scholarly journals Morphology and Bait Preference of Black Rat (Rattus rattus) in the University Community in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University as a Case Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. O. Bamidele ◽  
E. D. Kowobari
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
University Student ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Black Rat ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
The University ◽  
Black Rats

Aims: This study assessed the morphology and the bait preference of black rat (Rattus rattus) in Obafemi Awolowo University student hostel with the aim of controlling the population of black rat in the students’ hostels. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out at Obafemi Awolowo University which is situated in Ile-Ife, an ancient city in the Southwestern Nigeria and lies between latitudes 7°28′N and 7.467°N and longitudes 4°34′E and 4.567°Ewith a landmass of 5,506 hectares between December 2017 and February 2018 Methodology: Locally made metal traps (cage traps) (Plate 1) contains baits were placed fortnightly in various sampling locations (Awolowo, Fajuyi, Angola, Akintola, Mozambique and Moremi halls of residence) for a period of 3 months between the months of December 2017 to February 2018. The traps were set around the dark corners of the sites in the evening and collected the following morning (6.00am). Results: A total of 236 black rats (Rattus rattus) were caught (81 male & 155 female), with the female having the highest weight (238.30 g). Among the baits used, fried fish caught the highest number of the black rat (58%) followed by beans cake (akara) (28%) and the locust bean (14%). There was a positive correlation in the morphology of the black rat caught in all the hostels. Conclusion: The black rats in the University student hall of residence were of the same family and genus, and fried fish is the best-preferred bait.

scholarly journals Arriving at pronunciation accuracy in singing English songs: Hijaiyah consonants as the mediation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-316
Author(s):  
Iqbal Maulana ◽  
Riski Lestiono ◽  
Triastama Wiraatmaja ◽  
Rosalin Ismayoeng Gusdian
Keyword(s):  
University Student ◽  
Rudyard Kipling ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Research Objects ◽  
Eric Whitacre ◽  
The University ◽  
Consonant Sounds ◽  
The Universe

Bahasa di dunia sangat beragam, tetapi dimungkinkan adanya persamaan. Sebagai pelajar, sangat penting untuk mempelajari fonologi dan fonetik dari berbagai  bahasa untuk membandingkan dan menyamakan satu dengan yang lainnya. Bahasa Inggris dan Arab sama-sama memiliki struktur linguistik terbesar dari semua bahasa di dunia. Kedua bahasa tersebut memiliki kesamaan ciri, seperti konsonannya. Dari persamaan tersebut, Lestiono dan Gusdian (2017) melakukan penelitian terhadap konsonan bahasa Arab dalam membantu pengucapan bahasa Inggris, yang dikenal sebagai tabel kosonan bahasa Inggris-Hijaiyah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengucapan dari delapan anggota paduan suara universitas dalam menyanyikan lagu-lagu bahasa Inggris sebelum dan sesudah pengenalan konsonan Hijaiyah sebagai mediasi. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan studi kasus, yang termasuk dalam desain kualitatif yang digunakan dalam mencapai pengucapan yang dibangun oleh subjek penelitian melalui observasi, analisis, dan deskripsi. Objek penelitian ini adalah bunyi konsonan yang dihasilkan oleh peserta penelitian saat menyanyikan lagu “When I Sing” oleh Russel Robinson dan Charolette Lee dan “The Seal Lullaby” oleh Eric Whitacre dan Rudyard Kipling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah dokumen analisis. Dalam analisis ditemukan adanya partisipan yang salah dalam mengucapkan kosa kata yang ditargetkan sebelum diperkenalkan dengan konsonan Hijaiyah. Setelah pengenalan konsonan Hijaiyah sebagian besar peserta terdengar akurat. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsonan Hijaiyah dapat memfasilitasi anggota paduan suara mahasiswa untuk belajar dan menghasilkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris yang akurat saat bernyanyi.    Language in the universe is various; however, it does not close the possibility that each languages have an equation. As a learner, it is crucial to learn the phonology and phonetics of some languages to compare and equalize one another. English and Arabic both have the biggest linguistic construction. Both languages have the sameness of characteristics such as some of their consonants. From those similarities, Lestiono and Gusdian (2017) conducted a study on Arabic Consonant sounds to arrive at English Pronunciation, known as English-Hijaiyah consonant corresponding chart. The objective of the current research is to discover the pronunciation of eight university choir members in singing English songs before and after the introduction of Hijaiyah consonants as the mediation. In this present study acquire a case study, which is included to qualitative design that was used in arriving at the pronunciation constructed by the research subjects through observation, analyzation, and description.. The research objects were the consonant sounds produced by research participants while singing “When I sing” by Russel Robinson and Charolette Lee and 'The Seal Lullaby” by Eric Whitacre and Rudyard Kipling. The instrument was document analysis. In the findings, participants mispronounced  many of the targetted words before they were introduced to Hijaiyah consonants as the mediation . Whereas, the pronunciation after the introduction showed that most of the participants sounded correct. This can be concluded that Hijaiyah consonants can facilitate the university student choir members to learn and produce accurate English words while singing. 

The ecological impacts of commensal species: black rats, Rattus rattus, at the urban–bushland interface

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Banks ◽  
Helen M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Black Rat ◽  
Urban Impacts ◽  
Commensal Species ◽  
Commensal Rodents ◽  
Black Rats

Exotic species have had devastating impacts worldwide and are a major threat to native wildlife. Human commensal species (hereafter commensals) are a special class of exotic species that live largely off the resources associated with human activity. The encroachment of commensals from an urban area into surrounding bushland has been frequently overlooked as an important component of urban impacts, even though human-commensals are common to many urban regions globally. In this review, we present theoretical and empirical evidence for the processes and outcomes occurring when exotic commensal species encroach into native bushland. Specifically we ask when, how and why exotic commensal species encroach into bushland, what determines whether they establish, and what are the ecological consequences. We focus on the black rat, Rattus rattus, arguably the archetypal commensal species with a cosmopolitan distribution and the greatest potential for ecological damage of all the commensal rodents. We expect that the processes that we outline apply to other commensal species more broadly. We argue that commensals are in fact natives of the urban milieu and only become alien when they encroach into peri-urban bushland. We propose that the mechanisms of this encroachment will be different from those of other, non-commensal exotic species because urban areas act as dispersal hubs to overcome many of the barriers of invasion that other exotic species face. We suggest that resource supplementation by urban areas creates a great potential for promoting encroachment, invasion as well as impact. However, biotic and abiotic barriers to invasion are still relevant for commensals, highlighting the need to maintain the integrity of ecosystems and wildlife populations in urban edges so as to prevent commensal incursion. We examine how commensal black rats affect wildlife via three fundamental mechanisms, namely, predation, disease transfer and competition for resources, and also consider their possible positive impacts acting as functional replacements for lost natives. We conclude the review with an outline of research priorities and future directions that are essential for progressing our understanding of the ecology of commensal species.

Keeping Australia’s islands free of introduced rodents: the Barrow Island example

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Greenslade ◽  
Andrew A Burbidge ◽  
A Jasmyn ◽  
J Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
Black Rat ◽  
On This Island ◽  
Threatened Taxa ◽  
Eradication Costs ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Black Rats

Islands are important reservoirs of endemic and threatened species, but anthropogenic influences have impacted their biotas. Australia has over 8000 islands, both continental and oceanic, but because of considerably increased traffic, both tourist and commercial, many of these islands have been and are subject to increased threats from invasive species. The invasive Black Rat Rattus rattus is of particular concern as it can negatively impact mammal, bird, reptile, invertebrate and plant populations. Barrow Island, in northwest Western Australia, is an island requiring particular protection from Black Rats as it is a Class A nature reserve with many unique and threatened taxa that is subject to major disturbances from activities associated with oil extraction and a large liquefied natural gas processing plant. Strict quarantine is currently imposed on all materials and persons being sent to the island and there is an intense on-island surveillance programme. So far the protocols used have prevented Black Rats establishing on this island, but such a level of biosecurity is clearly impossible for all islands. In this paper we discuss the effectiveness of quarantine inspections and surveillance together and alone in protecting high-risk, high-value Australian islands against introduced rodents and we document eradication costs for other islands. World-wide, it has only been possible so far to eradicate rats from relatively small islands, mostly with no non-target indigenous mammals and larger islands only where there are no non-target indigenous mammals. Models based largely on economic considerations have suggested it is more cost effective to use surveillance alone without quarantine for Black Rats on Barrow Island and that if rats become widespread (an estimated 4% risk), it may be more cost effective not to attempt eradication. Such models provide useful guidance for managers where biodiversity values are relatively low or where there are no non-target species, but for Barrow island we argue for continuation of quarantine as well as surveillance and an increased level of quarantine controls at the point of departure on all people, vessels and aircraft visiting other vulnerable Australian islands.

scholarly journals A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by house mouse and black rat populations in Yucatan, Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (11) ◽  
pp. 2287-2295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. PANTI-MAY ◽  
R. R. C. DE ANDRADE ◽  
Y. GURUBEL-GONZÁLEZ ◽  
E. PALOMO-ARJONA ◽  
L. SODÁ-TAMAYO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Black Rat ◽  
Black Rats

SUMMARYThe house mouse (Mus musculus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus) are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens, several of which cause neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Studies of the prevalence of these NTD-causing zoonotic pathogens, in house mice and black rats from tropical residential areas are scarce. Three hundred and two house mice and 161 black rats were trapped in 2013 from two urban neighbourhoods and a rural village in Yucatan, Mexico, and subsequently tested forTrypanosoma cruzi,Hymenolepis diminutaandLeptospira interrogans. Using the polymerase chain reaction we detectedT. cruziDNA in the hearts of 4·9% (8/165) and 6·2% (7/113) of house mice and black rats, respectively. We applied the sedimentation technique to detect eggs ofH. diminutain 0·5% (1/182) and 14·2% (15/106) of house mice and black rats, respectively. Through the immunofluorescent imprint method,L. interroganswas identified in 0·9% (1/106) of rat kidney impressions. Our results suggest that the black rat could be an important reservoir forT. cruziandH. diminutain the studied sites. Further studies examining seasonal and geographical patterns could increase our knowledge on the epidemiology of these pathogens in Mexico and the risk to public health posed by rodents.

Trappability of introduced and native rodents in different trap types in coastal forests of south-eastern Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Black Rat ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Invasive Rodents ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Black Rats

Trapping is an invaluable tool for estimating community composition and population size and structure of mammals. Bias in the relative contribution of species to a community and the age and sex structure of populations can occur where the traps used do not equally trap all species, sexes or cohorts. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of enclosed Elliott traps and open wire cage traps in trapping the invasive black rat, Rattus rattus, and the native rodent, Rattus fuscipes. Both trap types were suitable for trapping R. fuscipes and there was no apparent bias in capture of sex and age classes. In contrast, black rats were considerably more trappable in cage traps. Juveniles were more readily trapped in Elliott traps than adults, but were still considerably undersampled where only Elliott traps were used. These findings have important implications for sampling invasive rodents in Australian forests where Elliott traps are commonly used to census small mammals. Only using Elliott traps will underestimate density, distribution and impacts of R. rattus in native habitats. Cage traps or a combination of traps are recommended for reliably trapping black rats and obtaining representative data on presence, abundance and distribution.

scholarly journals The Social and psychological impact of Covid-19 on the university students, a case study: University of Blida 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-175
Author(s):  
Amel Beichi, Osman Ahmed, Tchalabi Sakina
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
University Student ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
The Social ◽  
University Relations ◽  
The University

The study examines the social and psychological impact of the COVID -19 pandemic on university students in a number of variables related to daily activities, family relations, university student relations and psychological health. The study aimed to find out the effect of closure during the spread of COVID -19 on the psychological and social aspects of university students. The study was conducted from 1-26 November and a questionnaire was developed that was completed online using the Google Forms platform in order to reach the largest possible number of students. A random sample of students from the University of Blida 2 in Algeria was selected in the Faculties of Humanities and Economics, taking into account homogeneity. And the disparity in the university community. The sample size was 132 students. The most important results of the study can be summed up in that there are no significant differences in the social and psychological impact of COVID -19 on students who were infected with the virus and who were not infected with regard to variables of daily activity and university relations, but we find that the closure has affected family relations and the mental health of people with Corona virus.

scholarly journals Palaeogenomic analysis of black rat (Rattus rattus) reveals multiple European introductions associated with human economic history

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Yu ◽  
Alexandra Jamieson ◽  
Ardern Hulme-Beaman ◽  
Chris J. Conroy ◽  
Becky Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Economic History ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Population History ◽  
Black Rat ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
History Of ◽  
Climatic Cooling ◽  
Black Rats

AbstractThe distribution of the black rat (Rattus rattus) has been heavily influenced by its association with humans. The dispersal history of this non-native commensal rodent across Europe, however, remains poorly understood, and different introductions may have occurred during the Roman and medieval periods. Here, in order to reconstruct the population history of European black rats, we generated a de novo genome assembly of the black rat, 67 ancient black rat mitogenomes and 36 ancient nuclear genomes from sites spanning the 1st-17th centuries CE in Europe and North Africa. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA confirm that black rats were introduced into the Mediterranean and Europe from Southwest Asia. Genomic analyses of the ancient rats reveal a population turnover in temperate Europe between the 6th and 10th centuries CE, coincident with an archaeologically attested decline in the black rat population. The near disappearance and re-emergence of black rats in Europe may have been the result of the breakdown of the Roman Empire, the First Plague Pandemic, and/or post-Roman climatic cooling.

scholarly journals No evidence for avoidance of black rat scent by the presumably less competitive Natal multimammate mouse in a choice experiment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura N. Cuypers ◽  
Wim L. Cuypers ◽  
Amélie Gildemyn-Blomme ◽  
Laura Abraham ◽  
Senne Aertbeliën ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Mastomys Natalensis ◽  
Black Rat ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Multimammate Mice ◽  
Black Rats

AbstractIn Africa, indigenous multimammate mice (Mastomys natalensis) only appear to live commensally in houses when invasive black rats (Rattus rattus) are absent, yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. Avoidance through smell may cause the absence of M. natalensis from areas occupied by R. rattus, but this hypothesis has not yet been tested. We conducted a Y-maze choice experiment where 15 M. natalensis were offered a choice between corridors containing conspecific scent, R. rattus scent, and a control scent. Residence time in the R. rattus corridor was greater than that in the control corridor but equal to that in the M. natalensis corridor, suggesting that multimammate mice do not actively avoid the scent of their invasive competitor.

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