensity, growth analysis, plasticity.

scholarly journals Light conditions alter accumulation of long chain polyprenols in leaves of trees and shrubs throughout the vegetation season.

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bajda ◽  
Tadeusz Chojnacki ◽  
Józefina Hertel ◽  
Ewa Swiezewska ◽  
Jacek Wójcik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Vegetation Season ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Long Chain

In many plants belonging to angiosperms and gymnosperms the accumulation in leaves of long chain polyprenols and polyprenyl esters during growth in natural habitats depends on the light intensity. The amount of polyprenols in leaves is also positively correlated with the thickness of the leaf blade (SLA, specific leaf area). The polyprenol content of leaves shows seasonal changes with a maximum in autumn and a minimum in early summer with the difference between poorly and well illuminated plants persisting throughout the vegetation season.

scholarly journals Light intensity and spectral distribution affect chytrid infection of cyanobacteria via modulation of host fitness

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (11) ◽  
pp. 1206-1215
Author(s):  
Yile Tao ◽  
Justyna Wolinska ◽  
Franz Hölker ◽  
Ramsy Agha
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Inherent Feature ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

AbstractLight gradients are an inherent feature in aquatic ecosystems and play a key role in shaping the biology of phytoplankton. Parasitism by chytrid fungi is gaining increasing attention as a major control agent of phytoplankton due to its previously overlooked ubiquity, and profound ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite this interest, if and how light conditions modulate phytoplankton chytridiomycosis remains poorly studied. We investigated life-history traits of a chytrid parasite, Rhizophydium megarrhizum, under different light intensities and spectral compositions when infecting two closely related planktonic cyanobacteria with different light-harvesting strategies: Planktothrix rubescens and P. agardhii. In general, parasite transmission was highest under light conditions (both intensity and quality) that maximized growth rates for uninfected cyanobacteria. Chytrid encystment on hosts was significantly affected by light intensity and host strain identity. This likely resulted from higher irradiances stimulating the increased discharge of photosynthetic by-products, which drive parasite chemotaxis, and from strain-specific differences at the cell-surface. Comparisons of parasite transmission and host growth rates under different light conditions suggest the potential for epidemic development at higher irradiances, whereas host and parasite could coexist without epidemic outbreaks at lower light levels. These results illustrate the close relationship between parasite transmission and host fitness, which is ultimately modulated by the external environment.

scholarly journals Light intensity affects leaf morphology in a wild population of Adenostyles alliariae (Asteraceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Bailey Francis ◽  
Robert Tucker Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Developmental Instability ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
The Relationship

Low light conditions can impose environmental stress on plants, and plants often respond adaptively by increasing their leaf area. Light stress on plants can also result in developmental instability, which can manifest as increased fluctuating asymmetry in leaves or other organs. The relationship between light conditions and fluctuating asymmetry has been documented in experimental populations, but has been less frequently observed in the wild. Here, we studied how leaf surface area and fluctuating asymmetry correlate with light intensity in a wild population of Adenostyles alliariae (Asteraceae). We found strong evidence that leaf surface area increases and weak evidence that fluctuating asymmetry increases as light intensity decreases. Our results help to elucidate the relationship between light stress and developmental instability under naturally occurring conditions.

scholarly journals Attempts at establishing the culture conditions for Lemna minor L.

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krzychowska ◽  
J. Zimna ◽  
K. Bytniewska ◽  
W. Macjejewska-Potapczyk
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Protein Determination ◽  
The Media ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

The influence of the concentration, composition and pH of the substrate as well as of light intensity on the growth and vegetative propagation of <i>Lemna minor</i> L. was investigated. The media of Hutner, Hoagland and Pirson and Seidel were used. At first the experiments were carried out under unsterile conditions. Later sterilized duckweed was cultured in aseptic conditions. The dry matter was determined. Surface area increment and an increase in the number of fronds were evaluated by the planimetric method. For total protein determination in <i>Lemna minor</i> L. from unsterile and sterile cultures Lowry's method was used.

scholarly journals Effect of Light Intensity and Quality on Growth Rate and Composition of Chlorella vulgaris

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria N. Metsoviti ◽  
George Papapolymerou ◽  
Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis ◽  
Nikolaos Katsoulas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
White Led ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Nm Range ◽  
Effect Of Light

In this research, the effect of solar irradiance on Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in open bioreactors under greenhouse conditions was investigated, as well as of ratio of light intensity in the 420–520 nm range to light in the 580–680 nm range (I420–520/I580–680) and of artificial irradiation provided by red and white LED lamps in a closed flat plate laboratory bioreactor on the growth rate and composition. The increase in solar irradiance led to faster growth rates (μexp) of C. vulgaris under both environmental conditions studied in the greenhouse (in June up to 0.33 d−1 and in September up to 0.29 d−1) and higher lipid content in microalgal biomass (in June up to 25.6% and in September up to 24.7%). In the experiments conducted in the closed bioreactor, as the ratio I420–520/I580–680 increased, the specific growth rate and the biomass, protein and lipid productivities increased as well. Additionally, the increase in light intensity with red and white LED lamps resulted in faster growth rates (the μexp increased up to 0.36 d−1) and higher lipid content (up to 22.2%), while the protein, fiber, ash and moisture content remained relatively constant. Overall, the trend in biomass, lipid, and protein productivities as a function of light intensity was similar in the two systems (greenhouse and bioreactor).

scholarly journals Effects of alkalinity and salinity at low and high light intensity on hydrogen isotope fractionation of long-chain alkenones produced by <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 5693-5704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella M. Weiss ◽  
Eva Y. Pfannerstill ◽  
Stefan Schouten ◽  
Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté ◽  
Marcel T. J. van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract. Over the last decade, hydrogen isotopes of long-chain alkenones have been shown to be a promising proxy for reconstructing paleo sea surface salinity due to a strong hydrogen isotope fractionation response to salinity across different environmental conditions. However, to date, the decoupling of the effects of alkalinity and salinity, parameters that co-vary in the surface ocean, on hydrogen isotope fractionation of alkenones has not been assessed. Furthermore, as the alkenone-producing haptophyte, Emiliania huxleyi, is known to grow in large blooms under high light intensities, the effect of salinity on hydrogen isotope fractionation under these high irradiances is important to constrain before using δDC37 to reconstruct paleosalinity. Batch cultures of the marine haptophyte E. huxleyi strain CCMP 1516 were grown to investigate the hydrogen isotope fractionation response to salinity at high light intensity and independently assess the effects of salinity and alkalinity under low-light conditions. Our results suggest that alkalinity does not significantly influence hydrogen isotope fractionation of alkenones, but salinity does have a strong effect. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the fractionation responses to salinity recorded in alkenones grown under both high- and low-light conditions. Comparison with previous studies suggests that the fractionation response to salinity in culture is similar under different environmental conditions, strengthening the use of hydrogen isotope fractionation as a paleosalinity proxy.

scholarly journals Escherichia colipopulations adapt to complex, unpredictable fluctuations without any trade-offs across environments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddha Karve ◽  
Devika Bhave ◽  
Dhanashri Nevgi ◽  
Sutirth Dey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Lower Variation

AbstractIn nature, organisms are simultaneously exposed to multiple stresses (i.e. complex environments) that often fluctuate unpredictably. While both these factors have been studied in isolation, the interaction of the two remains poorly explored. To address this issue, we selected laboratory populations ofEscherichia coliunder complex (i.e. stressful combinations of pH, H2O2and NaCl) unpredictably fluctuating environments for ~900 generations. We compared the growth rates and the corresponding trade-off patterns of these populations to those that were selected under constant values of the component stresses (i.e. pH, H2O2and NaCl) for the same duration. The fluctuation-selected populations had greater mean growth rate and lower variation for growth rate over all the selection environments experienced. However, while the populations selected under constant stresses experienced severe tradeoffs in many of the environments other than those in which they were selected, the fluctuation-selected populations could by-pass the across-environment trade-offs completely. Interestingly, trade-offs were found between growth rates and carrying capacities. The results suggest that complexity and fluctuations can strongly affect the underlying trade-off structure in evolving populations.

scholarly journals Species interactions in three Lemnaceae species growing along a gradient of zinc pollution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Lanthemann ◽  
Sofia van Moorsel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Species Mixture ◽  
The Individual

Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are increasingly studied for their potential for phytoremediation of heavy-metal polluted water bodies. A prerequisite for metal removal, however, is the tolerance of the organism to the pollutant, e.g., the metal zinc (Zn). Duckweeds have been shown to differ in their tolerances to Zn, however, despite them most commonly co-occurring with other species, there is a lack of research concerning the effect of species interactions on Zn tolerance. Here we tested whether the presence of a second species influenced the growth rate of the three duckweed species Lemna minor, Lemna gibba, and Lemna turionifera. We used four different Zn concentrations in a replicated microcosm experiment under sterile conditions, either growing the species in isolation or in a 2-species mixture. The response to Zn differed between species, but all three species showed a high tolerance to Zn, with low levels of Zn even increasing the growth rates. The growth rates of the individual species were influenced by the identity of the competing species, but this was independent of the Zn concentration. Our results suggest that species interactions should be considered in future research with duckweeds and that several duckweed species have high tolerance to metal pollution, making them candidates for phytoremediation efforts.

scholarly journals Wintering Geese Trade-Off Energetic Gains and Costs When Switching from Agricultural to Natural Habitats

Ardea ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Morrison Thomas Pot ◽  
Susan de Koning ◽  
Coen Westerduin ◽  
Willem Frederik de Boer ◽  
Mitra Shariati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Trade Off
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