Consequences of Agricultural Labour Scarcity on Cropping Pattern Dynamics in Tamil Nadu, India

Cropping Pattern is a complicated process that is influenced by a variety of socioeconomic, agro-climatic, and ecological factors. Even though India has the second-largest manpower in the world, all sectors of the economy have been affected by the scarcity of labour, the impact being felt more in the agricultural sector. The acute scarcity of agricultural labourers in the India has resulted in crop establishment delays, poor crop growth, no or late weeding, inappropriate fertilizer use, insufficient irrigation water, and other factors that have pushed Indian farmers to switching from farming to non-farm occupations. The present study was undertaken to analyze the dynamics of cropping patterns in the state, Tamil Nadu. Tiruchirappalli and Pudukkottai districts were selected purposively to represent the high and low crop diversity cropping system respectively. The study was based on both primary and secondary data for the period of 10 years from 2010-11 to 2019-20 to analyze the decadal change. Tabular Analysis, Compound Growth Rate and Markov chain analysis were used to analyze the data. The study results revealed that there are marginal changes in cropping pattern, increases towards the commercial crops such as sugarcane, tapioca, cotton and banana. The total fallow land share has increased continuously leaving a lesser area for cropping. The reported dynamics change the agricultural productivity and increased mechanization, which might be due to growth in the labour scarcity. The results showed that farmers were shifting from high labour intensive crops such as paddy, sugarcane, cotton to low labor-intensive crops such as groundnut, black gram over the years. Due to the higher requirement of laborers for cultivating crops, crop retention probability was lesser which means the crops have become less and less stable. It is therefore recommended that the district, state, and country's agricultural extension systems must be geared up to curbing the shifting farmers away from traditional farming practices and educate them on the use of available labor-saving equipment and technology.

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OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS OF PLANT LANDSCAPES IN TANDAI IRRIGATION AREA, KERINCI DISTRICT, JAMBI

Neutron ◽

10.29138/neutron.v20i01.50 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (01) ◽

pp. 63-71

Author(s):

Acep Hidayat ◽

Marcellino Rico Ariana

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Cropping System ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Planting Pattern ◽

Irrigation Network ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

The Government ◽

Large Water

The Plantation Network has a land area of 375 ha. Population which is directly proportional to the necessities of life, one of which is in the food sector, has made the government take the initiative to meet the needs and welfare of the community with productive agricultural land and fields. The data includes secondary data on 10-year rainfall from Depati Parbo and Kayu Aro Station and 10-year climatology from Kayu Aro Climatology Station. The calculation method used is the rainfall intensity Average method, Evapotranspiration modification Penman method, Debit danalan DR.FJ Mock method, cropping patterns, and irrigation water needs. Related to the calculation of 6 alternative cropping patterns with different types of plants and different initial planting plans by making comparisons with the existing discharge factor (Q80). Obtained that the cropping pattern is very possible, namely using the cropping pattern PADI-PADI-PALAWIJA. The most efficient and optimal planting pattern is that this cropping system consists of PADI-PADI-ON with large water demand in tertiary plots (NFR tertiary plots) producing 0 - 1,308 ltr / sec/ha with a maximum of 1,308 ltr / ha / February II, while the need for irrigation water in the intake (DR intake) ranges from 0 - 1,615 ltr sec/ha with a maximum of 1,615 ltr / sec/ha in February II. The available debit and debit in the Irrigation Network Planning Mark is very abundant with the mainstay discharge (Q80) for irrigation, the maximum available debit (Q80) can occur in November with 202,207 ltr / sec/ha and the minimum in August with 115,012 ltr / sec / Ha. Based on the results of the discharge and water above, it can be determined about the ratio of water/air equilibrium between discharge and water Q80 and the need for irrigation water requires a large/adequate surplus.

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IMPACT OF KVK IN DOUBLING FARMERS INCOME IN SITAPUR DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH

International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology ◽

10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i9.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 92-105

Author(s):

Ritesh Kumar Yadav ◽

Jahanara Jahanara

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Learning By Doing ◽

Primary Data ◽

Technology Generation ◽

Farming Community ◽

Medium Level ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

More than half of Indian population were engaged in agricultural sector but the available technology doesn’t ensure food security of the country. Hence, to diffuse new agricultural invention and innovation in the farming community, there arises a need for effective medium for transfer of technology. Thus, KVK bridges the gap between the technology generation and dissemination. The present study was proposed to understand the impact of KVK in doubling farmers income to formulate suitable programmes. For the study, descriptive research design was adopted. 120 respondents from Biswan taluk of Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh were selected as respondents. Primary data collected from respondents and secondary data from available literatures. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents were middle aged, illiterate, upto 5 members in their family, medium level of annual income, possesses their own land, agriculture as their main occupation, medium level of mass media exposure, office bearer in one organization, high level of extension contact. Meanwhile, more than half of the respondents had reported medium level of impact towards the activities carried out by KVK, beneficiary selection is not unbiased is a major constraint suggested that maximum emphasis should be given on learning by doing.

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Impactos da Covid-19 na produção e comercialização de alimentos em Brasília-DF: desafios para os assentados/acampados da reforma agrária

GeoTextos ◽

10.9771/geo.v17i1.44588 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Luiza Barbosa Dias ◽

Juscelino Eudâmidas Bezerra

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Food Production ◽

Food Systems ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Agrarian Reform ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Direct Sales ◽

On Line ◽

The Impact

O setor agrícola foi severamente afetado pela pandemia de Covid-19, gerando incertezas sobre a produção e a distribuição de alimentos, o que afetou diretamente o trabalho de milhões de agricultores. Este artigo visa a analisar o impacto da pandemia na produção de alimentos em Brasília-DF, especialmente entre os agricultores assentados/acampados da reforma agrária. Para a análise, foram utilizados dados primários obtidos através de um questionário on-line destinado ao público da reforma agrária em áreas rurais das regiões administrativas da capital federal, além de dados secundários, disponibilizados por instituições públicas. Os resultados mostraram que o impacto da pandemia foi intenso entre os agricultores, deixando-os extremamente vulneráveis, principalmente nos meses iniciais da pandemia. Como forma de enfretamento dos efeitos da pandemia, os trabalhadores adotaram quatro medidas específicas: a utilização do serviço de entrega delivery; a venda de cestas agroecológicas; a participação em redes solidárias e a venda direta em feira de reforma agrária. Essas novas dinâmicas de comercialização têm transformado as formas de interação campo-cidade ao demandar estratégias diferenciadas para alcançar os consumidores finais, contribuindo para amenizar os efeitos disruptivos da pandemia nos sistemas alimentares locais.AbstractIMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON FOOD PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN BRASILIA-DF: CHALLENGES FOR AGRARIAN REFORM SETTLERS/CAMPEDThe agricultural sector was severely affected by the pandemic of Covid-19, genera- ting uncertainties about food production and distribution, which directly affected the work of millions of farmers. This article aims to analyze the impact of the pandemic on food production in Brasília-DF, especially among farmers settled in agrarian reform settlements. The analysis used primary data obtained through an on-line questionnaire addressed to the public of agrarian reform in rural areas of the administrative regions of the federal capital, as well as secondary data made available by public institutions. The results showed that the impact of the pandemic was intense among farmers, leaving them extremely vulnerable, especially in the initial months of the pandemic. As a way of countering the effects of the pandemic, workers have adopted four specific measures: the use of delivery services; the salof agro-ecological baskets; participation in solidarity networks; and direct sales at agrarian reform fairs. These new commercialization dynamics have transformed the forms of countryside-city interaction by demanding different strategies to reach final consumers, contributing to mitigate the pandemic’s disruptive effects on local food systems.

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Cropping System Intensification for Increasing Crop Productivity in Salt-Affected Coastal Zones of Bangladesh

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019036172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 172

Author(s):

Rina Rani Saha ◽

Md. Alimur Rahman ◽

Md. Hafijur Rahman ◽

Mohammed Mainuddin ◽

Richard Bell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Climate ◽

Risk Index ◽

Cropping System ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Extreme Weather Events ◽

Average Intensity ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Coastal Zones ◽

Water Control ◽

Cropping Patterns

In Global Climate Risk Index 2019, Bangladesh has been ranked seventh among the countries most affected by extreme weather events. The salinity intrusion has increased by 27% from 1973 to 2009 in coastal areas of Bangladesh due to impacts of climate change. The cropping intensities of the coastal zones are below than the country’s average intensity (195%), which causes severe food insecurity. In southern coastal zone, soil and water (river/canal) salinity remain the minimum (<4 dS/m) during in July/August but attain the maximum (upto 11 and 25 dS/m, respectively) in March/April. Farmers grow single T.aman rice a year. Therefore, five cropping patterns were tested under ACIAR funded project in Amtali (Barguna district) and Dacope (Khulna) upazilas during 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 irrigating with low salinity surface water (canal/pond) to increase crop productivity. In Amtali, T.aman-Potato-Mungbean-T.aus cropping pattern gave the highest (20.18 t/ha) rice equivalent yield (REY), which increased 360% REY over the farmers’ practice (T.aman-fallow-fallow). However, in Dacope, T.aman-spinach-fallow showed the highest REY (13.99 t/ha) that increased 211% REY compared to farmers’ practice. The improved cropping patterns can be practiced within the polder (embankment for water control) for increasing crop productivity and profitability in salt-affected coastal zones of Bangladesh.

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Impact of changing cropping pattern on the regional agricultural water productivity

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859614000938 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 153 (5) ◽

pp. 767-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. K. SUN ◽

P. T. WU ◽

Y. B. WANG ◽

X. N. ZHAO

Keyword(s):

Water Scarcity ◽

Crop Production ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Irrigation District ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Agricultural Water ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

Cash Crops ◽

The Impact

SUMMARYWater scarcity is a major constraint of agricultural production in arid and semi-arid areas. In the face of future water scarcity, one possible way the agricultural sector could be adapted is to change cropping patterns and make adjustments for available water resources for irrigation. The present paper analyses the temporal evolution of cropping pattern from 1960 to 2008 in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), China. The impact of changing cropping patterns on regional agricultural water productivity is evaluated from the water footprint (WF) perspective. Results show that the area under cash crops (e.g. sunflower and melon) has risen phenomenally over the study period because of increased economic returns pursued by farmers. Most of these cash crops have a smaller WF (high water productivity) than grain crops in HID. With the increase of area sown to cash crops, water productivity in HID increased substantially. Changing the cropping pattern has significant effects on regional crop water productivity: in this way, HID has increased the total crop production without increasing significantly the regional water consumption. The results of this case study indicate that regional agricultural water can be used effectively by properly planning crop areas and patterns under irrigation water limitations. However, there is a need to foster a cropping pattern that is multifunctional and sustainable, which can guarantee food security, enhance natural resource use and provide stable and high returns to farmers.

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Studi Peningkatan Intensitas Luas Dan Pola Tanam Pada Daerah Irigasi Krueng Jreue

Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan ◽

10.24815/jarsp.v1i3.11783 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 141-149

Author(s):

Faisal Faisal ◽

Alfiansyah Yulianu ◽

Ella Mailianda

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Cropping Intensity ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

Irrigation Area ◽

Discharge Water ◽

Cropping Season ◽

Rice Area ◽

Study Results ◽

Crop Area

Krueng Jreue irrigation area is one of the oldest irrigation in Aceh Besar district, located in the District of Indrapuri, was inaugurated in 1972 by President Soeharto. Rice area irrigated by this irrigation is 4277.6 ha. Jreue Krueng irrigated areas have rice-rice cropping intensity of plants ranging from 158% to 156%. The intensity of these plants are still below the expected crop intensity, is equal to 200%. To increase the intensity of these plants, it is necessary to study the increased intensity of Krueng Jreue tanamana irrigation area by selecting the appropriate alternative cropping patterns according to the water balance. This study aims to determine the amount of discharge mainstay available on the weir, know the size of the crop water requirement for each alternative, determine optimal crop area that can be irrigated by water that is available, and conduct studies on water balance based cropping planned. Expected to describe the water balance of alternative cropping patterns were obtained. The method used in this research including data collection and data analysis to determine the mainstay discharge, water irrigation, cropping pattern and cropping intensity. The study results obtained by the intensity of the plants can reach 200% by the water supply system using the technical rotation irrigation area is divided into two groups. The first type, cropping season from October period to 2. The second class of the cropping season from November to 2.

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Impact of agricultural sector investment development on national economic output

Technium Social Sciences Journal ◽

10.47577/tssj.v26i1.5197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 466-474

Author(s):

Eka Sastra ◽

Didin S. Damanhuri ◽

Noer Azam Achsani ◽

Ahmad Erani Yustika

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Rent Seeking ◽

Food Crop ◽

Investment Performance ◽

Economic Output ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

And Performance ◽

The Impact ◽

Very High

This study aims to capture the investment performance of the agricultural sector in capital formation and the incremental capital output ratio (ICOR) and its relative contribution to the national economy in the 2011-2020 period. ICOR research method is the ratio of changes in output due to changes in capital as an indicator to measure investment performance. The research data used is secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The results of the study show that the investment performance of the food crop agricultural sector has fluctuated throughout 2011-2020. The impact of the policy on the agricultural sector was generally positive, but in that vulnerable year, investment leakage was found that led to efficiency. The cause of the leakage is the behaviour of rent-seeking which is reflected in the time leading up to the elections, namely in 2014 and 2018 with the leakage rate of the investment budget in that year being very high, namely 74.09% and 84.50%, respectively. The year 2012 was marked by an ICOR value close to 0 (zero) accompanied by the growth and performance of the agri-food sector of 12.80%. In 2013 and 2015 the performance of the food crop sector contributed to the economic growth of the food crop sector by 8.65% and 15.78%. Unfortunately, the potential for loss of income in that year was very high, namely Rp. 8.16 trillion and Rp. 17.45 trillion, respectively. The best period for the performance of the food crop agricultural sector occurred in the rent-seeking behaviour that occurred in 2 motives, namely political and economic motives. Political motives occur through the mechanism of the backing system and lobbying. The economic motive is caused by the emergence of transaction costs for the distribution of subsidized fertilizers so that it leads to an increase in the HET for subsidized fertilizers.

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Impact of Agricultural Financing on Nigeria Economy

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension Economics & Sociology ◽

10.9734/ajaees/2019/v31i230130 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ayodele E. Ademola

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

Productivity Growth ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Least Square ◽

Macroeconomic Policies ◽

Agricultural Finance ◽

Ordinary Least Square ◽

The Impact

The importance of agricultural surplus for the structural transformation accompanying economic growth is often addressed by development economists. In view of this, the study empirically assesses the impact of agricultural finance on the growth of Nigerian economy. This paper employed secondary data and econometric techniques of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of multiple regression estimates. The result of the model used suggests that the productivity of investment will be more appropriately financed with resources administered by the commercial and specialized financial institutions. And also, that there are an urgent and sincere needs to expand the credit size to the agricultural sector in order to enhance the productivity growth of the sector. It is recommended that maintenance of credible macroeconomic policies that is pro-investment in overhauling the Agricultural Sector and debt-equity swap option are necessary for an agricultural-led economic growth.

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Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options Using Risk-Based Hydro-Economic Model in Ajichay Basin, Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-554394/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

fatemeh sani ◽

Ghader Dashti ◽

Abolfazl Majnooni ◽

Javad Hosseinzad

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Water Resource ◽

Economic Model ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Hydrological Modeling ◽

Economic Modeling ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Management Scenarios ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

The Impact

Abstract Climate change is one of the main issues in the 21st century and has been felt in many regions of world such as the Ajichay basin. The greatest impact of climate change is on the water resource sector. Projected changes in precipitation, temperature and river runoff will largely affect the water cycle and hydrological systems with important results for economic sector. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the impact of climate and water management scenarios on water resources, cropping patterns, yields, and profits of farmers using a hydro-economic model. Quadratic risk programming was used for economic modeling, and WEAP-MABIA was applied for hydrological modeling. The necessary data were collected from questionnaires completed by 210 farmers selected by stratified random sampling during 2018. The HadCM3 model and LARS-WG downscaling were used to generate daily climatic data under the emissions of A2, B1, and A1B scenarios. The results showed that climate change could reduce the profit and employment rate in the agricultural sector and cause a shift in cropping patterns to crops with low water requirements. In addition to the efficient use of allocated water, the application of increasing irrigation efficiency scenario could raise farmers' profits, providing them with a better situation than the agricultural water reduction scenario. Overall, the findings of the current study revealed that without changing the management strategies there will be a considerable reduction in water resource and crop yield in near future.

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Corporate Governance and Financial Performance of Money Deposit Banks in Nigeria

Review of Innovation and Competitiveness ◽

10.32728/ric.2021.71/4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 75-98

Author(s):

Bilqis Bolanle Amole ◽

Ik Muo ◽

Kamaldeen A. Lawal

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Financial Performance ◽

Board Of Directors ◽

Audit Committee ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Least Square ◽

Executive Directors ◽

Study Results ◽

The Impact

Purpose. The main cause of distress in the majority of Nigerian banks is poor corporate governance in the country. Corporate governance (CG) is a contemporary subject attracting the consideration of the corporate world, practitioners, consultants, academia and society at large. As a result, this study explores the financial performance (FP) of money deposit banks (MDBs) in Nigeria as a result of corporate governance put in. It went on to investigate the impact of board size and composition, as well as the audit committee, on bank financial performance. Methodology. A descriptive design method was adopted, while secondary data in the form of yearly financial reports of banks selected for the study were obtained and relevant documents via electronic search of databases. Descriptive statistics were used in analyzing the data and an econometric model of panel least square (PLS) regression test was employed for the study. Findings and Implication. The findings affirmed that the correlation between size of board of directors and bank performance was significant, however negative. The results of the study show that the board of directors (BOD) composition significantly influences the FP of MDBs. The study results further reveal that the correlation between size of the audit committee (AC) and FP of MDBs is significant and also a negative one. As a result, based on the empirical findings of the study, it is concluded that CG has a statistically significant influence on the FP of Nigeria’s listed money deposit banks. Mechanisms such as the large size and composition of the board as well as the size of the audit committee encourage a negative impact on the FP. In line with the foregoing, the study recommended that an effort be made to improve CG, in the sense that the number of directors on board should be kept to a desirable level, and that the ratio of executive directors to non-executive directors, as well as the size of the audit committee, is kept at an optimal level.

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