Analysis of Effectiveness of Amnesty Program as a Response Tool in Containment of the Impact of “Cult Related” Activities in Niger Delta Region

Background of Study: Cult related activities such as inter and intra cult clashes have been prevalent in communities in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. The clashes which are violent in nature are carried out by youths who belong to one cult group or the other. The clashes occur when members of a cult group attack members of another or other cult groups or invade a community in order to take control of an area and the proceeds accruing from crude oil exploitation and exploration by multi- national oil companies. Among the major cult groups perpetrating the violent acts include Deybam, Deywell, Iceland and Greenland. Due to the violent clashes many lives have been lost, properties destroyed, women raped, residents displaced, houses burnt and residents kidnapped/abducted. These affected socio-economic activities and livelihood means of the people. Materials and Methods: This research analyzes the effectiveness of amnesty program as a response tool in mitigating cult related activities in Niger Delta region. Specifically, the study examines the magnitude of cult impact, relationship between frequency of cult attacks and fatalities, and examines the impact of cult activities before and after the amnesty. Adopting Cross- sectional research resign and using data chiefly collected from Nigerian Police, a total of 36 communities were purposively selected from 2 States in Niger Delta where amnesty was offered in 2016. The data were subjected to Pearson’s correlation and T-test statistical analysis. Results: Pearson’s correlation showed that there was a positive significant relationship between cult attacks and fatalities over a ten year period, with r = 0.83 at 99% probability level. The Student’s t-test showed a statistically significant difference on cult attacks before and after amnesty with t-cal of 2.55> t-tab of 2.01 at 95% probability level. The t-test also showed a statistically significant difference on cult fatalities before and after amnesty with t-cal of 2.41> t- tab of 2.01 at 95% probability level. Findings further revealed that mean values of cult attacks (3.20) and fatalities (2.70) after the amnesty were greater than mean values of cult attacks (2.13) and fatalities (1.37) before the amnesty. Conclusion: This showed that despite the amnesty, cult impact was still high in the study area and it was concluded that administration of amnesty is not an effective response tool to mitigation and containment of cult related activities in Niger Delta region, owing to its poor implementation and the desire to join cult groups by many youths who felt that joining the cult group will accord them protection and power over others. It is recommended that government should involve the local communities in designing an intervention program for youths.

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A Statistical Discourse of the Climate of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Journal of Management and Social Science Research ◽

10.47524/jmssr.11.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1/2) ◽

pp. 15-33

Author(s):

M Odigwe ◽

S. I. Efe ◽

A. O. Atubi

Keyword(s):

Niger Delta ◽

Google Earth ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Series Data ◽

Trend Test ◽

Delta Region ◽

Niger Delta Region ◽

Ex Post ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

The study aimed at investigating the climate of the Niger Delta Region (NDR) of Nigeria. This is to ascertain the variations in rainfall and temperature in the Niger Delta Region. The study utilized the ex-post facto research design. The study utilized the annual rainfall and temperature time series data from 1925 – 2018 periods. That was generated from the archive of the Climate Research Unit (CRU) Ts 4.03 using Google earth. The grided points of 5ox5o high resolution of thirty-two (32) CRU Ts 4.03 stations were utilized for the study. In order to analyse the data on rainfall and temperature the descriptive statistical techniques were employed. While testing the formulated hypotheses, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to decide the significant difference in stations, additionally the Turkey Test was utilized to decide were the difference in the mean lies, while the Mann-Kendell Trend Test was used to determine the upward and downward trends in rainfall and temperature. Thus, the study revealed that the mean distribution of rainfall and temperature in the Niger Delta region for the past ninety-four (94) years showed a downward and upward trend with a mean of 2238.3mm and 26.7oC in rainfall and temperature respectively. While, the highest and lowest rainfall (2600.7mm and 1854mm), was recorded in 1955 and 1984 which indicates an increase of 746.7mm. The highest and lowest temperature (27.4oC and 25.9oC) was recorded in 2017, 1976 and 1977 respectively which indicate a rise of 1.5oC. Furthermore, the study revealed that there is a statistically significant variation in rainfall in the Niger

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Current Economic and Political Dispensation and Teacher Education Programs in Niger Delta Region

Teacher Education ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0164-0.ch069 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 1424-1437

Author(s):

Nwachukwu Prince Ololube ◽

Nanighe Baldwin Major ◽

Peter James Kpolovie

Keyword(s):

Teacher Education ◽

Education Program ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Teacher Education Program ◽

Teacher Education Programs ◽

Effective Teacher ◽

Delta Region ◽

Education Programs ◽

Niger Delta Region ◽

The Impact

In this chapter we highlighted the impact of the current economic and political dispensation in Nigeria and its impact on teacher education programs and the means of enhancing teacher education in the Niger Delta region. This paper is a conceptual and methodological breakthrough in Nigeria's academic landscape where qualitative and quantitative experiences highlight issues that are pertinent to teacher education program in the Niger Delta. The chapter proposed that the Niger Delta region's and the entire Nigeria's teacher education programs would be advanced if the component parts of the current economic and political disposition are resolved. This chapter contends that the Niger Delta region has the potential to address the challenges currently faced in the region such as social disruption (violence threat), poverty, hunger, disease, conflict, marginalization, and the achievement and improvement for effective teacher education programs. This chapter is of the immense judgment that successfully addressing the challenges currently faced in the Niger Delta region, teacher education programs will greatly improve qualitatively and quantitatively.

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DAMPAK KRISIS GLOBAL TERHADAP NON PERFORMING LOAN BANK DEVISA NASIONAL

Inovbiz: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis ◽

10.35314/inovbiz.v4i2.72 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Suharyono Suharyono ◽

Teguh Widodo

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Foreign Exchange ◽

T Test ◽

Global Crisis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Composite Rating ◽

The Impact

Abstract: The global crisis has resulted non performing loan (NPL) increased. The measurement of the banks non performing loan ratio is applicable to assess the composite rating of a bank, as the impact of the global crisis toward non performing loan of foreign exchange banks. This study aimed to determine whether there was significant difference between foreign exchange banks non- performing loan before and after the global crisis. The Bank’s non performing loans was measured by comparing the Non-Performing Loan to the total credit. The population of this study was 35 foreign exchange banks. The Hypothesis was tested by using Mann Whitney different test and Independent Sample T Test. The research of this study showed that non performing loan of foreign exchange banks before, during, and after global crisis did not have significant difference. Key words: NPL, Bank, Foreign Exchange, Crisis, global.

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DAMPAK PENERAPAN PP NOMOR 46 TAHUN 2013 ATAS PEMBAYARAN PAJAK OLEH WAJIB PAJAK KPP PRATAMA MANADO

JURNAL RISET AKUNTANSI DAN AUDITING "GOODWILL" ◽

10.35800/jjs.v6i2.10497 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Yuli Rawun ◽

Agus T. Poputra ◽

Lintje Kalangi

Keyword(s):

Income Tax ◽

Government Regulation ◽

T Test ◽

Paired Sample ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

The Government ◽

Tax Payments ◽

The Impact ◽

Year 2013

In an effort to increase voluntary compliance with tax obligations and encourage the contribution of revenues from the UMKM sector, the Government has issued Government Regulation No. 46 2013. The new Tax Regulation has the advantage of rates that are used less than the previous fare, ie 1% of gross turnover.Regulation No. 46 2013 taxpayer applies for personal and / or agency that has a certain gross income, ie income less than 4.8 M. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of adoption of Government Regulation No. 46 2013 of Paying Income Tax by Taxpayers at KPP Pratama Manado. The analytical method used is using two different test samples / dependent groups (paired) or Paired Sample T Test. Paired Sample t test course used when the two groups are interconnected. Two paired sample means a sample with the same subject but have two different treatments or measurements of, for example, before and after. Results of this study indicate that there is a difference between before and after the enactment of Government Regulation No. 46 Year 2013, but the difference that causes a decrease in the amount of tax paid by individual taxpayers who use the recording but for individual taxpayers who use the books there is no significant difference. As for corporate taxpayers that difference causes an increase on the amount of income tax payments by using final tax. Thus the application of Regulation No. 46 Year 2013 needs to be socialized again to taxpayers who are not registered in the KPP Pratama Manado in order to increase the amount of income tax payments.

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Iko River estuary: Oil exploration and the microbial community shift

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.3.0509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 025-032

Author(s):

Augustine A. Unimke ◽

Abiye A. Ibiene ◽

Phillip O. Okerentugba

Keyword(s):

Niger Delta ◽

Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽

River Estuary ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Mean Values ◽

Community Shift ◽

Niger Delta Region ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Total Fungi

The continuous input of petroleum-based and other industrial pollutants along with heightened navigational activities in the inland and coastal waters of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has contributed tremendously towards petroleum pollution of the aquatic environment. Standard analytical methods were employed in sample collection and analysis. The results showed the mean values of Total Heterotrophic Bacteria [THB] for tidal water 1.44±0.20 (x107), 1.42±0.62 (x107)and 1.82±0.61 (x107)for upstream, midstream and downstream respectively, while the mean values for CUB 1.06±0.12 (x106), 1.30±0.54 (x106) and 1.28±0.46 (x106) for upstream, midstream and downstream respectively. Similarly, the mean values for Total Fungi (TF) and Crude oil-Utilizing Fungi (CUF) were 1.08±0.12 (x106), 1.12±0.21 (x106), 1.18±0.20 (x106) and 8.2±0.78 (x104), 9.2±0.20 (x104), 8.8±0.26 (x104) for upstream, midstream and downstream respectively. For intertidal water, the mean values obtained for upstream, midstream and downstream were 1.24±0.82 (x107), 1.77±0.57 (x107) and 1.40±0.32 (x107) for THB, 1.08±0.92 (x106), 1.08±0.22 (x106) and1.13±0.21 (x106) for CUB, 1.00±0.60 (x107), 1.26±0.30 (x106) and 1.11±0.18 (x106) for Total fungi [TF] and 7.2±0.81 (x104), 9.6±0.4 (x104), 9.0±0.27 (x104) for CUF). While the values for benthic sediment were 1.55±0.38 (x108), 1.68±0.32 (x108), 2.24±0.34 (x108) for THB, 1.14±0.32 (x107), 1.24±0.88 (x107), 1.48±0.90 (x107) for CUB, 1.12±0.31 (x107), 1.20±0.52 (x107), 1.40±0.16 (x107) for TF and 8.2±0.12 (x105), 6.2±0.43 (x105), 1.01±0.12 (x106) for CUF. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in the mean values of each physicochemical parameter across the different microhabitats and stations. This result revealed the massive impacts of anthropogenic gradients on the biology and physicochemistry of Iko River estuary.

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THE IMPACT OF IFRS ADOPTION ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT IN BANKING COMPANIES IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE

JURNAL AKUNTANSI DAN AUDITING ◽

10.14710/jaa.v13i2.13874 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 176

Author(s):

Prima Santy ◽

Tawakkal Tawakkal ◽

Grace T. Pontoh

Keyword(s):

Earnings Management ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Research Result ◽

Control Variable ◽

T Test ◽

Test Analysis ◽

Ifrs Adoption ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact

The issue of the IFRSadoption as a standard that can lead to a reduction of earnings management. The research aimed to give empirical evidence concerning the impact of the IFRS adoption on earnings management, and the test of the difference level of earnings management between before and after the IFRS adoption. The research scope focused on the implementation of IFRS adoption particularly in PSAK No. 50 and PSAK No. 55 (revised 2006) concerningfinancial instruments. The research objects were the banking companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange for 4 years (2008-2011), i.e. as many as 23 banks. Samples were taken by using the purposive sampling technique. The main variables in this research are IFRS and earnings management,and includes several control variable, among others are, size, financial leverage, market to book value and institutional investors. The data were analyzed usingmultiple regression analysis and different t-test analysis. The research result indicates that the IFRS adoption has not effect the decreaseon the earnings management.Among the four control variables, the variable institutional investor is found not to have theeffect on earnings management, whereas the other three variables haveeffect.The result of the different t-test analysis also indicates that statistically there is not significant difference on the level of the earnings management between before and after IFRS adoption. Thus, based on this study concluded that the adoption of IFRS still allow for the occurrence of earnings management.

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Current Economic and Political Dispensation and Teacher Education Programs in Niger Delta Region

Pre-Service and In-Service Teacher Education ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7305-0.ch093 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 2009-2022

Author(s):

Nwachukwu Prince Ololube ◽

Nanighe Baldwin Major ◽

Peter James Kpolovie

Keyword(s):

Teacher Education ◽

Education Program ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Teacher Education Program ◽

Teacher Education Programs ◽

Effective Teacher ◽

Delta Region ◽

Education Programs ◽

Niger Delta Region ◽

The Impact

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The Impact of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending on Business Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

TIJAB (The International Journal of Applied Business) ◽

10.20473/tijab.v5.i2.2021.31540 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Rindah Febriana Suryawati ◽

Duhita Paramaramya Putri Nurdana

Keyword(s):

Financial Institution ◽

Peer To Peer ◽

T Test ◽

Least Square ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

P2p Lending ◽

Peer Lending ◽

The Impact ◽

Paired T Test

The problem faced by most micro-entrepreneurs in Indonesia is financing business. Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending is a non-bank financial institution that can be an alternative source of financing because of the requirements and easy application usage. This study aims to analyze the impact of peer-to-peer lending on business expenses, business turnover, total employment, total sales of products, and profits before and after obtaining a peer-to-peer lending loan and analyze factors affecting the increase in business turnover after getting a loan through peer-to-peer lending. The methods used in this study include the descriptive analysis method, paired t-test, and ordinary least square (OLS). The paired t-test results indicate that there is a significant difference between business expenses, business turnover, the amount of labor, the number of product sales, and profit before and after obtaining a peer-to-peer lending loan. The result of analysis with the OLS method shows that the length of business and expenditure of the business has a significant effect on the development of respondents' business turnover.

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A Review of the Environmental Impact of Gas Flaring on the Physiochemical Properties of Water, Soil and Air Quality in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences ◽

10.34198/ejcs.7122.3552 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 35-52

Author(s):

Adeoye Ademola Elijah

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Soil Water ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Delta Region ◽

Physiochemical Properties ◽

Gas Flaring ◽

Physiochemical Parameters ◽

Niger Delta Region ◽

The Impact

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is of great socio-economic importance due to its huge crude oil reserves. However, the process of exploration has been of great detrimental effect on the physiochemical properties of the soil, water and air quality in the region and has caused several public health issues. This review article is focused on readdressing the extent of the impact of one of the processes, gas flaring on the environment, using some physiochemical parameters of rain water, soil and air quality in some selected communities in the Niger Delta region based on series of previous researches. The results show that gas flaring has negatively impacted the physical and chemical properties soil, water and air components of the environment, most especially impacting areas very close to the flaring site. Also, recommendations were made as to how the flaring of gas can be reduced to a very minimal level as well as how these gases can be utilized making it more economical than the flaring process which is a very good case for further research.

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Analyzing the Impact of Large Dams on Seismicity Patterns around Their Locations

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics ◽

10.1515/heem-2021-0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 3-17

Author(s):

Mina Parvizishad ◽

Simin Naseri ◽

Ramin Nabizadeh ◽

Abdollah Sohrabi Bidar ◽

Amir Hossein Mahvi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

T Test ◽

Dam Construction ◽

Seismicity Patterns ◽

Regional Seismicity ◽

Large Dams ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

Abstract Dam construction is one of the most popular solutions for managing water resources. In recent years, changes in patterns of regional seismicity associated with large impoundment dams have raised concerns among environmentalists. In this study, five large dams located in Iran were studied from this perspective. The Gutenberg-Richter, linear regression and T-test were used to examine the seismic changes in the radius of 100 km of each of the dams during a twenty-five-year period before and after the construction of the dams. The results revealed that the seismicity level and relative density of large and small earthquakes in three of these dams have increased after dam construction. A significant difference between the magnitude of earthquakes, as well as the number of earthquakes before and after the construction of dams in the region, was recognized. However, the results of the T-test statistical analysis indicated that the mean depth of the earthquakes and their distance from the dams before and after construction have not changed significantly. Overall, these results indicated that the construction of large impoundment dams has been associated with some changes in patterns of regional seismicity. The findings would guide researchers to further investigate the type of impacts that dam construction may have on seismicity patterns.

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