scholarly journals Assessment of Levels of Some Metals in Water and Fish from Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
J. D. Dabak ◽  
L. J. Dabal ◽  
A. G. Jakwa ◽  
E. A. Ajiji
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Toxicity Risk ◽  
Plateau State

Aim: This study was designed to assess the levels of chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) in water and fish to monitor the toxicity risk of consuming these fish. Place and Duration of Studies: The water and fish samples were obtained from Farin gada river, Liberty Dam, Dahwol-Tohort and Diye-Tohort mining ponds, all within Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria, between March and April, 2018. Methodology: Water and six fish species samples were collected from four different locations, digested and analysed using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, model 210VGP. Results: Farin gada river had all the four metals studied in varying concentrations in the following order Mn>Ni>Co>Cr with Mn having the highest mean concentration of 0.4133±0.0100 mg/L. The concentrations of the metals in the other three sources were in the order of Ni>Co>Cr with Mn not detected. Cr also was not detected in Lamingo Dam. The concentrations of Mn and Ni in all the water sources were higher than the World Health Organisation (WHO) maximum permissible limits of 0.05 mg/L and 0.06 mg/L respectively. Petrocephalus bovei recorded the highest mean concentrations of Mn and Ni, while Co was highest in Clarias gariepinus species. The concentrations of these metals in the head, body and gills of the fish species showed that the head of Petrocephalus bovei species had the highest concentrations of all the metals except chromium. Fish species from other water sources exhibited the same general pattern of Head˃gill˃body except Co which was found to accumulate more in the body than in other parts of the fish. Conclusion: The results showed that there was biomagnification of these metals from water to the fish as the concentration of the metals in the fish far exceeded those of the water sources from which they were obtained and Petrocephalus bovei species has the highest potential to biomagnified all the metals.

scholarly journals Influence of Species Differences, Relative Metals Concentrations and pH on Uptake of Metals in Water by Fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Dabak ◽  
A. G. Jakwa ◽  
J. L. Dabal ◽  
E. A. Ajiji
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
Plateau State

This study was designed to assess the effect of relative metals concentrations, pH and species variations on the uptake of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in water, fish and fish parts to monitor the toxicity potentials of consuming these fish. The water and fish samples were obtained from four locations (Farin gada stream, Lamingo Dam, Nasco pond and mining pond) in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria, Water and six fish species samples were collected from the four locations, digested and analysed using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, model 210VGP. Results show that pH of the water sources from Farin gada stream, Lamingo Dam, Nasco pond and mining pond were 7.1, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.2 respectively. The concentrations of Cu in the water sources were 0.030±0.001, 0.010±0.003, 0.020±0.000, 0.027±0.000 in Farin Gada stream, Nasco pond, Lamingo Dam and mining pond respectively; Fe were 2.2±0.1, 0.0±0,000, 0.2±0.003 and 0.3±0.001; Ca were 305±3.0, 37±1.5, 110±3.5 and 163±4.5; Mg were 160±3.6, 126±4.8, 79±1.9 and 95±2.8 in that order above. Different fish species from the same water source bioaccumulated Cu, Fe, Ca and Mg at varying concentrations depending on source, fish species or the physicochemical properties. Different fish species have different preferences as to which part (body, gills and head) of the fish these metals are concentrated more. Lamingo Dam had five fish species, mining pond had three, while Nasco pond and Farin Gada stream had one each. The results established that uptake and bioavailability of Cu, Fe, Ca and Mg by fish in water depend on species variation, relative concentration of the metals in the source of water and the pH of the water.

An Overview of Novel Bioactive Compounds with Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity via Dual COX-2 and 5-LOX Enzyme Inhibition

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roopal Mittal ◽  
Shailesh Sharma ◽  
Ajay Singh Kushwah
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Inflammation is the earliest body defence mechanism in which the immune system recognises and counters the antigens and aids in healing the disease. The World Health Organisation suggests that inflammation is one of the greatest causes of death in the world. Inflammation could be acute or chronic due to the release of inflammatory mediators i.e. prostaglandins, leukotrienes due to mitogens, antigens or cytokines found in the body. Methods: Bibliographic database using pub med cites for peer-reviewed research articles with titles containing dual COX-2 and 5-LOX enzyme inhibitors, heterocyclic moieties, with AND Boolean operator's terms since last ten years of literature work. The quality papers containing the natural or synthetic lead compounds were extracted; the detailed study and conceptual framework attracted its attention. Results: Out of 127 research and review articles evaluated, 54 articles were cited to provide high quality data regarding pharmacoactive molecules having anti-inflammatory activity via dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibition. In addition, highlighting their in silico and experimental wet laboratory studies in increasing order over the past decade with the best illustration of dual enzyme inhibitory activity. Conclusion: This review gathered details of isolated bioactive compounds such as pyrazole, coumaperine, indoles, phenanthrene derivatives that have been significantly reported for anti-inflammatory activities.

scholarly journals Proximate composition of commercially important fish species in southern Gulf of Lake Tana, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirut Geremew ◽  
Melesse Abdisa ◽  
Goraw Goshu
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Genital Papilla ◽  
Lake Tana ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Landing Sites ◽  
Gross Energy

The aim of the study was to determine the proximate composition of each sex of Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus and Labeobarbus intermedius fish species from the southern Gulf of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. The fish samples were collected during the dry season of 2014 from the three fish landing sites, i.e., Bata, Micheal and Giorgis, where local fishermen sell their catches. Species were identified via morphological examination and color. Sexes were identified by observing genital papilla and gonads after dissection. After measuring weight and length of young fish species, fish weighing 201-310 g were selected for the study. A total of 72 fish, eight and four fish per species and sexes were selected, respectively, for each site. The sample size was determined using “resource equation" method. Only edible fillet was labeled and transferred to plastic bags according to species and sex. Then the sample was transported for proximate analysis to Addis Ababa Food Science and Nutrition laboratory using icebox at about 4 °C. Fish sample composites were prepared by taking the fish samples from the three fish landing sites for each sex and species. Samples were thawed at room temperature and oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h, then ground into a fine powder. Proximate composition was determined following the procedure of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Data analysis was conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Nutrient content significantly varied among fish species; more protein was recorded from O. niloticus and fat from L. intermedius. Also, fat, ash and gross energy content were different between sexes; female fish contained significantly more fat and gross energy than males. In conclusion, consumers are advised to consume these species to obtain required nutrients.

scholarly journals Cadmium Uptake and Relationship to Feeding Habits of Freshwater Fish from the Ayeyarwady River, Mandalay, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (26) ◽  
pp. 200608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khin Myint Mar
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Wallago Attu ◽  
Fish Samples

Background. Pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals is increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in soil, be taken up by plants, and passed on in the food chain to animals and humans. Objectives. The present study was conducted to analyze the uptake of Cd in muscles of sampled fish with different feeding habits and to compare levels of Cd in fish from the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar with international standards. Methods. The acid digestion procedure was used for sample preparation. Cadmium concentrations in fish samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer AAanalyst 800 and Winlab-32 software). Results. In herbivorous fish species, Cd content ranged from 0.07 ( Catla catla ) to 0.086 mg/kg ( Osteobrama belangeri ). In carnivorous fish species, Cd ranged from 0.060 ( Mystus leucophasis ) to 0.083 mg/kg ( Wallago attu ). In omnivorous fish species, Cd ranged from 0.07 ( Botia histrionica ) to 0.084 mg/kg ( Gudusia variegata ). Cadmium content did not differ significantly across the three types of feeding habits (p>0.05). Discussion. The accumulation of Cd in the muscle of studied fish was lower than the permissible limit set down by the European Union in 2001 (0.1 ppm), but above the limits set down by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, European Commission (0.05 ppm) and within the limit of United States Food and Drug Administration (0.01–0.21 ppm). The data obtained in the present study indicate that levels of Cd were not significantly different across fish species with different feeding habits. Conclusions. The examined fish samples were not fully safe for human consumption due to high levels of Cd. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Ethnic Differences in the BMI-%BF Relationships between Young Japanese and Australian-Caucasian Males Living in Australia Using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S27-S32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kagawa ◽  
D Kerr ◽  
C Binns
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Body

The Body Mass Index (BMI) has been used worldwide as an indicator of fatness. However, the universal cut-off points by the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification may not be appropriate for every ethnic group when consider the relationship with their actual total body fatness (%BF). The application of population-specific classifications to assess BMI may be more relevant to public health. Ethnic differences in the BMI-%BF relationship between 45 Japanese and 42 Australian-Caucasian males were assessed using whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan and anthropometry using a standard protocol. Japanese males had significantly ( p<0.05) greater %BF at given BMI values than Australian males. When this is taken into account the newly proposed Asia-Pacific BMI classification of BMI >23 as overweight and >25 as obese may better assess the level of obesity that is associated increased health risks for this population. To clarify the current findings, further studies that compare the relationships across other Japanese populations are recommended.

scholarly journals Fillet Yield and Length-Weight Relationship of Five Fish Species From Lower River Benue, Makurdi, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Okomoda Victor Tosin ◽  
◽  
Solomon Shola Gabriel ◽  
Songbe S. Wukatda ◽  
Ikape Simon I ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Relationship ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fillet Yield ◽  
Relationship Of

The body characteristics and yield indices of Clarias gariepinus, Bagrus bajad, Synodontis nigrita, Labeo senegalensis and Mormyrus rume from lower Benue River in Nigeria were determined in this study using 60 samples each for the fish species. Length, weight and fillet correlations were also determined during the study. Results obtained showed that M. rume, L. senegalensis and C. gariepinus had the highest percentage of edible parts (≥ 55%) compared to the other species (≤ 39%). Concerning correlations of the fillet with the morphological variables, results obtained suggest that fillet yield is independent of fish size (except for C. gariepinus which was positively correlated). Also, only samples of L. senegalensis showed isometric growth pattern; the other fish species had either positive (C. gariepinus and B. bajad) or negative (S. nigrita and M. rume) allometric growth. While the difference in fillet yield and body characteristics was attributed to the structural anatomy and other biological dynamics of the fishes, this study could not establish a connection between fillet yield and the length-weight relationship. It was concluded that M. rume, L. senegalensis and C. gariepinus would be better export products because of their higher fillet yields.

scholarly journals Short Communication: The species and body size composition of pelagic fishes that caught by troll line in the fish landing of Sendang Biru, East Java, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
DEWI HIDAYATI ◽  
BUGGIE OCLANDHI ◽  
NOVA MAULIDINIA ◽  
NOOR NAILIS SA’ADAH ◽  
AWIK PUJI DYAH NURHAYATI
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Pelagic Fishes ◽  
Fish Samples

Abstract. Hidayati D, Oclandhi B, Maulidinia N, Sa’adah NN, Nurhayati APD. 2019. Short Communication: The species and body size composition of pelagic fishes that caught by troll line in the fish landing of Sendang Biru, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1764-1769. Troll line is the most used pelagic fishing gear for fishermen in Sendang Biru, the part of Indian ocean at East Java, which have an impact on the catch composition. The study was aimed to obtain data on species composition and size of pelagic fish caught in troll line in Sendang Biru, East Java, Indonesia. Fish samples were collected from nine different vessels landed in Sendang Biru for three days in April 2018. The composition of fish species was measured based on relative abundance. The fish size composition was obtained by measuring fork length which is also used to determine the stage of development of juvenile (Jv) or adult (Ad) fish. The results of the research showed there were four pelagic fish species which dominated by Katsuwonus pelamis or skipjack tuna (50.05%) and Thunnus albacares or yellowfin tuna (47.95%) and a small amount of Coryphaena hippurus and Makaira mazara. According to the body size, the fish caught by troll line in Sendang Biru is dominated by adult skipjack tuna (41-60 cm) and juvenile yellowfin tuna (21-78 cm).

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of TPHs and bioaccumulation in some fresh fish species in the Qua lbeo River of Eket of Akwa lbom State in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
VE Okpashi ◽  
VN Ogugua ◽  
INE Onwurah ◽  
CS Ubani ◽  
TC Ezike
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Bioaccumulation Factor ◽  
Red Snapper ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Fish Samples

This investigation was carried out in four different locations mapped out along the river bank. Twelve water samples were collected and six different fresh fish species that are frequently consumed were caught. They include: African red snapper (Lutjanus agennes), Yellow tail (Seriola lalandi), Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), Atlantic Croker (Micropogonias undulates), Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Samples were subjected to screening using gas chromatography and flame ionization detector instrument. Results revealed presence of  total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminant in all the fish samples and varies with species significantly at p >0.05. The profound TPH compound is Nonane with molecular formula C9H20. 9 x 10-9 mg/l was adapted as Nonane concentration in water samples. Nonane concentration in fish samples showed African red snapper 3.9565±4.64648 mg/l, Yellow tail 8.7243±2.15546 mg/l, Barracuda 6.2555±0.48889 mg/l, Atlantic Croker 9.3866±0.42208 mg/l, Catfish 4.1973±1.52959 mg/l and Tilapia 6.0039±0.96487 mg/l respectively. The bioaccumulation factor varies in fish species, where the Yellow tail have higher bioaccumulation factor 969,369061, followed by Barracuda 695,067209, Tilapia 667,101072, Catfish 466,368366, African red Sniper 439,616275 and Crocker fish 104,2956024 respectively. This investigation reveal considerably the extent of bioaccumulation of TPH contaminants in aquatic animal models and making unsafe for consumption as some fishes bio-accumulate nonane beyond permissible limitBangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(2), 147-154, 2016

scholarly journals The origin and development of leprosy in antiquity

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Retief
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Skin Lesion ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Testicular Atrophy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Scaly Skin

Through the ages leprosy has filled mankind with awe and horror. It still remains one of the unconquered infectious diseases, although the World Health Organisation reports a decrease in its prevalence (18 million to two million new cases annually over the past 20 years). For many, leprosy’s origins are to be traced back to the Hebrew Bible and the condition of zara’ath mentioned in Leviticus 13-14. This was a light-coloured scaly skin lesion which rendered the patient ritually unclean. Such a person was banned from society by a priest, and could only return on being pronounced clean. Zara’ath was almost certainly a benign skin lesion and not leprosy. When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek (the Septuagint) in the 3rd century BC, zara’ath was translated as lepros/lepra, possibly after an apparently comparable disease described in the Hippocratic Corpus (5th – 4th centuries BC). The Hippocratic disease was clearly a benign, scaly skin eruption, and not leprosy as we know it. The fact that leprosy, as a very chronic progressive disease with a characteristic clinical picture, was not described by Hippocrates, almost certainly means that it did not occur in the Greek community of the time. True leprosy is an infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, and manifests initially as light-coloured skin macules. With prominent bodily immunity against the organism the skin lesions enlarge slowly, later become scaly with a numb surface, and are complicated by nervous infiltration and atrophic degeneration of the extremities (tuberculoid leprosy). With low immunity, progressive nodular infiltration of skin and underlying structures result in extensive deformities (e.g. the typical “leonine facies”), subcutaneous abscesses, destruction of nerves and other tissues, blindness, deafness and testicular atrophy (lepromatous leprosy). Medical writings of ancient civilisations show that a leprosy-like disease was recognised in Mesopotamia by the 2nd millennium BC, and possibly in India and China in the 1st millennium BC. It has been suggested that leprosy was brought to the Mediterranean region by Alexander the Great’s armies, 4th century BC.Leprosy produces pathognomonic bone lesions, and the earliest osteo-archaeological evidence of leprosy was found in Egyptian skulls dating back to the 2nd century BC. The first clinical description of a disease recognisable as classical leprosy, can be dated to Strato of Alexandria, 3rd century BC. This condition, which became known as elephantiasis or elephas, was subsequently described by numerous notable physicians of the time, and Aretaeus of Cappadocia in particular. It migrated to Greece and Italy; Pliny the Elder stating that it fi rst appeared in Rome at the end of the 1st century BC. Although it was considered incurable, complex therapeutic programmes including venesection, purges, enemas and perspirants were prescribed in order to rid the body of the presumed fluid retention. Elephantiasis spread through the Roman Empire, but only became a notable European epidemic during the Middle Ages. In time the zara’ath-associated lepra of the Septuagint and elephantiasis were considered related diseases, and by the 4th century they were seen as the same disease. The two names became interchangeable. The influence of the Christian Church was such that the ritualised banning of lepers became incorporated into the treatment of elephantiasis – against the advice of physicians like Caelius Aurelianus (4th/5th century AD). Gradually the name lepra (leprosy) replaced elephantiasis, which ensured the stigmatisation of leprosy as an “unclean disease” with divine punishment for previous sins – a tragic misconception which persisted up to modern times. Today elephantiasis refers to a tropical parasitic disease, fi lariasis, characterised by gross swelling and deformation of the lower body.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Concentrations in Fish from River Tano in Ghana and the Health Risks Posed to Consumers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
A. J. Nyantakyi ◽  
S. Wiafe ◽  
O. Akoto ◽  
Bernard Fei-Baffoe
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Fish Muscles ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Mormyrus Rume

Appreciable levels of trace metals have been reported in the Tano basin, but data on the corresponding levels in fish and the risk they pose to consumers are limited. The levels of 7 trace metals in 18 fish muscles were assessed between November 2016 and October 2017 using acid digestion and PerkinElmer (PinAACle 900T) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Apart from Cu, all the metals studied were detected in all fish samples. The levels of Cr, As, and Hg were higher than the acceptable levels of fish muscles. Cr concentration ranged from 16.10 ± 0.2 mg/kg in Clarias gariepinus to 57.9 ± 4.2 mg/kg in Sarotherodon galilaeus. The levels of As ranged from 1.01 ± 0.08 in Clarias gariepinus to 3.00 ± 0.01 mg/kg in Mormyrus rume. Hg level was 0.58 ± 0.69 mg/kg in Oreochromis niloticus and 2.52 ± 0.70 mg/kg in Ctenopoma kingsleyae. However, Pb, Zn, and Cd concentrations were below the Food and Agriculture Organization limits with low target hazard quotients in all fish samples, suggesting no possible noncarcinogenic risks to adult consumers. Possible noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were recorded for As, Hg, and Cr in all fish species. Strong associations were observed between Hg, As, Zn, and Cr and between Pb and Cd suggesting a possible common source. Mormyrus rume fish species was under stress in the river, but the remaining species were in good condition. Periodic monitoring of trace metal concentrations in fish and enforcement of the buffer zone policy are recommended.

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