Exploratory Factor Analysis: Conceptualization, Reliability and Validity of Job Performance

Abstract Background Advances in technology and the expansion of nursing roles have led to complex ethical issues in nursing. Nursing students are the future clinical nursing workers and practitioners. The ethical sensitivity of nursing students is very important to the professional development of nursing students, which can strengthen the ethical cognition of nursing students, improve the ethical decision-making ability of nursing students, and is beneficial to the development of nursing students in the process of clinical practice and nursing education. However, there are no instruments to evaluate the ethical sensitivity of nursing students in China. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire for Nursing Students (ESQ-NS). Methods After obtaining the authorization of the author of the original scale, the study used the Brislin back-translation method for translation. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to examine the underlying factor structure of the translated questionnaire. The Cronbach alpha coefficient, the test-retest reliability, and the corrected item-total correlation were calculated to verify the internal consistency of the scale. Results The Chinese version of ESQ-NS retained 13 items. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) extracts four common factors, and the cumulative variance contribution rate is 62.479%. The CFA reached the adaptive standard, and the discriminant validity of the scale was good. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of this scale was 0.821, and 4 dimensions were between 0.708 and 0.738. The results of the test-retest showed that Pearson’s correlation coefficient of the overall ESQ-NS was 0.814. Corrected item-total correlation ranged from 0.337 to 0.542. Conclusions The Chinese version of the ESQ-NS has good reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate the level of ethical sensitivity of nursing students in China.

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Islamic bank selection criteria in Nigeria: a model development

Journal of Islamic Marketing ◽

10.1108/jima-06-2019-0123 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1837-1849

Author(s):

Precious Chikezie Ezeh ◽

Anayo D. Nkamnebe

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Selection Criteria ◽

Model Development ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Primary Data ◽

Islamic Banking ◽

Islamic Ethics ◽

Content Type ◽

Islamic Bank

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the study of Islamic bank choice and to test the significant importance of the constructs that influence bank customers to choose Islamic bank in a pluralistic-secular nation. Design/methodology/approach Total of 348 conventional and Islamic bank customers were sampled. Five-point Likert-type question containing 27 bank selection items was used in collecting primary data. Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability and average variance extracted are used to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. Also various descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and one sample T-test are equally used in analyzing the work. Findings Exploratory factor analysis identified four factors. They are Islamic ethics, convenience, Islamic bank services awareness and physical evidence. Furthermore, the factors that show significant importance in the choice of Islamic banking are Islamic ethics and Islamic bank services awareness. The result equally shows that people are aware of Islamic banking. Practical implications This study provides insight on the factors that influence the selection of Islamic banking, an innovative banking concept. This study has obvious management and theory implications. Also, the study will assist the bank managers in developing effective marketing strategy to increase the market share. Originality/value This study reports Islamic banking selection criteria in a pluralistic-secular Nation. The study also developed a model that can be used in studying the choice of Islamic bank in special type of environment. Thus, Islamic banking is a new reality in the Nigerian financial scene.

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The Chemosensory Pleasure Scale: A New Assessment for Measuring Hedonic Smell and Taste Capacities

Chemical Senses ◽

10.1093/chemse/bjz040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (7) ◽

pp. 457-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jiu-Bo Zhao ◽

Yi-Le Wang ◽

Qian-Wen Ma ◽

Jing-Bo Zhao ◽

Xiao-Yuan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Clinical Feature ◽

Valid Measure ◽

Empirical Validity ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Hedonic Capacity

Abstract Anhedonia, or the inability to experience pleasure, is a key clinical feature of many mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. Although various valid measurements of anhedonia and pleasure experience exist, no scales exist that quantify smell and taste pleasure experiences. The Chemosensory Pleasure Scale (CPS) was therefore designed to assess the hedonic capacity for smell and taste pleasure. We examined the reliability and validity of the CPS in our study. First, we conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify and examine the structure of the CPS. Second, the CPS’s validity and test-retest stability were investigated. The CPS was correlated with other measurements of anhedonia and pleasure experience. Furthermore, the empirical validity of CPS was also examined in our study. The results indicated that the CPS is a reliable and valid measure for assessing an individual’s hedonic capacity for smell and taste pleasure in nonclinical samples. Further application of the CPS for various populations is also discussed herein, especially for patients with mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and autism.

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A Study on the Competence Characteristics of Psychological Hotline Counselors During the Outbreak of COVID-19

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.566460 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Linyu You ◽

Xiaoming Jia ◽

Yaping Ding ◽

Qin An ◽

Bo Li

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Average Score ◽

Second Phase ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Competence Scale ◽

Psychological Assistance

Introduction: After the outbreak of COVID-19, psychological hotlines functioned as a main channel of psychological assistance and required a large number of professionals to provide services. These hotlines mostly offered a single-use service with short session times and allowed callers to retain anonymity. They functioned as a psychological counseling service for stress experienced in the COVID-19 public health emergency. Hotline psychological counselors must meet special competency requirements. The selection and evaluation tools for recruiting hotline counselors need to be developed.Materials and Methods: The initial scale of competence for psychological hotline counselors was formed by expert evaluation based on theoretical constructs and by using the Delphi method. A link to the questionnaire was sent to a WeChat group of counselors from 36 major psychological hotlines in China in two stages. The questionnaire consisted of questions to elicit basic demographic information and the initial competence scale. In the first phase, 343 valid samples were used to perform exploratory factor analysis. In the second phase, 334 valid samples were used to perform confirmatory factor analysis. The status of the competence of psychological hotline counselors was also analyzed.Results: The factor structure of the Psychological Hotline Counselor Competence Scale was verified and defined in terms of skills, attitude, and knowledge. The results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale has good reliability and validity (χ2/df = 1.758, GFI = 0.86, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.96, NFI = 0.91, NNFI = 0.95). The McDonald’s omega for each factor was calculated (ωF1 = 0.927, 95%CI [0.914, 0.940]; ωF2 = 0.958, 95%CI [0.951, 0.965]; ωF3 = 0.954, 95%CI [0.945, 0.961]). Meanwhile, it was found that the psychological hotline counselors’ self-assessed competence had a high average score (n = 334).Conclusion: The Competence Scale for Psychological Hotline Counselors for Major Public Emergencies developed in this study has good reliability and validity, and can be a reliable tool for organizing psychological assistance and screening hotline psychological counselors during public emergencies in the future.

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Korean Version of the Stroke Rehabilitation Motivation Scale: Reliability and Validity Evaluation

Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine ◽

10.5535/arm.2020.44.1.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 11-19

Author(s):

Mina Park ◽

Ji-Yeong Lee ◽

Yeajin Ham ◽

Sang-Wook Oh ◽

Joon-Ho Shin

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Stroke Rehabilitation ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Validity Test ◽

Korean Version ◽

Motivation Scale

Objective To translate the Stroke Rehabilitation Motivation Scale (SRMS), developed to evaluate the motivation level of stroke patients during rehabilitation, into the Korean language and to verify the reliability and validity of the Korean version of SRMS (K-SRMS).Methods The K-SRMS was developed following a structured process that included translation, verification, compromise assessment, reverse translation, feedback, and final correction. K-SRMS reliability was evaluated by performing internal consistency and test–retest analyses. The reliability test was conducted in 50 stroke patients. Its validity was assessed by comparing the K-SRMS with the scale and performing exploratory factor analysis. The validity test was conducted in 102 stroke patients.Results The test–retest analysis showed good reliability, and the internal consistency of the K-SRMS was similar to that of the original version for all, except 4, items. Thus, these 4 items were excluded, and then the validity test was conducted. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that the K-SRMS score was significantly correlated with the BAS total score (Pearson r=0.207, p<0.05). In the exploratory factor analysis, K-SRMS items were categorized into 7 groups (factors), and factors 1 and 4 showed mutual concordance with K-SRMS subscales, including intrinsic motivation factors and amotivation, respectively.Conclusion The newly developed K-SRMS showed good reliability and validity. It could also be used as a tool to objectify the degree of motivation for rehabilitation among stroke patients in clinical care and research.

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Preliminary Analysis of Employee Needs Inventory Assessment (ENAI): Reliability and Validity

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development ◽

10.33736/jcshd.1752.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 88-101

Author(s):

Mohd Razali Othman ◽

Nor Mazlina Ghazali ◽

Suraida Abdullah ◽

Mohd Izzat Syafiq Mohd Razali

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Needs Assessment ◽

Work Environment ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Interpersonal Relationship ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Validity Assessment ◽

Spiritual Work ◽

Employee Needs

The aim of this study is to develop and assess the validity and reliability of Employee Needs Assessment Inventory (ENAI). Employee Needs Assessment Inventory (ENAI) aims to screen employees’ problem and measured eight scale namely health, financial, family, spiritual, work, career, interpersonal relationship and work environment. The instrument is developed based on Ecological Theory by Bronfenbrenner (1979). The questionnaire is distributed to 1113 employees in selected public university in Malaysia. The reliability of the instrument is measured using internal consistence reliability (Cronbach Alpha). The construct validity is measured by Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The result indicated a coefficient alpha is 0.96 for the 76 ENAI items. The coefficient alphas for the eight subscales were as follows: 0.89 for health, 0.79 for financial, 0.86 for family, 0.83 for spiritual, 0.88 for work, 0.85 for career, 0.90 for interpersonal relationship and 0.89 for work environment. The study founds the instrument is valid and reliable. Keywords: Reliability; Validity; Assessment; Employee; Exploratory factor analysis

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Forgiveness flexibility scale for secondary education: Validity and reliability studyOrtaöğretim öğrencilerinde affetme esnekliği ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687/jhs.v14i1.3578 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tuğba Seda Çolak ◽

Mustafa Koç ◽

Halime Eker ◽

Betül Düşünceli

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Secondary Education ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Test Reliability ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Education Students ◽

Reliability Study ◽

Reliability Method ◽

Valid Instrument

The aim of the study is to develop a scale which determines forgiveness flexibility level of secondary education students and to test reliability and validity of the scale. The study was actualized with 651 secondary education students. As result of exploratory factor analysis, which was used to test structure validity of the scale, a structure which explains 45.5% variance of total scale was attained. According to results of exploratory factor analysis, total 14 items collected at three factors. Factors were identified as recognition of forgiveness, internalization of forgiveness and practice of genuine forgiveness. When scale’s reliability study was made by split-half reliability method, correlation found .71 (p<.01). It can be said based on the findings that Forgiveness Flexibility Scale High School Form is a reliable and valid instrument which can be used in the fields of education and psychology. ÖzetAraştırmanın amacı, ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde affetme esnekliğini belirleyen bir ölçek geliştirmek ve ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliğini test etmektir. Araştırma 651 ortaöğretim öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini test etmek için kullanılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin toplam varyansının %45.5’ini açıklayan bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonuçlarına göre; toplam 14 madde, üç faktörde toplanmaktadır. Faktörler affetmeyi tanıma, affetmeyi içselleştirme ve gerçek affetmeyi uygulama olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirlik çalışması testi ikiye ayırma yöntemi ile gerçekleştirildiğinde .71 (p<.01) korelasyon bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara dayanarak Affetme Esnekliği Lise Formu Ölçeğinin eğitim ve psikoloji alanında kullanılabilecek, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

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Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Brief-Mindful Self-Care Scale: A Translation and Validation Study

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715507 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Zhen Yang ◽

Fengmin Chen ◽

Siqi Liu ◽

Ming Dai ◽

Huijun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Self Care ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Chinese Version ◽

Hospice Nurses ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Objective: This study aimed to translate the Brief-Mindful Self-Care Scale (B-MSCS) into Chinese and validate its reliability and validity among hospice nurses.Methods: A total of 510 hospice nurses were recruited from three provinces in China. The reliability of the translated scale was measured by internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability. The validity of the translated scale was evaluated by expert consultation, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis.Results: The Cronbach's α value of the Chinese version of B-MSCS was 0.920, and the Cronbach's α value of the dimensions ranged from 0.850 to 0.933. The split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were 0.770 and 0.723, respectively. Furthermore, the content validity index of the scale (S-CVI) was 0.946. The 6-factor structure, supported by the eigenvalues, total variance explained, and scree plot were obtained by using exploratory factor analysis. Moreover, as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the model fitting indexes were all in the acceptable range.Conclusion: The Chinese version of B-MSCS had suitable reliability and validity among hospice nurses. The developed scale will evaluate the level of mindful self-care of Chinese hospice nurses, providing an opportunity for development of targeted educational plans. Each item is a direct guide for hospice nurses to develop their mindful self-care practice.

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The Empirical Research on Information Innovation System - Evidence from the 322 Questionnaires in China’s Enterprises

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1044 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 452-453 ◽

pp. 1044-1048

Author(s):

Din Wei Song ◽

Ming Xing Li ◽

Tong Jian Zhang

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Empirical Research ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Innovation System ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Total Sample ◽

Load Factor ◽

Chinese Enterprises ◽

Information Construction

In order to reveal the incentive functions of information technology innovation during the process of information construction, factor analysis is used in this paper. By exploratory factor analysis, reliability and validity test, SEM can effectively reveal the correlation between different information technology elements in Chinese enterprises. For illustration, 322 copies of questionnaires are sent out, 297 questionnaires are returned and the response rate is 89%. The total sample of 138 is randomly selected for exploratory factor analysis. The empirical results show that the validity of the sample structure is strong, and each indicator in the corresponding volume is greater than the load factor of 0.5 on the threshold. The empirical research has revealed information technology microcosmic mechanism in the process of information construction, which can provide the effective theoretical references for enterprises to further strengthen the information construction and raise the management efficiency.

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Reliability and Validity of Household Disaster Preparedness Index (HDPI)

10.32592/ircmj.2020.22.12.281 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Content Validity ◽

Disaster Preparedness ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Face Validity ◽

Acceptable Range ◽

Household Preparedness

Introduction: The preparedness of families for the disasters can set auspicious grounds for the preparedness of the whole society. In Iran health system, Household Disaster Preparedness Index (HDPI) that is composed of 15 items is applied for assessing the household preparedness in disasters. This study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of this index. Methods: In order to investigate the HDPI reliability, we two methods, namely internal consistency and stability determination, are. In order to investigate HDPI validity, we examined the face validity, content validity and construct validity. To do so, besides interviewing with the experts and family heads, 200 families were selected based on multistage cluster sampling method from amongst a study population that included the families in all the counties in Isfahan Province. Use has been made in content validity investigation of both qualitative and quantitative methods; and, in investigating the construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was the method of choice. Results: The amount of HDPI internal consistency was calculated 0.786 which is in an acceptable range. HDPI stability, as well, was computed 0.98 using the test-retest method which is also in an optimal level. Therefore, it can be stated that HDPI enjoys the required reliability. Investigation of HDPI face validity indicated that the families have problems in perceiving some of the items of this index. The experts presented suggestions for improving the HDPI content validity following the qualitative investigation of the content validity. In the investigation of the content validity ratio (CVR), all the items, except the ones numbered 1, 3 and 4 were in an acceptable range; however, the investigation of the content validity index (CVI) indicated that only the validity of the items numbered 12 and 13 was acceptable in terms of all the three scales of relevancy, clarity and simplicity. To determine the construct validity, we used exploratory factor analysis to extract five factors (subscales), namely reduction of vulnerability, planning for disasters, family empowerment, procurement of resources for disasters and specialized programs. The internal consistency of these subscales indicated that only the internal consistencies of the first and the second factors were in an acceptable range. Conclusion: The present study revealed that although HDPI was a reliable measure, it did not enjoy the required validity for assessing the household preparedness in disasters.

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