scholarly journals Alternative reproductive strategies in black-winged territorial males of Paraphlebia zoe (Odonata, Thaumatoneuridae)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anais Rivas-Torres ◽  
Rosa Ana Sánchez-Guillén ◽  
Adolfo Cordero-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Alternative Tactics ◽  
Male Dimorphism ◽  
Territory Quality ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Behavioural Diversity

Alternative reproductive strategies are commonly associated with male dimorphism. In Paraphlebia zoe, a species of damselfly whose males are dimorphic in wing coloration, black-and-white-winged (BW) males defend territories, while hyaline-winged (HW) males usually play the role of satellites. We found that several BW males can sometimes share a territory, and we hypothesized that within this morph there are two alternative tactics: submissive and dominant. We conducted an experiment to test whether dominant and submissive roles are plastic or stable and fixed on each individual. To this end, we manipulated black and white spots of BW males in four treatments: (i) painting over white and black spots without changing their size, (ii) erasing the white spot using black painting, (iii) increasing the black spot and moving the white spot maintaining its size and (iv) control males. Additionally, we investigated the correlation between some phenotypic variables (wing asymmetry, survival and recapture probabilities) and male behaviour (in terms of quality of the territory). We found that the two behavioural roles (submissive and dominant) were not affected by the manipulative experiments, therefore suggesting that they are stable and fixed. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between body size and survival in both sexes, and a positive effect of territory quality and lifespan on mating success. Moreover, the largest and youngest BW males were the most symmetrical. We conclude that Paraphlebia zoe holds high behavioural diversity, with two types of strategies in BW males, dominant and submissive. The occurrence of this intra-morph behavioural diversity might depend on demographic factors such as population density and/or the relative frequency of the different morphs.

SOME ERYTHRONEURA (GRAPE LEAF HOPPERS) OF THE MACULATA GROUP. (HOMOPTERA CICADELLIDAE)

1932 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
R. H. Beamer
Keyword(s):  
Black Spot ◽  
White Spot ◽  
White Spots ◽  
General Ground ◽  
Grape Leaf ◽  
Yellowish White

General ground color semihyaline to yellowish white marked with orange or red. Vertex with semblance of three white spots more or less surrounded with orange bands. Median white spot elongated. Pronotum with median Y-shaped orange mark, touching both margins, usual angular mark behind each eye. Scutellum with spot on tip, basal angles yellow. Clavi with basal anchor-shaped mark and rectangular spot before tip. Coria with angulate vitta arising on costa midway between plaque and humeral angle, reaching to claval suture. Another irregular-sided, zigzag, vitta arising at anterior end of plaque, more or less surrounding it and ending just before base of cell M4. Black spot in posterior end of plaque and base of cell M4. Tips of tegmina more or less dusky. Cross-veins red. Venter stramineous.

Etiology of White Spot Defect in Swiss Cheese Made from Pasteurized Milk

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 718-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. NATH ◽  
B. J. KOSTAK
Keyword(s):  
Eye Development ◽  
Lactobacillus Fermentum ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Complete Dissolution ◽  
Swiss Cheese ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
White Spots

Swiss cheese made from fully pasteurized milk developed white spots during hot room stay. This cheese was bitter and eye development was generally retarded. Streptococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens was isolated in high numbers from the spot; it caused bitterness in milk cultures with complete dissolution of the milk clot. The isolate was inhibitory to propionibacteria and Lactobacillus fermentum; CO2 production by Propionibacterium was depressed in broth culture in the presence of the S. faecalis subsp. liquefaciens isolate.

scholarly journals SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHYCITINÆ

1900 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geo. D. Hulst
Keyword(s):  
Black Spot ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Outer Line ◽  
Pure White

Tetralopha formosella, n. sp.Expands 18 mm. Head nearly pure white; thorax white with black scales intermixed; fore wings pure white, sometimes intermixed with black, and with black spot on costa to basal line; basal line black, with three long black teeth on outer side; middle field whitish, costa towards base black; along inner margin and reaching half way across wing, dull brick red, broken by median cross scale ridge, which is of intermingled black and white; outer line white, edged on both sides with blackish; outer field grayish, mixed with black, much darker along costa to apex; hind wings fuscous, much darker along outer edge; beneath fuscous on all wings, an outer lighter cross line showing on all wings.

scholarly journals First Report of Black Spots on Avocado Fruit Caused by Neofusicoccum parvum in Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Molina-Gayosso ◽  
H. V. Silva-Rojas ◽  
S. García-Morales ◽  
G. Avila-Quezada
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
First Report ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
Avocado Fruit

Avocado (Persea americana L.) production for export markets has increased in Mexico during the past 10 years. The production system, however, is affected by several sanitation factors, including diseases. During the spring of 2009, smooth, black, circular spots were noted on the surface of avocado fruit. A study was conducted during the winter of 2010 to ascertain the etiology and identify the fungus associated with black spot symptoms on avocado fruit in orchards of Nuevo Parangaricutiro County (19°25′00″ and 102°07′43″) in Michoacan, Mexico. Several fungal isolates were obtained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from the margin of lesions on immature fruit. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rDNA from representative isolates was sequenced with universal primers ITS5 and ITS4 (2). BLAST searches in GenBank showed 100% similarity of the nucleotide sequences with Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, GenBank Accession Nos. GU188001 to GU188007 and GU187985 to GU187987. A representative nucleotide sequence of this region was deposited in GenBank under the Accession No. JN203129. Strains of N. parvum produced aerial and compact mycelium on acidified PDA, the anamorph state of Botryosphaeria parva. Mycelium was initially white, turning gradually gray to black. Conidia were one celled, hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusiform, externally smooth, thin walled, nonseptate, with one or two septa with age, and an average length and width of 14.5 (9.5 to 19) × 5.8 (4.0 to 7.2) μm (n = 100). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with six avocado fruit cv. Hass. Fruit were inoculated at three evenly spaced locations on the fruit surface, either by wounding the tissue with a needle that had been dipped in a conidial mass from an 8-day-old monoconidial culture of N. parvum strain CIAD-021-11 or by placing 5 μl of 1 × 106 conidia ml–1 suspension on each inoculation site. Inoculated fruit were maintained in a moist chamber at 25°C for 2 weeks. Black lesions appeared on all wounded sites 2 days postinoculation (dpi) and on unwounded sites 4 dpi. The delay of symptom development was likely due to penetration through the lenticels, which took longer to initiate infection. No symptoms were observed in the control fruit. The pathogen was reisolated from the lesions of all inoculated fruit, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The results confirmed the pathogenic potential of this fungus and indicated its possible involvement in the etiology of black spot on avocado fruit. N. parvum is a cosmopolitan, plurivorous pathogen causing disease in several hosts of economic importance, such as grapes and kiwi, as well as causing stem-end rot of avocado fruit in New Zealand (1) and avocado twigs in Spain (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum causing black spots on avocado fruit in Mexico. References: (1) W. F. T. Hartill et al. N.Z.J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 30:249. 2002. (2) T. J. White et al. Page: 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Application. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990. (3) T. Zea-Bonilla et al. Plant Dis. 91:1052, 2007.

Specific systemic IgG1, IgG2 and IgM responses in pigs immunized with infective eggs or selected antigens of Ascaris suum

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. FRONTERA ◽  
A. CARRÓN ◽  
F. J. SERRANO ◽  
A. ROEPSTORFF ◽  
D. REINA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Challenge Control

A total of 35 pigs aged 15 weeks old, and 21 pigs aged 8 weeks old were divided into 7 groups. Groups 1 and 2 were uninfected and challenge control groups, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were infected weekly with 6 increasing doses of Ascaris suum eggs, and group 4 was additionally treated with pyrantel. Groups 5, 6, and 7 were immunized weekly with the 14, 42, or 97 kDa fractions from adult worms, respectively. Animals of groups 2–7 were challenged with 10 000 A. suum eggs 7 days after the last infection/immunization. Serum was sampled weekly and specific IgG1, IgG2, and IgM responses were measured. Pigs of groups 5, 6, and 7 showed high IgG1 and IgG2 responses especially against adult worms antigens, while infected groups had high IgG1 and IgM responses, especially against larva. The IgG1 responses were negatively correlated to the numbers of larvae in the lungs, and positively associated with the liver white spot numbers. There was a positive correlation between IgG2 and the numbers of white spots and lung larvae, while IgM was negatively correlated with these parasitological measures. These findings are discussed and it is suggested that acquired resistance against A. suum larvae is correlated with the induction of IgG1 and IgM, and not with IgG2, and that future vaccination protocols may focus on inducing the Th2 activity.

Impact of Immersion and Realism in Driving Simulator Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despina Michael ◽  
Marios Kleanthous ◽  
Marinos Savva ◽  
Smaragda Christodoulou ◽  
Maria Pampaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Driving Simulators ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Scenarios ◽  
Local Road

Driving simulators emerged as a promising technology for the analysis of driving conditions and road users' behaviour in an attempt to tackle the problem of road accidents. The work presented herein demonstrates the design and development of a driving simulator that aims to contribute towards evaluating black spots in road networks by promoting rapid design of realistic models and facilitating the specification of test scenarios. A reliable driving simulator should be able to reproduce the driver's behaviour in a realistic way. In this study the authors examine different setups of the simulator to define the one that achieves highest levels of reliability. The chosen setup is then used to evaluate the impact of distractors (e.g. billboards) on driving behaviour of local road users for a chosen black spot in Limassol, Cyprus. Data collected from the experiments are analysed, and the main findings are presented and discussed.

NOTES AND NEW SPECIES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM WASHINGTON STATE

1933 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. G. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
Basal Joint

Antennae light fuscous; distal end of the basal joint of antennae, palpi, head, patagia, thorax, and ground color of fore wings yellowish wood-brown. Terminal joint of palpus with a broad fuscous annulation. Fore wings variously marked with blackish fuscous; near base a fuscous patch which fades distally and becomes fused with ground color; a large fuscous discal spot which in some specimens (females) is almost black which gradually fuses with the ground color on all sides; before this, two small black spots; beyond, one black spot; costa somewhat spotted with fuscous; from costa near apex around termen to the inner margin 11 small black spots. In some specimens these are somewhat obscured. Cilia light grayish fuscous tipped with buff. Hind wing light fuscous, darker toward apex. Cilia light grayish fuscous, buff tipped. Abdomen yellowish wood-brown below with two fuscous longitudinal stripes ; above, brownish fuscous, some scales tipped with the light yellowish wood-brown. Legs yellowish, wood-brown; above more fuscous, tarsi especially so; spurs fuscous.

scholarly journals SOME NEW SPECIES OF ROBINSONIA

1895 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Schaus
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Costal Margin ◽  
White Line ◽  
Brownish Yellow ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Brown Band

Robinsonia Grotei, sp. nov.—Head white, posteriorly shaded with yellow. Collar white, with a central brown spot. Thorax brown, with a central white line; patagia white, larerally edged with brown. Abdomen dorsally brownish-yellow, with a subdorsal row of small white spots, and a lateral row of small black spots; underneath whitish. Primaries above white, with the margins broadly brown, except at the apex, where the white extends to the fringe; an oblique brown band, from the costal margin at a third from the base to the inner angle, separates the white into two large spaces. Secondaries white, Primaries underneath white, showing indistinctly the markings of the upper surface.

Microabrasion: A Treatment Option For White Spots

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
MQ Souza de Barros Vasconcelos ◽  
K Almeida Vieira ◽  
M da Consolação Canuto Salgueiro ◽  
T Almeida Alfaya ◽  
C Santos Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Option ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Lateral Incisor ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Carious Lesion ◽  
Clinical Protocol ◽  
Abrasive Material ◽  
Tooth Color ◽  
White Spots

The aim of the present study was to describe a clinical protocol for the treatment of white spots with the use of an abrasive material. A four-year-old patient presented with a white spot on tooth 51 and a white spot associated with a carious lesion in the cervical region of tooth 52. Treatment was planned with microabrasion and restoration of the upper right lateral incisor. Prophylaxis was first performed, followed by protection with a dental dam and the application of the abrasive material (silicon carbide and hydrochloric acid 6%). Five applications were needed to remove the spots. The restoration of the upper right lateral incisor was then performed with a resin composite. A good esthetic outcome was achieved and both the patient and her guardians were satisfied with the results. Microabrasion is a conservative treatment option that achieves satisfactory results with regard to tooth color.

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