scholarly journals Assessment of Domestic Terms of Trade on Oilseed Crops Supply and Demand by Parity Index in Rajasthan: An Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Shirish Sharma ◽  
Madhu Sharma ◽  
Mohamad Awais
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Input Prices ◽  
Farm Inputs ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

In this paper, the terms of trade between the input and output prices of selected major oilseeds i.e. groundnut, rapeseed & mustard and soybean have been estimated for selected districts of Rajasthan for the period 1996-97 to 2015-16. The indices of terms of trade for groundnut has shown mixed trend whereas for rapeseed & mustard trend remained favourable from 1996-97 to 2010-11. The ratio of index of procurement prices to index of input prices for rapeseed & mustard was more than one during this period reached to as high as of 165 in 2003-04 over the base of 100 in 1996-97. Like rapeseed & mustard, terms of trade for soybean cultivation in Baran was found favourable for about a decade (1996-97 to 2008-09) and afterward had shown mixed trend of ups and downs. The decline in indices can be attributed to relatively higher rate of increase in prices of inputs than of output prices. Based on the study it was suggested to conduct regular studies for better understanding the trend in prices of farm inputs and outputs that will help in revising the existing policies with confidence. To remove the disparity between ‘prices received and paid’, concerted efforts should be made to maintain the parity, which will help farmers in buying inputs and other items of household consumption.

scholarly journals Holographic quantum tasks with input and output regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex May
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Region ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Quantum Computations ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

Abstract Quantum tasks are quantum computations with inputs and outputs occurring at specified spacetime locations. Considering such tasks in the context of AdS/CFT has led to novel constraints relating bulk geometry and boundary entanglement. In this article we consider tasks where inputs and outputs are encoded into extended spacetime regions, rather than the points previously considered. We show that this leads to stronger constraints than have been derived in the point based setting. In particular we improve the connected wedge theorem, appearing earlier in arXiv:1912.05649, by finding a larger bulk region whose existence implies large boundary correlation. As well, we show how considering extended input and output regions leads to non-trivial statements in Poincaré-AdS2+1, a setting where the point-based connected wedge theorem is always trivial.

scholarly journals Agricultural Terms of Trade in Pakistan: Issues of Profitability and Standard of Living of the Farmers

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (4II) ◽  
pp. 515-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Aleem Khan ◽  
Qazi Masood Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Currency Market ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Export Taxes ◽  
Macroeconomic Stability

In the wake of the liberalised trade regime, Pakistan is undergoing structural adjustments. At the heart of the adjustments is liberalisation of markets and prices, including freeing the currency market, reducing industrial protection, and introducing financial austerity and macroeconomic stability. The agricultural sector is also undergoing these changes, which include eliminating export taxes and other trade restrictions and reducing producer subsidies (input and output subsidies). Such changes in the sector are critical as agriculture is the largest sector of Pakistan economy.

scholarly journals Development and Performance of the Pepper Industry in Malaysia: A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1402-1423
Author(s):  
Harry Entebang ◽  
Swee-Kiong Wong ◽  
Zehnder Jarroop Augustine Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Household Income ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
National Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Commodity Export ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Farm Inputs

The National Commodity Policy 2011-2020 was developed to increase the national income by harnessing the potential of commodity export revenues. Despite continuous efforts implemented by various related agencies, the overall performance of major commodities, particularly pepper, remains unsatisfactory. Regarded as a sought-after ‘king of spices’, pepper has become one of the most prized and important commodities traded globally. This paper highlights the development and performance of the pepper industry in Malaysia and discusses practical strategies and recommendations to transform the pepper industry. Besides conducting interviews with the industry experts to gain first-hand information, content and thematic analysis was employed based on secondary data research in this study. The findings of the study show that even though pepper is mostly used in food-related industries, its potential in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical sectors remains underexplored. Globally, the overall supply and demand of pepper continue to increase, though the demand has recently exceeded supply. However, continuous new planting and farmexpansion initiatives by major producers caused the total global pepper supply to exceed consumption in 2018. In fact, pepper prices have declined more than 70% since 2015, which affected the overall household income of the rural community engaged in pepper farming. While experiencing low prices, smallholder pepper farmers and the industry continue to struggle with low domestic consumption, low production, higher cost of farm inputs, lack of extension services, low impact of research, development and innovation, ageing farming population, intense competition from other producing countries, low prices for quality pepper, limited subsidy to support continuous farming, pepper-related diseases, lack of new technology, and poor investment in downstream activities. Given this, the performance of the Malaysian pepper industry has fallen below expectations.

Model Order Identification of Combustion Instability Using Lipschitz Indices

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salil Harris ◽  
Aniruddha Sinha ◽  
Sudarshan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Active Control ◽  
Combustion Instability ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Nonlinear Functions ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

Abstract Gas turbine combustors employing lean premixed combustion are prone to combustion instability. Combustion instability, if unchecked, will have deleterious effects to the combustor and hence needs to be controlled. Active control methods are preferred to obtain better off-design performance. The effectiveness of active control methods is dependent on the quality of controller which in-turn depends on the quality of model. In the present work, an input-output model structure, where the output of the system at the current instant is modelled as a nonlinear function of delayed inputs and outputs is chosen. As there are infinite possibilities for representation of nonlinear functions, all parameters in the model structure like time delay between input and output, number of delayed input and output terms and the appropriate form of nonlinear function can be obtained only iteratively. However, prior knowledge of delay and number of delayed inputs and outputs reduces the computational intensity. To this end, the present work utilizes the method of Lipschitz indices to obtain the number of delayed inputs and outputs.

On the input and output processes for a general birth-and-death queueing model

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 576-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bent Natvig
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Arrival Rate ◽  
Queueing Model ◽  
System State ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Service Completion ◽  
First Case ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

The steady-state input and output processes are considered for a birth-and-death queueing model with N waiting positions (0 ≦ N ≦ ∞), s servers (1 ≦ s ≦ ∞) and an arbitrary queueing discipline. Let an index n indicate that the quantity in question depends on the system state but not on time t. The instantaneous arrival rate is λ, the probability of balking (i.e., not trying to obtain service) being ξ n. The instantaneous departure rate, μn , of customers having joined the system is the sum of the rate of service completions and the rate of defections before service completion. Three cases are considered. We start by ignoring balking customers; in the first case treating a lost customer neither as an input nor as an output, then secondly as both. Finally, balking and lost customers are considered both as inputs and outputs.

scholarly journals A full investigation of the directional congestion in data envelopment analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
somayeh khezri ◽  
Akram Dehnokhalaji ◽  
Farhad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Dea Models ◽  
Systems Of Inequalities ◽  
Full Investigation ◽  
Decision Making Units ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

One of interesting subjects in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is estimation of congestion of Decision Making Units (DMUs). Congestion is evidenced when decreases (increases) in some inputs re- sult in increases (decreases) in some outputs without worsening (im- proving) any other input/output. Most of the existing methods for measuring the congestion of DMUs utilize the traditional de nition of congestion and assume that inputs and outputs change with the same proportion. Therefore, the important question that arises is whether congestion will occur or not if the decision maker (DM) increases or de- creases the inputs dis-proportionally. This means that, the traditional de nition of congestion in DEA may be unable to measure the con- gestion of units with multiple inputs and outputs. This paper focuses on the directional congestion and proposes methods for recognizing the directional congestion using DEA models. To do this, we consider two di erent scenarios: (i) just the input direction is available. (ii) none of the input and output directions are available. For each scenario, we propose a method consists in systems of inequalities or linear pro- gramming problems for estimation of the directional congestion. The validity of the proposed methods are demonstrated utilizing two nu- merical examples.

scholarly journals 3-Share Threshold Implementation of AES S-box without Fresh Randomness

2018 ◽  
pp. 123-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Sugawara
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Target Function ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Implementation Cost ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Leakage Assessment ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

Threshold implementation is studied as a countermeasure against sidechannel attack. There had been no threshold implementation for the AES and Keccak S-boxes that satisfies an important property called uniformity. In the conventional implementations, intermediate values are remasked to compensate for the lack of uniformity. The remasking consumes thousands of fresh random bits and its implementation cost is a serious concern. Daemen recently proposed a 3-share uniform threshold implementation of the Keccak S-box. This is enabled by a new technique called the changing of the guards which can be applied to any invertible functions. Subsequently, Wegener et al. proposed a 4-share threshold implementation of the AES S-box based on the changing of the guards technique. However, a 3-share threshold implementation of AES S-box remains open. The difficulty stays in 2-input multiplication, used in decomposed S-box representations, which is non-invertible because of different input and output sizes. In this study, this problem is addressed by introducing a certain generalization of the changing of the guards technique. The proposed method provides a generic way to construct a uniform sharing for a target function having different input and output sizes. The key idea is to transform a target function into an invertible one by adding additional inputs and outputs. Based on the proposed technique, the first 3-share threshold implementation of AES S-box without fresh randomness is presented. Performance evaluation and simulation-based leakage assessment of the implementation are also presented.

Explaining regional differences in firm formation rates: how far are government policies important for entrepreneurship?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmail Demirdag ◽  
Ayda Eraydin
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Firm Formation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Government

Purpose The growing number of studies shows that government policies and measures are critical in determining entrepreneurship levels of regions. Any changes in the government policies and measures are, therefore, expected to bring significant changes at the entrepreneurship levels. This paper aims to explore the importance of the government policies and measures, along with supply and demand-side determinants in regional entrepreneurship in Turkey and explains the convergence of entrepreneurship among two distinct periods corresponding to changes in the government policies and measures concerning entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach Looking at a study on 81 NUTS-III regions of Turkey, this paper focusses on regional determinants important in the separation of regions with different entrepreneurship trajectories (based on the initial level and the rate of increase in entrepreneurship). Using discriminant function analysis, this paper tries to show how far government policies are important in distinguishing regions with different entrepreneurship levels. Findings The outcomes of the analysis show that certain policies and measures recently introduced have become instrumental in triggering higher entrepreneurship levels in regions with already higher levels of entrepreneurship, but not in regions with initially lower levels of entrepreneurship. Originality/value This study contributes to the existing regional entrepreneurship literature through introducing the research findings on the importance of government policies and institutions on regional entrepreneurship, besides the role of regional capacities and assets.

scholarly journals Examining the Input and Output Linkages in Agricultural Production Systems

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Dong Hee Suh ◽  
Charles B. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Differential Systems ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Input Prices

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the agricultural sector’s resource allocation and production decisions. This paper uses the differential systems with quasi-fixity to evaluate the complete agricultural production system, which examines the input and output linkages in terms of elasticities. The differential systems are estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation technique based on the two-step profit-maximizing procedure in theory. The results reveal that livestock production requires more intermediate inputs, but crop production depends on all the inputs, such as labor, capital, and intermediate inputs. In addition, the results show that input demand is inelastic, indicating that the agricultural sector has little flexibility in adjusting the demand for inputs in response to changes in input prices. Substitutable relationships among labor, capital, and intermediate inputs exist, which may reduce the pressures on production costs when input prices rise. Regarding the quasi-fixed input, land expansion changes the composition of labor and intermediate inputs, showing that the agricultural sector reduces the intensive margin when it pursues the extensive margin. Furthermore, the results show that agricultural supply is not very responsive to the respective price changes. Along with the inelastic output supply, there exist substitutable relationships between livestock and crop supply, showing that relative price changes can alter output composition in supply. The agricultural sector also reallocates more land areas into crop production rather than livestock production.

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