Evaluation of Different Internal Designs of Hydraulic Nozzles under an Accelerated Wear Test

The use of worn-out agricultural nozzles in pesticide application has a negative effect on the efficiency and cost of the application process. It also has an effect on environmental pollution due to an excessive amount of pesticide being applied when spraying with worn-out nozzles. In this paper, the resistance to wear of three different internal design hydraulic nozzles was ascertained. Changes in the flow rate and spray distribution as a result of this wear were also investigated. The wear test was done inside a closed system, and it was accelerated using an abrasive material to generate 100 h of wear. The tested nozzles were the Turbo TeeJet (TT)-twin chambered, Turbo Twinjet (TTj60)-dual outlet, and Drift Guard (DG)-pre-orifice. Wear rate, flow rate, and the virtual coefficient of variation (CVv) were measured at different wear intervals. The results showed that the TTj60 type was the most resistant to wear, followed by the TT type and DG. The latter two types showed an increase in the flow rate only in the first 45 h of wear. Virtual coefficient of variation (CVv) values were less than 10% after finishing the test (after 100 h of wear) for the three types of nozzles, which are acceptable values according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 16122-2, 2015.

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON THE AWJ PROCESS PERFORMANCE

The present study aims to perform a comparative analysis of the technological parameters influence on the output parameters for two biodegradable polymeric materials, Arbofill Fichte and Arboblend V2 Nature. The varied input parameters during abrasive water jet cuuting (AWJ) were water jet pressure, traverse speed and abrasive material flow. The quantitative and qualitative output parameters proposed are the amount of material removed (MR) and the inclination angle - α° of the resulted surfaces. The measured MR and α° values highlighted the fact that they fall within the admissible parameters, so that the obtained parts by cutting the Arbofill Fichte and Arboblend V2 Nature samples can be used in industrial applications that require this type of processing and more. Was also achieved the optimization of the technological parameters used for processing according to the next criteria: minimum inclination angle and minimum amount of material removed.

Surface Characteristics and Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel Treated by Abrasive Blasting

The effects of blasting with metallic steel grit and non-metallic alumina grit on steel surface characteristics were evaluated. These abrasives are generally used at construction sites and in vacuum blasting. Milled steel specimens were used to investigate the effect of the blasting conditions on surface properties. The effect of difference in surface properties on the adhesion strength and corrosion behavior were measured through adhesion tests, polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The limitations of blasting were evaluated using corroded steel specimens, as were the effects of corrosion products, salts, and abrasive material remaining on the blasted steel surface on the adhesion and corrosion resistance of paint. Steel grit more effectively increased the surface roughness than alumina grit; however, with both abrasive materials, the roughness increased with the blast projection angle. However, in the case of alumina grit, some abrasive material remained on the surface; thus, the actual roughness not including the residual abrasive material was more complex and greater than that of the sample blasted with steel grit. According to the adhesion strength test of painted and unpainted specimens, the adhesion force improved with increasing surface roughness and residual abrasive materials. Further, surface roughness was linearly correlated with the adhesion strength of unpainted specimens for both abrasive materials with blasting, and the adhesion strength force with alumina grit was approximately 1.4 times higher than that with steel grit, suggesting that increased roughness and residual abrasive material could benefit adhesion. According to the electrochemical test results, lower roughness and increased residual abrasive material owing to alumina grit on the steel surface enhanced the surface corrosion resistance, confirming the benefit of residual materials. Grinding left behind corrosion products and salts under the steel, resulting in the recurrence of rusting. However, the residue from blasting with alumina suppressed corrosion, thus improving the adhesion and corrosion resistance of the paint.

Technique for accelerated tests of samples for wear resistance

A review of the existing methods of accelerated abrasive wear tests is presented. The shortcomings of the technique implemented on an IM-01 installation of the VISKHOM design, as well as the Brinell-Howarth technique for laboratory studies, in which a powder abrasive is used are discussed, e.g., a problem of a uniform distribution of a free-flowing abrasive material over the surface of the contact zone, as well as problems of ensuring the stability of the supply of the abrasive material during the experiment. The goal of the study is to develop a methodology for comparative assessment of the wear resistance, excluding noted shortcomings. The tests were carried out on an M-1 installation using plate specimens 60 × 40 × 3 mm. The abrasive material used was a radial flap wheel 150 – 220 mm in diameter (width 30 mm, bore diameter 30 – 40 mm). The degree of wear was determined by a decrease in the mass of the sample by weighing on a balance with an accuracy of 0.1 mg before and after testing. The test results were considered as a relative wear resistance ε equal to the ratio of the wear resistance of the test specimen to the wear resistance of the reference one. The use of relative wear resistance makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the results obtained due to elimination of the influence of natural changes in external parameters that determine the intensity of wear during the test. The developed installation provides significant shortening of the accelerated comparative test (8 min) compared to 40 min on an IM-1, the structure and grain size of the working fluid, the constancy of the load in the contact zone and the speed of interaction between the sample and the tool being the same. Flap wheels of various grain sizes provide application of the device to a wide range of tasks without preliminary grinding of the samples and necessitate only their preliminary cleaning from slags and large particles after applying wear-resistant coatings.

Examination of the Usage of a New Beak-Abrasive Material in Different Laying Hen Genotypes (Preliminary Results)

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the use and effect of a new beak-abrasive material not yet examined on mortality of non-beak trimmed laying hens of different genotypes housed in an alternative pen. The study was performed on 636 females belonging to three genotypes of Bábolna TETRA Ltd. (a1 = commercial brown layer hybrid (C); a2 = purebred male line offspring group (maternal); a3 = purebfigure ed female line offspring group (paternal)). A total of 318 hens, i.e., 106 hens/genotype distributed in six pens (53 hens/pen), were evaluated. Cylindrical beak-abrasive blocks of 5.3–5.6 kg were suspended (0.1–0.4 mm diameter gravel, limestone grit, lime hydrate, and cement mixture) in six alternative pens. In six control pens without abrasive material, 318 hens, i.e., 106 hens/genotype (2 pens control group/genotype, i.e., C1 = commercial brown layer hybrid, C2 = purebred male line offspring group, C3 = purebred female line offspring group; 53 hens/pen;) were placed where there were no beak-abrasive materials. The rate of change in the weight of the beak-abrasive materials and the mortality rate were recorded daily. In the six pens equipped with beak-abrasive materials, infrared cameras were installed, and 24 h recordings were made. The number of individuals pecking the beak-abrasive material, the time and duration of dealing with the material were recorded. Data coming from one observation day are given. During the 13 experimental weeks of observation, the weight loss of beak-abrasives differed significantly in the different genotypes (a1 = 27.4%; a2 = 29.6%; a3 = 56.6%). During the only day analyzed, the hens from all the genotypes mostly stayed between 17:00 and 21:00 h in the littered scratching area where the beak-abrasive material was placed (a1 = 48.4%; a2 = 49.2%; a3 = 54.4%). In the case of each genotype, the rate of the hens dealing with beak-abrasives in the first two periods of the day was relatively low (0.2%–0.7%). Peaks of the activity were between 17:00 and 21:00 (a1 = 0.8%; a2 = 1.3%; a3 = 1.8%). The a3 dealt with the beak-abrasive materials to a significantly greater extent in the period from 13:00 to 17:00 (0.8%) and from 17:00 to 21:00 (1.8%) than the a1 (0.2% and 0.8%, respectively). Due to the use of the beak-abrasive materials, the mortality rate decreased the most in the genotypes that used them (a1 with beak-abrasive material 0.0% vs. C1 9.4%; a2 with beak-abrasive material 2.9% vs. C2 12.4%; a3 with beak-abrasive material) 15.4% vs. C3 5.7%). It can be concluded that the insertion of beak-abrasive materials increased the behavioral repertoire of hens, which is particularly beneficial from an animal welfare point of view. Further and longer-term research is needed to determine whether the insertion of the beak-abrasive material has a beneficial effect on the mortality data of the experimental groups through enrichment, either through physical abrasion of the beak or both.

Research into the Disintegration of Abrasive Materials in the Abrasive Water Jet Machining Process

The size and distribution of abrasive particles have a significant influence on the effectiveness of the cutting process by the high-speed abrasive water jet (AWJ). This paper deals with the disintegration intensity of abrasive materials in AWJ cutting during the creation of the abrasive jet. An evaluation of the abrasive materials was performed after forming in the cutting head was carried out and grain distribution was evaluated using the geometric and logarithmic Folk and Ward method. The influence of the abrasive concentration of abrasive materials such as alluvial garnet, recycled garnet, corundum, and olivine on grain distribution was studied. A recovery analysis was also carried out and the recycling coefficient was determined for each abrasive material tested.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) From Tenggiri Fish Bones As Abrasive Material In Toothpaste Formula

Cavities are one of the factors of dental and oral health problems that can be prevented by brushing teeth using toothpaste. Toothpaste can be made from a variety of chemicals, one of which is hydroxyapatite (HAp) which has good biocompatible properties. Hydroxyapatite can be obtained by utilizing tenggiri fish bone waste which has the main element of calcium. Fish bones soaked with NaOH and acetone are then calcined at 800 °C for 3 hours to obtain CaO powder and characterized its elemental content using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). CaO obtained was then reacted with (NH4)2HPO4 with a mole ratio of Ca/P 1.67 then heated at 90 °C, added NaOH up to pH 12, then the obtained deposits are filtered and calcined at 900 °C. The solids obtained from the calcination are then characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was formulated into toothpaste with the concentrations of 0% (F0), 45% (F1), 50% (F2), and 55% (F3). Toothpaste was evaluated using organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, foam height tests, dispersability tests, pH and hedonic tests. XRD analysis shows that the resulting hydroxyapatite (HAp) has a crystal structure in accordance with ICSD standard No. 96-900-3549. SEM analysis showed that granular particles measuring 0.1 μm–0.3 μm in size. All formulated toothpastes (F0, F1, F2, and F3) meet the requirements of a good toothpaste. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be formulated into a good toothpaste with a concentration of 45%.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) From Tenggiri Fish Bones As Abrasive Material In Toothpaste Formula

Cavities are one of the factors of dental and oral health problems that can be prevented by brushing teeth using toothpaste. Toothpaste can be made from a variety of chemicals, one of which is hydroxyapatite (HAp) which has good biocompatible properties. Hydroxyapatite can be obtained by utilizing tenggiri fish bone waste which has the main element of calcium. Fish bones soaked with NaOH and acetone are then calcined at 800 °C for 3 hours to obtain CaO powder and characterized its elemental content using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). CaO obtained was then reacted with (NH4)2HPO4 with a mole ratio of Ca/P 1.67 then heated at 90 °C, added NaOH up to pH 12, then the obtained deposits are filtered and calcined at 900 °C. The solids obtained from the calcination are then characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was formulated into toothpaste with the concentrations of 0% (F0), 45% (F1), 50% (F2), and 55% (F3). Toothpaste was evaluated using organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, foam height tests, spreadability tests, pH and hedonic tests. XRD analysis shows that the resulting hydroxyapatite (HAp) has a crystal structure in accordance with ICSD standard No. 96-900-3549. SEM analysis showed that granular particles measuring 0.1 μm–0.3 μm in size. All formulated toothpastes (F0, F1, F2, and F3) meet the requirements of a good toothpaste. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be formulated into a good toothpaste with a concentration of 45%.