scholarly journals Parents know best: transgenerational predator recognition through parental effects

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9340
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Atherton ◽  
Mark I. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Predator Treatment ◽  
Parental Exposure ◽  
Specific Predator ◽  
First Time ◽  
Predator Odour

In highly biodiverse systems, such as coral reefs, prey species are faced with predatory threats from numerous species. Recognition of predators can be innate, or learned, and can help increase the chance of survival. Research suggests that parental exposure to increased predatory threats can affect the development, behaviour, and ultimately, success of their offspring. Breeding pairs of damselfish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) were subjected to one of three olfactory and visual treatments (predator, herbivore, or control), and their developing embryos were subsequently exposed to five different chemosensory cues. Offspring of parents assigned to the predator treatment exhibited a mean increase in heart rate two times greater than that of offspring from parents in herbivore or control treatments. This increased reaction to a parentally known predator odour suggests that predator-treated parents passed down relevant threat information to their offspring, via parental effects. This is the first time transgenerational recognition of a specific predator has been confirmed in any species. This phenomenon could influence predator-induced mortality rates and enable populations to adaptively respond to fluctuations in predator composition and environmental changes.

scholarly journals Embryonic exposure to predator odour modulates visual lateralization in cuttlefish

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1752) ◽  
pp. 20122575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Jozet-Alves ◽  
Marie Hébert
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Embryonic Exposure ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
High Predation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Predator Odour ◽  
Stimulation Of

Predation pressure acts on the behaviour and morphology of prey species. In fish, the degree of lateralization varies between high- and low-predation populations. While lateralization appears to be widespread in invertebrates, we do not know whether heredity and early experience interact during development as in vertebrates. Here we show, for the first time, that an exposure to predator odour prior to hatching modulates visual lateralization in newly hatched cuttlefish. Only cuttlefish that have been exposed to predator odour display a left-turning bias when tested with blank seawater in a T-shaped apparatus. Exposure to predator odour all the incubation long could appear as an acute predictor of a high-predation surrounding environment. In addition, cuttlefish of all groups display a left-turning preference when tested with predator odour in the apparatus. This suggests the ability of cuttlefish to innately recognize predator odour. To our knowledge, this is the first clear demonstration that lateralization is vulnerable to ecological challenges encountered during embryonic life, and that environmental stimulation of the embryo through the olfactory system could influence the development of subsequent visual lateralization.

scholarly journals On Dynamics of Gender-Specific Mortality Among the Population of the Republic of Belarus in the Second Half of the XX – the Beginning of the XXI Centuries

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Romanova ◽  
O Krasko
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Crude Mortality ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Population Mortality

Aim of the study: to evaluate the dynamics and to make a comparative analysis of male and female mortality among the population of Belarus Republic during 1959 – 2015.Materials and methods. The data on natural population movement in the Republic of Belarus during 1959 – 2015 have been analyzed in the research work. Crude and standardized mortality rates have been calculated using the direct standardization according to the world standard (Standard “World”), approved by WHO. JoinPoint software was used to investigate time trends as well as office suite MSEXCEL 2010.Results of the study. The minimum values of male and female crude and standardized mortality rates were established in 1964. Throughout the study period, the male population mortality rate grew 1.8-fold (based on crude rates – 2.4-fold), the female population mortality rate – 1.6-fold (based on crude rates – 2.2-fold). During 1985 – 2005, the differences in crude mortality rates among men and women grew 1.2-fold, and during 1962 – 2011, the differences in standardized rates increased 1.8-fold. Since 2003, the mortality rate among men and since 1999, the death rate among women has declined with an annual decrease rate to be more than twice as high as compared to an annual mortality increase registered during its growth.Conclusion. Since the 1960s, the changes in population age structure of the male and female population affected the crude mortality rates. The male and female mortality growth is due to an increased unfavorable impact of combined environmental factors. The adaptive capacity of women to sustain environmental changes contributed to their later entry into the period of mortality growth, as compared to men. The mortality rate reduction in men since 2003 and the excess of a decrease over an increase rate is associated with a set of state measures aimed at protecting and strengthening the public health in the republic.

Emergent Facilitation among Predators on Size-Structured Prey

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
André M. de Roos ◽  
Lennart Persson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Specific Predator ◽  
Specialist Predators

This chapter discusses a variety of positive interactions between predators foraging on different stages of the same prey species, which all emerge owing to the biomass overcompensation that may occur in prey life history stages in response to increased mortality. These interactions include emergent facilitation of specialist predators by generalists that forage on the same prey individuals as the specialists, but in addition forage on smaller or larger prey individuals as well. Furthermore, the chapter shows that two predators that specialize on different life-history stages of prey can facilitate each other to the extent that one predator relies on the presence of the other for its persistence. A stage-specific predator may act as a catalyst species, which promotes and in fact is necessary for the invasion of another predator species, but is subsequently outcompeted by the latter.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of Anopheles (Kerteszia) (Diptera: Culicidae) Using Mitochondrial Genes

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Kirchgatter ◽  
Lilian de Oliveira Guimarães ◽  
Henrry Hugo Yañez Trujillano ◽  
Fernando Rafael Arias ◽  
Abraham Cáceres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Serra Do Mar ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
First Time

Identification of mosquito species is necessary for determining the entomological components of malaria transmission, but it can be difficult in morphologically similar species. DNA sequences are largely used as an additional tool for species recognition, including those that belong to species complexes. Kerteszia mosquitoes are vectors of human and simian malaria in the Neotropical Region, but there are few DNA sequences of Kerteszia species in public databases. In order to provide relevant information about diversity and improve knowledge in taxonomy of Kerteszia species in Peru, we sequenced part of the mitochondrial genome, including the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcode region. Phylogenetic analyses structured all species of mosquitoes collected in Peru into a single clade, separate from the Brazilian species. The Peruvian clade was composed of two lineages, encompassing sequences from Anopheles (Kerteszia) boliviensis and Anopheles (Kerteszia) pholidotus. An. pholidotus sequences were recorded for the first time in Peru, whereas An. boliviensis sequences were for the first time published in the GenBank database. Sequences generated from specimens morphologically identified as Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii clustered into three separate clades according to the collection localities of Serra do Mar, Serra da Mantiqueira, and Serra da Cantareira, confirming An. cruzii as a species complex, composed of at least three putative species.

scholarly journals Achieving similar root microbiota composition in neighbouring plants through airborne signalling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Gi Kong ◽  
Geun Cheol Song ◽  
Hee-Jung Sim ◽  
Choong-Min Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Tomato Seedling ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
The Status ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbial Community

Abstract The ability to recognize and respond to environmental signals is essential for plants. In response to environmental changes, the status of a plant is transmitted to other plants in the form of signals such as volatiles. Root-associated bacteria trigger the release of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the impact of VOCs on the rhizosphere microbial community of neighbouring plants is not well understood. Here, we investigated the effect of VOCs on the rhizosphere microbial community of tomato plants inoculated with a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GB03 and that of their neighbouring plants. Interestingly, high similarity (up to 69%) was detected in the rhizosphere microbial communities of the inoculated and neighbouring plants. Leaves of the tomato plant treated with strain GB03-released β-caryophyllene as a signature VOC, which elicited the release of a large amount of salicylic acid (SA) in the root exudates of a neighbouring tomato seedling. The exposure of tomato leaves to β-caryophyllene resulted in the secretion of SA from the root. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the composition of the rhizosphere microbiota in surrounding plants is synchronized through aerial signals from plants.

Scarce population of malacofauna from MIS8/L3, at Titel loess plateau, Serbia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Radaković ◽  
Bojan Gavrilović ◽  
Luka Bosnić ◽  
Milivoj Gavrilov ◽  
Pal Sümegi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Exposed Part ◽  
Glacial Periods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Continental Climate ◽  
Vojvodina Province

<p>We present our preliminary findings from the survey of malacofauna of the Titel loess plateau – Mošorin site (Serbia), conducted during 2018/2019. Titel loess plateau is situated near the confluence of Tisa and Danube rivers, in the southern central part of the Vojvodina province, the region known for having valuable continental climate record for the past million years. The study aims to gather palaeoenvironmental data and discern patterns of environmental changes during the Pleistocene in the loess domain. Previous surveys were done at the loess sites in Batajnica, Zemun, Crvenka and Irig. The exposed part of the Mošorin loess-paleosol section is 30 m high and covers the last three glacial periods. It is the first time we carried out a malacological analysis on the L3 segment of the profile. A total of 26 samples were collected from 5.2 m long cleaned profile section (ending of S3 to the beginning of S2). Nine species of snails were present in this horizon, including <em>Chondrula tridens</em>, <em>Granaria frumentum</em>, <em>Helicopsis striata</em>, <em>Pupilla muscorum</em>, <em>Pupilla triplicata</em>, <em>Punctum pygmaeum</em>, <em>Succinella oblonga</em>, <em>Vallonia costata</em>, <em>Vitrina pellucida,</em> and certain as-yet-unidentified slug taxa (Limacidae, Agriolimacidae, Milacidae). Greatest diversity and abundance was found near the S3 paleosol. Samples with no snail shells are continuous, and they are situated in the middle and upper part of the studied profile section. The first three samples that are closest to S3 include 65% of all snails shells found in the profile. The number of snail taxa and their abundance gradually increases again toward the S2 paleosol. Based on ecological preferences of discovered species (mostly thermophilous and xerophilous) we deduced that the environment during the L3 time period was an opened grassland, while the climate was mild and mostly dry.</p>

scholarly journals Sexual selection drives the evolution of wing interference patterns

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Hawkes ◽  
E Duffy ◽  
R Joag ◽  
A Skeats ◽  
J Radwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Sexual Attractiveness ◽  
Courtship Display ◽  
Structural Coloration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Selection For ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe seemingly transparent wings of many insects have recently been found to display dramatic structural coloration. These structural colours (wing interference patterns: WIPs) may be involved in species recognition and mate choice, yet little is known about the evolutionary processes that shape them. Additionally, existing research has been restricted by analysing WIPs without due consideration of how they are actually perceived by the viewers’ colour vision. Here, we use multispectral digital imaging and a model ofDrosophilavision to compare WIPs of male and femaleDrosophila simulansfrom replicate populations forced to evolve with or without sexual selection for 68 generations. We show for the first time that WIPs modelled inDrosophilavision evolve in response to sexual selection, and confirm that WIPs correlate with male sexual attractiveness. These findings add a new element to the otherwise well describedDrosophilacourtship display and confirm that wing colours evolve through sexual selection.

scholarly journals Enterobacter Asburea in Intravenous Infection in Neonatal Born

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Neonatal Care ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Preterm Baby ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
Neonatal Care Unit ◽  
Prolonged Hospital ◽  
Enterobacter Asburiae ◽  
First Time

Introduction: Enterobacter asburiae (E. asburiae) is a facultative anaerobic rarely isolated in neonatal care; the nosocomial infections continue to be a serious problem, associated with increased mortality rates, immediate and long-term morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and increased cost of care, because of resistant of this specie. Objective: it’s un nosocomial infection of blood, that the first time it’s determined in neonatal hospitalization CHU Mohamed VI Marrakech. Observation: We report in this subject a case of a preterm baby had a septicemia secondary to enterobacter asburea it’s the first time this mirogerme founded in CHU, resulting from contaminated intravenous fluid hospitalized in neonatal care unit, in CHU Mohamed VI Marrakech Conclusion: the case reported in this work pushes us to deepen investigations concerning the resistance and the clinical evolution of the affected patients.

scholarly journals Vehicular Fleet Expansion and Accidents Variation Numbers: A Contribution to the Analysis of the D. Pedro I-Tamoios Exporter Road Axis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Estevão Brasil Ruas Vernalha ◽  
Sônia Regina da Cal Seixas ◽  
João Luiz de Moraes Hoefel
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vehicle Accident ◽  
Pedro I ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Transport Accidents

Aims: This paper aims to analyse the evolution of the fleet of vehicles on the D. Pedro I Export Corridor Axis, in the period 1998-2016 and its potential relationship with vehicle accident mortality rates with two municipalities cut by this route - Atibaia and Caraguatatuba. Study Design:  The focus was to investigate to what extent the intensification of the current fleet can be related as a factor directly responsible for the increase of the occurrence of accidents, using as an indicator for this measurement the mortality rate due to accidents of Traffic. Place and Duration of Study: Study realized in São Paulo State, Brazil, for 36 months, from July 2015 to July 2018. The data used and analysed to diverse indicators were from 1998 to 2016. Methodology: The methodology for the analysis of the intensification of the current fleet in the studied region was based on the comparison between the evolution figures of the fleets and the mortality rates due to transport accidents. In this way, all values were arranged on an identical horizontal axis (referring to the years), to show possible correlations. Results: The relationship between the circulation fleet increase and the increase of accidents represents the negative impact of the processes of social and environmental changes that are occurring in the region. These processes link urbanisation, risks and vulnerability due to the lack of adequate urban planning and road safety infrastructure that exposes the population of these municipalities to a higher risk of accidents. Conclusion: The data on the evolution of vehicle fleet in the exporting Corridor unequivocally evidences an accelerated urbanisation process, while mortality rates indicate the absence or inefficiency of public sector-oriented police and the health of the population, which hinder this process and may indicate negative impacts on society as a whole.

scholarly journals First record of Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872 from the cold and arid conditions of Ladakh in India (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopini)

Osmia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Umer Bin Farook ◽  
Munazah Yaqoob ◽  
Mudasir Gani ◽  
Fons Verheyde
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
First Record ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Union Territory

The presence of Xylocopa valga is reported for the first time from the high altitudes of Union Territory of Ladakh (more than 3,000 m above sea level), India. Several bees were observed in the area from May 2019 to September 2020, where it is considered to be a pest because of its aptness for making nests in residential and commercial buildings. The species has likely expanded its geographical area due to environmental changes. It is important to disseminate knowledge among Ladakh people about this bee to ensure the preservation of its populations.

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