Cell Death and Its Different Modes: History of Understanding and Current Trends

Discussions about what is life continue to struggle; there are pros and cons for whether a virus is alive. However, an opposite thing – cell death – appears to be tantamount important and equally not-easygoing to define. Nevertheless, our current knowledge about eukaryotic cell death has made a long way and resulted in a fruitful outcome: starting from three types of cell death (type I, II and III which are mainly applicable to eukaryotic cells of organisms from the biological kingdom animalia) in 1970s, Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death has named already twelve cell death forms in 2018, including the above mentioned apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis among them. How the scientific attitude towards cellular demise evolved and various aspects of different cell death modes are reviewed in this article.

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Polyphenol-Mediated Autophagy in Cancer: Evidence of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21186635 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (18) ◽

pp. 6635 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monica Benvenuto ◽

Loredana Albonici ◽

Chiara Focaccetti ◽

Sara Ciuffa ◽

Sara Fazi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Cellular Transformation ◽

Degradation Process ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Type I ◽

Specific Effects

One of the hallmarks of cellular transformation is the altered mechanism of cell death. There are three main types of cell death, characterized by different morphological and biochemical features, namely apoptosis (type I), autophagic cell death (type II) and necrosis (type III). Autophagy, or self-eating, is a tightly regulated process involved in stress responses, and it is a lysosomal degradation process. The role of autophagy in cancer is controversial and has been associated with both the induction and the inhibition of tumor growth. Autophagy can exert tumor suppression through the degradation of oncogenic proteins, suppression of inflammation, chronic tissue damage and ultimately by preventing mutations and genetic instability. On the other hand, tumor cells activate autophagy for survival in cellular stress conditions. Thus, autophagy modulation could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. Several studies have shown that polyphenols, natural compounds found in foods and beverages of plant origin, can efficiently modulate autophagy in several types of cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of polyphenols on autophagy, highlighting the conceptual benefits or drawbacks and subtle cell-specific effects of polyphenols for envisioning future therapies employing polyphenols as chemoadjuvants.

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Caspases in the Developing Central Nervous System: Apoptosis and Beyond

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.702404 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Trang Thi Minh Nguyen ◽

Germain Gillet ◽

Nikolay Popgeorgiev

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cell Death ◽

Nervous System ◽

Synapse Formation ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Cysteine Proteases ◽

Mitochondrial Pathway ◽

Neural Cells ◽

Type I ◽

Caspase Family

The caspase family of cysteine proteases represents the executioners of programmed cell death (PCD) type I or apoptosis. For years, caspases have been known for their critical roles in shaping embryonic structures, including the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, recent findings have suggested that aside from their roles in eliminating unnecessary neural cells, caspases are also implicated in other neurodevelopmental processes such as axon guidance, synapse formation, axon pruning, and synaptic functions. These results raise the question as to how neurons regulate this decision-making, leading either to cell death or to proper development and differentiation. This review highlights current knowledge on apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions of caspases in the developing CNS. We also discuss the molecular factors involved in the regulation of caspase-mediated roles, emphasizing the mitochondrial pathway of cell death.

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Bordetella bronchiseptica-Mediated Cytotoxicity to Macrophages Is Dependent on bvg-Regulated Factors, Including Pertactin

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.67.11.5972-5978.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 67 (11) ◽

pp. 5972-5978 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Catrina B. Forde ◽

Xiaoju Shi ◽

Jingli Li ◽

Mark Roberts

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

De Novo ◽

Cell Types ◽

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

Cytochalasin D ◽

Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽

Eukaryotic Cells ◽

Murine Macrophage ◽

Wild Type

ABSTRACT The effect of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection on the viability of murine macrophage-like cells and on primary porcine alveolar macrophages was investigated. The bacterium was shown to be cytotoxic for both cell types, particularly where tight cell-to-cell contacts were established. In addition, bvg mutants were poorly cytotoxic for the eukaryotic cells, while a prnmutant was significantly less toxic than wild-type bacteria. B. bronchiseptica-mediated cytotoxicity was inhibited in the presence of cytochalasin D or cycloheximide, an inhibitor of microfilament-dependent phagocytosis or de novo eukaryotic protein synthesis, respectively. The mechanism of eukaryotic cell death was examined, and cell death was found to occur primarily through a necrotic pathway, although a small proportion of the population underwent apoptosis.

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ACUTE ABDOMEN IN A CHILD WITH SALMONELLOSIS AND A KNOWN HISTORY OF TYPE I DIABETE MELLITUS

10.26226/morressier.5ad774ddd462b80296ca68c2 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Maria-Iwanna Apostolou

Keyword(s):

Acute Abdomen ◽

Type I ◽

History Of

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CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS PECULIARITIES IN MEN UNDER 60 YEARS OLD WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES

"Medical & pharmaceutical journal "Pulse" ◽

10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2020-22-9-21-25 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 21-25

Author(s):

Tupitsyn V.V. ◽

Bataev Kh.M. ◽

Men’shikova A.N. ◽

Godina Z.N.

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Digestive System ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Type I ◽

Internal Organs ◽

History Of

Relevance. Information about the cardiovascular diseases risk factors (CVD RF) for in men with chronic lung inflam-matory pathology (CLID) is contradictory and requires clarification. Aim. To evaluate the peculiarities of CVD RF in men under 60 years of age with CLID in myocardial infarction (MI) to improve prevention. Material and methods. The study included men aged 19-60 years old with type I myocardial infarction. Patients are divided into two age-comparable groups: I - the study group, with CLID - 142 patients; II - control, without it - 424 patients. A comparative analysis of the frequency of observation of the main and additional cardiovascular risk fac-tors in groups was performed. Results. In patients of the study group, more often than in the control group we observed: hereditary burden of is-chemic heart disease (40.8 and 31.6%, respectively; p = 0.0461) and arterial hypertension (54.2 and 44.6%; p = 0.0461), frequent colds (24.6 and 12.0%; p = 0.0003), a history of extrasystoles (19.7 and 12.7%; p = 0.04); chronic foci of infections of internal organs (75.4 and 29.5%; p˂0.0001), non-ulcer lesions of the digestive system (26.1 and 14.6%; p = 0.007), smoking (95.1 and 66.3%; p˂0.0001), MI in winter (40.8 and 25.9%; p = 0.006). Less commonly were observed: oral cavity infections (9.2 and 23.6%; p˂0.0001); hypodynamia (74.5 and 82.5%; p = 0.0358), over-weight (44.4 and 55.2%; p = 0.0136), a subjective relationship between the worsening of the course of coronary heart disease and the season of the year (43.7 and 55.2%; p = 0.0173) and MI - in the autumn (14.1 and 21.9%; p = 0.006) period. Conclusions. The structure of CVD RF in men under 60 years of age with CLID with MI is characterized by the pre-dominance of smoking, non-ulcer pathology of the digestive system, frequent pro-student diseases, meteorological dependence, a history of cardiac arrhythmias and foci of internal organ infections. It is advisable to use the listed factors when planning preventive measures in such patients.

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Paleontology and stratigraphy of Middle Eocene rock units in the southern Green River and Uinta Basins, Wyoming and Utah

Geology of the Intermountain West ◽

10.31711/giw.v4.pp1-53 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 1-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paul Murphey ◽

K.E. Townsend ◽

Anthony Friscia ◽

James Westgate ◽

Emmett Evanoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Middle Eocene ◽

Green River Basin ◽

Green River ◽

Scientific Exploration ◽

History Of ◽

Climatic History ◽

Field Excursion ◽

Land Mammal ◽

Bridger Formation

The Bridger Formation is restricted to the Green River Basin in southwest Wyoming, and the Uinta and Duchesne River Formations are located in the Uinta Basin in Utah. These three rock units and their diverse fossil assemblages are of great scientific importance and historic interest to vertebrate paleontologists. Notably, they are also the stratotypes from oldest to youngest for the three middle Eocene North American Land Mammal Ages—the Bridgerian, Uintan, and Duchesnean. The fossils and sediments of these formations provide a critically important record of biotic, environmental, and climatic history spanning approximately 10 million years (49 to 39 Ma). This article provides a detailed field excursion through portions of the Green River and Uinta Basins that focuses on locations of geologic, paleontologic, and historical interest. In support of the field excursion, we also provide a review of current knowledge of these formations with emphasis on lithostratigraphy, biochronology, depositional, and paleoenvironmental history, and the history of scientific exploration.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Arabidopsis type I metacaspases control cell death.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.7655958.8063055 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Vitaly Citovsky ◽

Benoît Lacroix

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Control Cell ◽

Type I

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Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Excel in Business but Not without Risks

10.36650/nexus14.2_77-90_imada ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 77-90

Author(s):

Bill Imada

Keyword(s):

Asian Americans ◽

Asian American ◽

Immigration Policy ◽

Pacific Islanders ◽

Significant Growth ◽

Current Trends ◽

History Of ◽

Mainstream Society ◽

American Society ◽

The U.S

In recent years, data has shown that there has been significant growth in Asian American Pacific Islander-owned (AAPI) enterprises. Driven by demographic changes, related in large part to the history of immigration policy, the AAPI population has been growing, and this has been accompanied by AAPI innovators and entrepreneurs leaving greater marks on American society and the U.S. economy. This growth, however, is not without risks and threats. The legacy of being “othered” by mainstream society means that AAPI success in business and in the corporate landscape can be met with resentment and criticism. This article explores the history of AAPI entrepreneurship and current trends. It also examines the challenges that the community may continue to face and offers recommendations on how to ensure continued growth and expanded opportunities for AAPIs in business.

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Herbal Medicine: Clinical Perspective & Regulatory Status

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening ◽

10.2174/1386207323999201110192942 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Md Abul Barkat ◽

Anjali Goyal ◽

Harshita Abul Barkat ◽

Mohammad Salauddin ◽

Faheem Hyder Pottoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Herbal Medicine ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

New Drugs ◽

Herbal Drugs ◽

Clinical Perspective ◽

Regulatory Status ◽

Novel Drugs ◽

History Of ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

Health Complications

Abstract:: Herbal medicines pays an important in treating the vaious diseases mainly due to the their potentially high therapeutic values and also due to the better acceptance of vaioruspatient under different health complications. The herbal medicine practice involves use of part of plant, entire plant or the selectctive isolated phytomedicineand the use and practices based on these has its pros and cons and has been greatly affected during the dawn. The search of new drugs during scientific era revives the interest in discovery of herbal drugs from different natural resources during 20th century. The present modern healthcare system invovlves utilization drugs and 50% of them are of ofnaural origin. Herbal drug disocovery found to be highly costly affair with low success rate and it hinders the further progress in utilizting the phytomedicine in treating the various deseases. But in recent years there is an increase in the search interest of herbal drugs mainly by the pharmaceutical industry and those invoves in the search of novel drugs from the herbs. Discovery of such new novel phytomedicines has to overcomes various challenges in indentification of active extracts and their toxicity, advereffects, herb drug interaction and importantly their regulatory requirments. The present review mainly focused on the history of herbal medicine, current clinical perspective, pharmaceutical, and regulatory challenges as well as its clinical presentation. Moreover, problems encountered in drug discovery from herbal resources and its possible solutions are delineated.

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