Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia and its Associated Factors among Reproductive Age Women in a Rural Area of Karaikal, Puducherry, India

AbstractObjectiveTo quantify the potential effect of iron defortification in the USA on iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA).MethodsMonte Carlo models were built to simulate iron nutrition in the US population. A hypothetical cohort of 15 000 persons from the general population was used in 15-year simulations to compare the prevalence of IDA with and without fortification.ResultsWith iron fortification, the prevalence of IDA was 2.4% for children aged 3–5 years, 5.4% for women aged 20–49 years, and 0.14% for men aged 20–49 years. The corresponding IDA estimates under iron defortification were 4.5%, 8.2% and 0.46%, respectively. Defortification had little effect on the distribution of iron indicators at or above the 50th percentile within each of these three groups and little effect on the distributions of iron indicators among adult men.ConclusionIron defortification is likely to increase IDA among children and women of reproductive age, but is not likely to have meaningful effects on the iron status of men or the majority of women and children.

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Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia among the Reproductive Age Group Women Attending the Unani Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2020/44851.14340 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mazharul Islam ◽

Atiya Khan ◽

Arish Mohammad Khan Sherwani

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Reproductive Age Group

Introduction: Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency. Globally, nearly two billion people are affected by anaemia. This disease most often affects children, women of child-bearing age, and pregnant women. Nearly half of the pregnant women in the world are estimated to be anaemic. Its prevalence varies according to region and socio-economic conditions. The majority of those who are anaemic live in developing countries where the problem is exacerbated by limited access to inadequate resources and appropriate treatment. Aim: To find out the prevalence of IDA in the reproductive age group women and its associated factors. Materials and Methods: This hospital based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 females, of age group 15-49 years. After obtaining the written informed consent, eligible subjects were inquired about socio-demographic variables, socio-economic status, anthropometric measurements and risk factors. Required investigations were done. All the information was recorded on the semi-structured schedule form. Chi-square/Fisher’s-exact test was used to find the significance of study parameters on categorical scale between two or more groups. Results: Prevalence of IDA was found to be 42% (168/400). Prevalence of IDA was significant with habitat (p=0.0180), exercise (p=0.0004), amount of blood loss during menstruation (p<0.0001), duration of flow during menstruation, (p=0.0020), consumption of fish (p=0.0002), consumption of legumes (p=0.002), consumption of green leafy vegetable (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Results confirmed an increased prevalence of IDA in women of reproductive age group.

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"A clinical study to assess efficacy of rasapachaka kashaya in rasapradoshaja vyadhi - panduroga (iron deficiency anaemia) in females in reproductive age."

National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science ◽

10.52482/ayurlog.v8i02.556 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Sonal Lohiya

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Modern Science ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Muscle Cramp ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Blood Indices ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Loss Of Appetite

Background: Pandu is a Rasa Pradoshaja Vyadhi described by Acharya Charaka. Pandu causes extreme debility as it is dominated by the symptoms like Palpitation, Fatigue, Dyspnoea on exertion etc, due to the vitiation of Rasa and Rakta Dhatu, which are the essential factors for nourishment of body. There is a correlation of Pandu with Anaemia of Modern science. Females in reproductive age are more susceptible for Iron Deficiency Anaemia due to regular menstrual flow and dietary inadequacies and ultimately suffer complications in pregnancy as well in delivery. The present clinical study was conducted to assess efficacy of Rasapachaka Kashaya in Rasapradoshaja Vyadhi - Panduroga (Iron Deficiency Anaemia) in females in reproductive age. Methods: Total 30 female patients of Panduroga in the age group 18-45 years were selected randomly. The study subjects were given Rasapachaka Kashaya in the dose of 1 gm twice a day after meals. Total study duration was of 90 days and assessment was done before initiation of study and at the end of every month. Results: The relief in symptom scores such as Panduta (Pallor), Hrutspandan (Palpitation), Shunakshikut (Periorbital oedema), Daurbalya (Weakness), Hatanal (Loss of Appetite), Arohanayas (Exhaustion during climbing), Pindikodveshta (Calf muscle cramp), Aruchi (Anorexia), Shrama (fatigue), Bhrama (giddiness) and Nidralu (Sleepiness) symptom was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Statistically significant difference was observed in objective parameters such as Haemoglobin level and RBC count (p < 0.05 and < 0.001 respectively) also in PCV and MCMC after 3 months of treatment. No significant improvement was noticed in blood indices such as MCV and MCH. WBC count found to be improved to significant level whereas ESR showed decline to statistically significant level. No significant change in Platelet count was seen over a period of three months, i. e. completion of treatment. Conclusion: The Rasapachaka Kashaya is found to be effective in the management of Rasapradoshaja Vyadhi– Panduroga in females in reproductive age.

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Anaemia prevalence and its associated factors in children under 5 years in Western China: a systematic review

BMJ Paediatrics Open ◽

10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001185 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e001185

Author(s):

Yefan Du ◽

Ying Liao ◽

Fangqun Leng ◽

Linhua Li ◽

Ruixue Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Low Income ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Linear Trend ◽

Western China ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Children Under 5

BackgroundIron-deficiency anaemia disproportionately affects children in low-income and middle-income areas; Western China is a prime example. Given the health risks associated with childhood anaemia and the large heterogeneity of published studies on this subject, we conducted a systematic review of the evidence regarding anaemia prevalence and associated factors in children under 5 years in Western China.MethodsWe searched for all relevant studies on the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China, obtaining research between 1 January 2011 and 30 June 2021, in English and Chinese from Medline, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts; three reviewed full texts of relevant articles for data extraction and performed quality assessments. The median prevalence was calculated on unweighted pooling, stratified by region, sex, age and ethnic group. Associated factors and a linear trend chart were conducted to identify trends and research highlights.ResultsAmong the 55 articles included, most were cross-sectional studies (39, 70.91%). The prevalence of anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China ranged from 3.69% to 75.74% (median 42.54% (IQR 25.62%–52.56%)); the highest levels were in Qinghai province: 59.10%–75.74% (median 67.80% (IQR 64.70%–72.75%)); the highest levels were reported in the subgroup of children aged 6–12 months (median 50.09% (IQR 34.35%–59.04%)). Regional contexts, individual sociodemographic characteristics and feeding behaviours, and nutritional programme interventions were factors associated with anaemia prevalence.ConclusionThe prevalence of anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China is concerningly high. For this multiethnic and economically underdeveloped region, more high-quality and prospective studies are needed to inform evidence based and targeted preventive strategies to decrease the high prevalence of anaemia among young children.

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Menstrual status and obstetrical history influencing prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among reproductive age women in rural area

Materials Today Proceedings ◽

10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.966 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Swati Rai ◽

Sunita Mishra

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Rural Area ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Menstrual Status ◽

Reproductive Age Women

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Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among microcytic anaemic premenopausal patients at tertiary care hospital, Karachi

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205140 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 4720

Author(s):

Ghulam Abbas Memon ◽

Tooba Jawed Khan ◽

Shabnam Abbas ◽

Ghulam Abbas Shaikh ◽

Nusrat Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Age Group ◽

Microcytic Anaemia ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Civil Hospital ◽

Increased Risk

Background: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the prevalent form of anaemia which has become a major public health problem, globally. Women in the reproductive age group (15–49 years of age) are at increased risk, especially in the South Asian population. It is of paramount importance to identify these micronutrient deficiencies in this age group as it adversely affects the birth outcomes, but the mother and the child at risk of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Civil Hospital, Karachi for 12 months i.e. October, 2018 to December, 2019. Data was prospectively collected from patients after obtaining written informed consent. 377 patients were included who met the diagnostic criteria. Descriptive statistics were used and qualitative data analysis; mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentages were respectively calculated. Effect modifiers were controlled through stratification to see the effect of these on the outcome variable. For post-stratification, the chi-square test was applied with a p value of≤0.05.Results: A total of 377 patients with microcytic anaemia were enrolled from Civil Hospital, Karachi. Mean age, duration of anaemia, haemoglobin, height, weight and BMI in our study was 29.28±6.14 years, 1.41±0.26 months, 9.27±0.86 mg/dl, 26.72±1.56 kg/m2, 138±7.28 cm and 78.7±9.87 kg. Out of 377 patients with microcytic anaemia, 144 (38.2%) and 233 (61.8%) had and did not have iron deficiency anaemia. Conclusions: IDA is frequently found in microcytic anaemia patients. Thus, it is important to screen premenopausal in female patients for iron deficiency presenting with microcytic anaemia to prevent adverse outcomes.

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Prevalence of Anaemia, Iron Deficiency, and Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Women of Reproductive Age and Children under 5 Years of Age in South Africa (1997–2021): A Systematic Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182312799 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (23) ◽

pp. 12799

Author(s):

Eunice Turawa ◽

Oluwatoyin Awotiwon ◽

Muhammad Ali Dhansay ◽

Annibale Cois ◽

Demetre Labadarios ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Health Concern ◽

Pool Data ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Children Under 5

Using a systematic review method, the prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in women of reproductive age (WRA) and children under 5 years of age was obtained to inform priorities in health planning and policy in South Africa. We searched electronic databases for articles published between 1997 and 2021. A total of 713 articles were identified, of which 14 articles comprising 9649 WRA and 4085 children were included. Since most of the included studies were of low quality, we did not pool data in a meta-analysis due to heterogeneity (I2 > 75%). In WRA, anaemia prevalence ranged from 22.0% to 44.0%; ID from 7.7% and 19.0%; and IDA from 10.5% to 9.7%. The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy was 29.0% to 42.7%; and 60.6% to 71.3% in HIV-infected pregnant women. Three national surveys reported anaemia in children at 28.9%, 10.7%, and 61.3%, respectively. Overall, among the children under 5 years old, anaemia was more prevalent in 1-year-olds (52.0%) compared to the other age groups. Between 2005 and 2012, ID increased by 3.8% and IDA decreased by 83.2% in children. Anaemia in WRA and children under 5 years in South Africa was a moderate public health concern. Therefore, interventions addressing anaemia should be intensified, and policies on iron supplementation and food fortification need to be revised and aligned to the WHO multiple micronutrient supplementation recommendations.

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RAPIDIRON: Reducing Anaemia in Pregnancy in India A 3-Arm, Randomized-Controlled Trial Comparing The Effectiveness of Oral Iron With Single-Dose Intravenous Iron In The Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia In Pregnant Women And Reducing Low Birth Weight Deliveries.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-617108/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Derman ◽

Shivaprasad Goudar ◽

Simal Thind ◽

Sudhir Bhandari ◽

Zubair Aghai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intravenous Iron ◽

Oral Iron ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

In Pregnancy

Abstract Background: Anaemia is a worldwide problem and iron deficiency is the most common cause. In pregnancy, anaemia increases the risk of adverse maternal, foetal and neonatal outcomes.India’s anaemia rate is among the highest in the world with India’s National Family Health Survey indicating over 50% of pregnant women were affected by anaemia. India’s Anaemia Mukt Bharat-Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative aims to reduce the prevalence of anaemia among reproductive-age women, adolescents and children by 3% per year and facilitate the achievement of a Global World Health Assembly 2025 objective to achieve a 50% reduction of anaemia among women of reproductive age. However, preliminary results of the NFHS-5 survey completed in 2020 indicate that anaemia rates are increasing in some states and these targets are unlikely to be achieved. With oral iron being the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in pregnancy, these results are likely to be impacted by the side effects, poor adherence to tablet ingestion and low therapeutic impact of oral iron. These reports suggest a new approach to treating IDA, specifically the importance of single-dose intravenous iron infusions, may be the key to India effectively reaching its targets for anaemia reduction. Methods: This 3-arm, randomized controlled trial is powered to report two primary outcomes. The first is to assess whether a single dose of two different intravenous formulations administered early in the second trimester of pregnancy to women with moderate IDA will result in a higher percentage of participants achieving a normal for pregnancy Hb concentration at 30-34 weeks’ gestation or just prior to delivery when compared to participants taking standard doses of oral iron. The second is a clinical outcome of low birth weight (LBW) (< 2500 grams), with a hypothesis that the risk of LBW delivery will be lower in the intravenous iron arms when compared to the oral iron arm. Discussion: The RAPIDIRON trial will provide evidence to determine if a single-dose intravenous iron infusion is more effective and economically feasible in reducing IDA in pregnancy than the current standard of care.Trial registration: Clinical Trials Registry – India: CTRI/2020/09/027730. Registered 10 September 2020, http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=46801&EncHid=&userName=anemia%20in%20pregnancy

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