scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Sida acuta Burm (Malvaceae) Crude Extracts on Clinical and Typed Enteric Bacteria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Opeyemi Dorcas Bodunrin ◽  
Ebenezer Olayemi Dada
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Quantitative Result ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sida Acuta ◽  
Crude Extracts

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity of Sida acuta crude extracts on some enteric bacteria. Study Design: Experimental design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at The Federal University Technology, Akure (FUTA), Ondo State, Nigeria. Methodology: Ethanol and cold water were used as extracting solvents. The phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of the crude plant extracts were carried out using standard techniques. The clinical and typed bacteria isolates used are Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae. Commercial antibiotics were used as positive reference to compare the sensitivity of the bacterial strains. Results: The results of qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of S. acuta revealed the presence of alkaloids; tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phlobatanin, and terpenoid. Quantitative result showed that alkaloids and terpenoids were significantly (p ≥ 0.05.) higher in ethanol (9.41±0.06) and 7.66±0.06) compared to aqueous extract (6.61±0.05 and 5.55±0.05). The ethanol extract showed highest inhibitory effect (32.00±1.00) on clinical S. dysentariae and typed S. typhimurium at 200mg/ml. Highest inhibition observed for the aqueous extract at 200mg/ml was (24.67±1.03) and (24.33±1.03) for clinical S. typhimurium  and E. coli  respectively. The antibiotics sensitivity test showed that only ofloxacin was effective against the enteric bacterial isolates. Conclusion: Findings from this study revealed the potency of Sida acuta, as herbal candidate for the treatment of human enteric bacteria especially on S. dysentariae, S. typhimurium and E. coli at 200mg/ml which validates the antibacterial potency of Sida acuta and its potential as an herbal candidate for treating human enteric bacterial infections.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TOKAR SHA AGAINST ENTERIC BACTERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-444
Author(s):  
Sabiu Shitu ◽  
M. Attahiru ◽  
F. A. Iliya
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enteric Infections

The antibacterial activity of Tokar sha; a local traditional medication widely used by many people in North-west zone of Nigeria especially Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara against enteric infections were examined against some clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi) using agar well diffusion method. The pattern of inhibition varied with the tokar sha concentrations and the organisms tested. The tokar sha was more effective on E. coli with a maximum zone of growth inhibition of 25mm at 35mg/ml followed by B. cereus (20mm). However, S. aureus and S. typhi were resistant to tokar sha at all concentrations tested. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were found to be 35mg/ml for both E. coli and B. cereus. The antibacterial activities exhibited by tokar sha in this study could be attributed to the presence of its constituents which signifies the potential of the tokar sha as a therapeutic agent. These findings may justify the ethnomedicinal use of tokar sha as an antibacterial agent against enterobacteria

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of the root extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla and Vitellaria paradoxa

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-514
Author(s):  
U.M. Oyedum ◽  
F.A. Kuta ◽  
S.A. Garba ◽  
S.O. Enejiyon
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Activité Antibactérienne ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Crude Extracts

Background: Over time, herbal plants and their various components have been major sources of therapeutic medicine for man. A comparative study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activities of the different crude extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla and Vitellaria paradoxa roots on four enteric bacteria; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris.Methodology: Root samples of E. heterophylla and V. paradoxa were collected, washed, air dried and processed to fine powder in the microbiology laboratory of Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Crude extract of the root samples was done by the cold maceration technique using four solvents (chloroform, methanol, petroleum ether and water). Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was done using previously described technique, and in vitro antibacterial activities of different concentrations of the extracts (50-200 mg/ml) and a standard antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) were tested on four enteric bacteria (S. typhi, S. flexneri, E. coli, P. vulgaris) by the agar diffusion test. In vivo antibacterial activities of the two plants were also tested by daily oral administration of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight (for 7 days) of each extract on inbred mice infected through intraperitoneal inoculation of an infective dose of each of the four enteric bacteria. Data were computed as mean ± standard error and analysed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4. Associations between variables were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA), with p < 0.05 considered as significant value.Results: Phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts of both plants revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins but V. paradoxa contain more carbohydrates and starch, and less phlobatannins, compared to E. heterophylla. In vitro assay showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity of the methanol, aqueous and chloroform (but not petroleum ether) extracts of the two plant roots. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the different extracts of V. paradoxica extracts were significantly higher (higher mean diameters of inhibition zones) than those of E. heterophylla (p<0.05), and methanol extracts gave the highest antibacterial effects. However, the root extract of E. heterophylla gave a higher antibacterial activity with the in vivo assay on inbred mice than V. paradoxa, and methanol extracts of the two plant extracts gave the highest in vivo activity, followed by aqueous extract and least activity was obtained with the chloroform extract.Conclusion: Crude extracts of E. heterophylla and V. paradoxa roots produce antibacterial activity against enteric Gram-negative bacteria pathogens involved in diarrhoea illnesses. Further researches should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compounds in the crude extracts.   French title: Analyse comparative de l'activité phytochimique et antibactérienne des extraits de racines d'Euphorbia heterophylla et de Vitellaria paradoxa Contexte: Au fil du temps, les plantes médicinales et leurs divers composants ont été une source majeure de médecine thérapeutique pour l'homme. Une étude comparative a été réalisée pour déterminer les composants phytochimiques et les activités antibactériennes des différents extraits bruts de racines d'Euphorbia heterophylla et de Vitellaria paradoxa sur quatre bactéries entériques; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli et Proteus vulgaris. Méthodologie: Des échantillons de racines d'E. heterophylla et de V. paradoxa ont été collectés, lavés, séchés à l'air et transformés en poudre fine dans le laboratoire de microbiologie de l'Université fédérale de technologie, Minna, Nigéria. L'extraction brute des échantillons de racines a été réalisée par la technique de macération à froid en utilisant quatre solvants (chloroforme, méthanol, éther de pétrole et eau). L'analyse phytochimique des extraits a été effectuée en utilisant la technique décrite précédemment, et les activités antibactériennes in vitro de différentes concentrations des extraits (50-200 mg/ml) et d'un antibiotique standard (ciprofloxacine) ont été testées sur quatre bactéries entériques (S. typhi, S. flexneri, E. coli, P. vulgaris) par le test de diffusion sur gélose. Les activités  antibactériennes in vivo des deux plantes ont également été testées par administration orale quotidienne de 2000 mg/kg de poids corporel (pendant 7 jours) de chaque extrait sur des souris consanguines infectées par inoculation intrapéritonéale d'une dose infectieuse de chacune des quatre bactéries entériques. Les données ont été calculées en tant que moyenne ± erreur standard et analysées par le système d'analyse statistique (SAS) version 9.4. Les associations entre les variables ont été déterminées à l'aide d'une analyse de variance (ANOVA), avec p < 0,05 considéré comme une valeur significative. Résultats: L'analyse phytochimique des extraits bruts des deux plantes a révélé la présence de glycosides cardiaques, de saponines, d'alcaloïdes, de flavonoïdes et de tanins mais V. paradoxa contient plus de glucides et d'amidon, et moins de phlobatannins, par rapport à E. heterophylla. Un essai in vitro a montré une activité antibactérienne dose-dépendante des extraits au méthanol, aqueux et au chloroforme (mais pas à l'éther de pétrole) des deux racines des plantes. Les activités antibactériennes in vitro des différents extraits d'extraits de V. paradoxica étaient significativement plus élevées (diamètres moyens des zones d'inhibition plus élevés) que celles d'E. heterophylla (p<0,05), et les extraits au méthanol ont donné les effets antibactériens les plus élevés. Cependant, l'extrait de racine d'E. heterophylla a donné une activité antibactérienne plus élevée avec le test in vivo sur des souris consanguines que V. paradoxa, et les extraits au méthanol des deux extraits de plantes ont donné l'activité in vivo la plus élevée, suivie par l'extrait aqueux et l'activité la plus faible a été obtenu avec l'extrait chloroformique. Conclusion: Des extraits bruts de racines d'E. heterophylla et de V. paradoxa produisent une activité antibactérienne contre les bactéries pathogènes entériques à Gram négatif impliquées dans les maladies diarrhéiques. D'autres recherches devraient être dirigées vers l'isolement et la caractérisation des composés actifs dans les extraits bruts.

scholarly journals Study on antibacterial activity of Calotropis procera

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muzammal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Mic Value

Comparative study of plant extracts crude and aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic with antibiotics, provide evidence that calotropis procera extracts has the similar antibacterial activity as these antibiotics against test pathogens i.e. Salmonella typhi and E.coli. The analysis of antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extract of leaves and flower of Calotropis procera was carried out in disc method and also determined MIC value at 600nm through optical density using spectrophotometer. The zone of inhibition produced by extracts was examined and compares it with zone produced by antibiotics. The effect exhibited by ethanolic extract of leaves and flower was significantly greater than the aqueous and methanolic extract of leaves and flower. Crude extracts i.e. latex, leaves, fruit and flower crude extracts. Among them, flower crude extracts shows similar zone of inhibition to test anitibiotics.while in MIC value, we made different concentration of extracts and antibiotics.i.e for crude we made 25%, 50%.75% and 100% concentration of crude juice and for the aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic we made 0.5mg/mL,1mg/mL,2mg/mL,3mg/mL,4mg/mL, 5mg/mL and 6mg/mL in Dimethyl salfoxide, and same antibiotics concentration. Aqueous leaves extracts show MIC at 0.5mg/ml against E.coli while against Salmonella it shows MIC at 1mg/ml... We also determine phytochemical analysis for presences of different compounds in crude extracts. The obtained results provide a support for the use of Calotropis procera, in traditional medicine and suggest its further advance investigation.

scholarly journals Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Khaya senegalensis bark extracts on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Aliyu ◽  
Alkali BR ◽  
Yahaya MS ◽  
Garba A ◽  
Adeleye SA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

<p>The aqueous and ethanol extracts of the bark of<em> Khaya senegalensis</em> were screened for their phytochemical constituents and preliminary antibacterial activity against <em>Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli</em> and<em> Proteus mirabilis. </em>The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant on the tested organisms was determined using multiple tubes method.</p><p>Alkaloids, anthraquinones, glycosides, tannins and steroids were detected in both extracts.</p><p>The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the plant showed antibacterial activity against <em>B. subtilis and E. coli,</em> with the aqueous extracts having more activity than those of ethanol. However the growth of<em> P. mirabilis</em> was not inhibited by either of the extracts. The MIC value was determined to be 50 mg/ml for<em> B. subtilis </em>and<em> E. coli. </em>The results are suggestive of considerable antibacterial activity of<em> K. senegalensis </em>and may justify its use in the treatment of bacterial diseases by herbalists or traditional healers.</p>

scholarly journals Methylkarranjic acid and Pongamol from Derris indica Seeds and their Antibacterial Activity

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Abdullahil Baki ◽  
Golam Sadik ◽  
KAM Shahadat Hossain Mondal ◽  
M Ashilk Mosaddik ◽  
M Mukhlesur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Nmr Data ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Derris Indica

Two phenolic compounds, methylkarranjic (1) acid and pongamol (2), were isolated from the petroleum ether soluble fraction of an ethanolic extract of Derris indica seeds. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by LC-MS and a series of 1D and 2D NMR data. The solvent solvent partionates of the ethanolic extract and compounds (1 and 2) exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against several test organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 and 2 were found to be in the range of 32-128 μg/ml against Bacillus megatorium, Streptococcus β-haemolyticus, Shigella dysenteriae and E. coli. Key words: Derris indica; Leguminosae; Methylkarranjic acid; Pongamol; Antibacterial activity Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 6(1): 9-13, 2007 (June) The full text is of this article is available at the Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. website

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FRUIT EXTRACTS OF KLUTUK BANANA (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE ATCC 13313

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sriagung Fitri Kusuma ◽  
Soraya R Mita ◽  
Indah Firdayani ◽  
Resmi Mustarichie
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Thin Layer Plate ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Musa Balbisiana ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
Microdilution Method

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Klutuk Banana (Musa balbisiana colla) fruit extracts against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: The simplisia of Klutuk banana fruit was extracted with ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using standard procedures. Determination thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile of the extract was performed using a thin layer plate. The antibacterial activity was investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by a serial microdilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by subculturing the MIC result onto agar medium. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoids, quinones, and saponins. The TLC results prove the existence of flavonoids in the tested extract. The content of secondary metabolites that can act as an antibacterial, strengthen the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Klutuk banana against S. dysenteriae 13313 with MBC values in the range of 5-10%w/v. Potassium levels in the ethanol extract of Klutuk banana fruits contain potassium as much as 2.919% (29 190 ppm).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Klutuk banana fruits is more potent as antibacterial against S. dysenteriae than as potassium supplier in hypokalemia therapy.

scholarly journals Uji Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Tumbuhan Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Amalia Indah Prihantini ◽  
Krisnawati Krisnawati ◽  
Anita Apriliani Dwi Rahayu ◽  
Yosephin Martha Maria Anita Nugraheni ◽  
Gipi Samawandana
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Activity Assay ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Escherchia Coli ◽  
Main Components

Euchresta horsfieldii merupakan tanaman obat yang dikenal di Nusa Tenggara Barat dan Bali sebagai pranajiwa. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan analisis fitokimia dan aktivitas antibakteri dari akar, batang, daun, dan biji pranajiwa. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan terhadap bakteri Bacilus subtilis Inacc-B334, Staphylococccus aureus Inacc-B4, dan Escherchia coli Inacc-B5. Hasil analisis fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa alkaloid sebagai komponen senyawa yang paling dominan pada pranajiwa dan terdeteksi di setiap bagian tanaman. Bagian akar pranajiwa terdeteksi memiliki komponen senyawa yang paling bervariasi seperti alkaloid, tanin, flavonoid, saponin, dan terpenoid. Analisis GC-MS dari batang, akar, dan biji pranajiwa menunjukkan mome inositol, sophoridane, dan asam lemak seperti asam palmitat dan asam stearat sebagai komponen utamanya. Adapun uji aktivitas antibakteri pranajiwa menunjukkan bagian batang dan akar memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus Inacc-B4 dan E. coli Inacc B-5, sedangkan bagian biji memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap B. subtilis Inacc-B-334 dan S. aureus Inacc-B4. Hasil-hasil penelitian tersebut dapat mendukung penelitian terkait potensi E. horsfieldii sebagai sumber alternatif obat antibakteri. Phytochemical Test and Antibacterial Activity of Pranawija (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.)AbstractEuchresta horsfieldii is a medicinal plant known in West Nusa Tenggara and Bali as pranajiwa. This study investigated phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of E. horsfieldii. The samples were analyzed for their antibacterial activity against Bacilus subtilis Inacc-B334, Staphylococccus aureus Inacc-B4, and Escherchia coli Inacc-B5. The phytochemistry result indicated that alkaloids was the most dominant constituent of E. horsfieldii as it was detected in all parts of the plant. GC-MS analysis of the stems, roots, and seeds showed mome inositol, sophoridane, and fatty acids such as palmitic acid and strearic acid as the main components. The roots had the most varied constituents with detection of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. Further, antibacterial activity assay showed that the stems and roots had antibacterial activity against S. aureus Inacc-B4 and E. coli Inacc B-5, whereas the seeds had antibacterial activity against B. subtilis Inacc-B-334 and S. aureus InaccB4. The result of the present study supports the investigation on potentiality of E. horsfieldii as alternative source for antibacterial agents.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Zobo and Bay Leaf Extracts on Enteropathogenic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
S. A. Wemedo ◽  
N. P. Akani ◽  
A. D. Amadiali
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enteropathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

Aim: The antibacterial activity of Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) and Zobo leaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts on enteropathogenic bacteria was investigated. Study Design: The study utilized well in agar diffusion to investigate the antimicrobial properties of the extracts. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University and the study was carried out in August, 2018 to October, 2018. Methodology: Faecal samples were collected from a medical laboratory and inoculated on eosin methylene blue and mannitol salt agar plates for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates were subjected to biochemical and molecular (PCR) identification so as to ascertain the distinctiveness of the isolates. Hot water and absolute alcohol were used as the extracting solvents. Concentrations of the extracted solvents was tested against E. coli and S. aureus using the well in agar method. Results: The result showed that both hot aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Bay leaf showed no sensitivity against the tested bacteria, whereas the extracts of hot dry aqueous and alcohol of Zobo leaf showed remarkable zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria. The zones of inhibition in the dry hot aqueous extract of zobo leaf with concentrations of 0.25 µg/mL, 0.125 µg/mL and 0.063 µg/mL were 31.3±0.1, 25.6±1.2 and 10.0±0.0, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the dry hot aqueous of zobo extract was observed at 0.063 µg/mL for E. coli, while zones of inhibition of 33.3±0.0, 30.1±0.3, 17.2±1.0 and 15.0±0.1 mm were recorded from the dry alcoholic extract of zobo leaf on E. coli given similar concentrations and the MIC was observed at the 0.031 µg/mL concentration. The result also showed that out of the four concentrations of the dry hot aqueous extract, only the 0.25 µg/mL concentration was able to show 14.2±0.0 mm inhibition on S. aureus, while the concentrations of 0.25 µg/ml and 0.125 µg/mL were the only two concentrations of the dry alcohol that showed levels of sensitivity with zone diameters of 29.3±1.0 and 25.2±0.0, respectively. Conclusion: The plant extracts of zobo leaves which displayed remarkable activity at fairly-low concentrations could be recommended for use against similar bacteria. Thus, investigation and adoption of plant extracts in modern medicine should be encouraged as this may be the break through needed to combat the ever-increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics.

scholarly journals Antibacterial activities and phytochemical screening of crude extract of Carica papaya leaf against selected pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
A.E. Ajiboye ◽  
R.A. Olawoyin
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Test Organisms

Carica papaya commonly known as paw paw belongs to the family of Curcubitaceae and commonly grown in tropical regions. It possesses  antimicrobial, antihelmintic and antioxidant properties. The study assessed the antibacterial potency of Carica papaya against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Acetone and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Carica papaya were obtained using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was done using agar well diffusion methods. The Minimum inhibitory and Minimum bactericidal concentrations were done using standard procedures. The antibacterial activities of the crude extracts of Carica papaya against the test organisms revealed that acetone extract showed maximum zone of inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 17.90±0.10mm at 500 mg/ml and the lowest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae with a zone of 6.50±0.50mm at 100 mg/ml, the aqueous extract showed maximum zone of  inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 15.50±0.50mm at 500 mg/ml and the lowest zone of inhibition was on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 6.50±0.50mm at 100 g/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of acetone and aqueous extract was 40 mg/ml and 50mg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts ranges from 40-60mg/ml. The qualitative  phytochemical screening result revealed the presence of tannins, saponnin, alkaloids and steroid. The quantitative phytochemicals revealed 0.70%  of flavonoids, 0.48% of alkaloids, 1.02% of tannin, 0.11% of steroids and 1.08% of glycoside. The result obtained revealed that crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves has antibacterial activities against the test organisms. Keywords: Carica papaya, Phytochemical screening, Pathogens, Antibacterial  activity

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL CRUDE EXTRACTS OF WHOLE PLANT OF THE UGANDAN PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS SCHUMACH. & THONN AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Magimbi Arthur ◽  
Adamu Almustapha Aliero ◽  
John Odda
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phyllanthus Amarus ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Whole Plant

Apart from being used for the treatment of malaria fevers, mono-herbal preparation of Ugandan Phyllanthus amarus is widely by local communities in central Uganda, for treatment of bacterial dysentery.  However, efficacy studies regarding the mono-herbal extracts of the Ugandan Phyllanthus amarus against Shigella dysenteriae is lacking. The present study was aimed at determined the antibacterial activity of aqueous ethanol crude extracts of whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus against Shigella dysenteriae. Whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus was collected from Wakiso district central of Uganda. Different concentrations (128µg/ml, 256µg/mL-1 and 512µg/ mL-1) of the ethanol crude extract of whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus were tested against Shigella dysenteriae using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth tube dilution method while Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by culture method. The results of this study showed that, Shigella dysenteriae was sensitive to different concentrations (128µg/ mL-1, 256µg/ mL-1and 512µg/ mL-1) of ethanol crude extract of whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus possessed antibacterial against Shigella dysenteriae with mean and standard error mean zone of inhibition ranging from 11.5±0.5 to 13.5±0.5mm, while the positive control had mean and standard error mean zone of inhibition 24.5±0.5mm. The MIC and MBC of the ethanol crude extract of whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus against Shigella dysenteriae was found to be 32µg/ml and 64µg/ml respectively. This study found that the whole plant of phyllanthus amarus of ethanol crude extract was active against Shigella dysenterie.  Further study should be carried out test whole plant Phyllanthus amarus crude extract on different microorganisms that cause dysentery to find out its activity against them and spectrum, determine lead compound in the whole plant Phyllanthus amarus crude extract responsible for the anti-microbial activity against Shigella dysenteriae and also determine the mechanism of action by which this plant crude extract inhibits Shigella dysenteriae.

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