scholarly journals Prevalence of Anaemia after Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-infected Patients Attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
A. O. Okafor ◽  
E. C. Akwiwu ◽  
J. O. Akpotuzor
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Cell Counts

Aims: To investigating some demographic variables and red cell parameters of infected persons already accessing antiretroviral therapy with a view to identifying sub- groups with higher proportions of anaemia.  Study Design:  Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar Nigeria, between August 2017 and July 2018. Methodology: Subjects comprised 60 male and female HIV-infected adults attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, and equal number of age and sex-matched control subjects who were HIV sero-negative as at the time of this study. The infected persons were being treated with either Tenofovir+Lamivudine+Efavirenz (TLE) or Lamivudine+Zidovudine+Nevirapine (LZN). A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered by two trained interviewers which captured the bio-data, sociodemographic variables and therapy-related information. Venous blood was collected aseptically by standard phlebotomy into appropriate sample containers for CD4 and red cell counts by automation. Results: The proportion of anaemia occurring between TLE and LZN users was observed to be in the ratio of 2:3. The RBC count, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration were significantly lower (p=.000), while MCV, MCH and RDW were significantly higher (p=.000) in subjects infected with HIV compared to the control subjects, Duration of treatment beyond 6 years significantly raised both MCV (p=.007) and MCH (p=.006) compared to the first 3 years of treatment commencement, while the MCV, MCH and RDW-SD were significantly higher (p=.003, .014 and .018 respectively) among LZN users compared to those on TLE. Conclusion: Human immunodeficiency virus infection triggers pathologic mechanisms that culminate into anaemia. While the use of antiretroviral therapy appears to gradually resolve this derangement, the adverse effects of some of the antiretroviral agents contribute to the persistence of anaemia particularly with increasing years of treatment.

scholarly journals Glutathione and Bilirubin Concentrations as Markers of Oxidative Stress Measured among Sickle Cell Anaemia Subjects Attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
E. E. Onukak ◽  
E. C. Akwiwu ◽  
J. O. Akpotuzor ◽  
A. O. Okafor ◽  
A. E. Onukak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Sickle Cell Anaemia ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Control Subjects

Aims: This study aimed at examining the oxidative stress level of sickle cell anaemia subjects using glutathione and bilirubin levels as markers as well as the red cell parameters. Study Design: Case-control study. Place and Duration of Study: University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar-Nigeria, between August 2018 and July 2019. Methodology: Subjects comprised 45 SCA patients (27 females, 18 males; age range 10-45 years) attending clinic at University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, Nigeria and equal number of age and sex-matched control subjects with Hb AA. Blood samples were collected and analyzed by standard methods. The red cell parameters were analysed by automation using FY-Smart-1 auto haematology analyzer. Bilirubin assay was performed using the colorimetric method, while glutathione was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results: The red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and haematocrit values of SCA subjects were significantly lower (p=0.001) compared to values from control subjects, while the red cell indices and red cell distribution width values were increased in SCA subjects (p=0.001). The Total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and unconjugated bilirubin were significantly increased (p=0.001) among SCA subjects, while the glutathione concentration values were reduced (p=0.001) when compared to values obtained from control subjects. Conclusion: SCA subjects have marked red cell size variation, lymphocytosis and thrombocytosis. The haemolytic events that occur in sickle cell anaemia results in glutathione depletion.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Red Blood Cell Indices among Donor Samples in Kisii County, Western Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Chrisphine Momanyi ◽  
Stanslaus Kiilu Musyoki ◽  
Benson Nyanchongi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Cell Counts

Blood specimens are used to study the aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases that includes research purposes. The primary health care worldwide calls for ideal systems that can provide accurate results but it is challenging to analyse the samples immediately. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to determine the changes in the red cell indices when stored at room temperatures. To accept such samples that have delayed after collections for some time as from zero (0) hours, at 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours requires testing and confirming the results validations. Therefore, this research analysed samples of blood to validate the results after storage at room temperature in different hours within 48 hours of storage at room temperature. Samples collected from donors aged 16-65 years at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kisii County, Western Kenya were tested in this study. The technique of Flow cytometry was used to analyse results of blood obtained through Venepuncture procedure from donors and placed in 4 ml Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic (EDTA) Vacutainer tubes of standardised anticoagulant ratio. A cross-sectional study with laboratory experiment was employed to analyse the data between the month of April and August 2018. Percentile male and female blood samples were analysed at 48% and 52% respectively. The analytes of obtained were used to determine the two red blood cell parameters in controlled room temperature within 48 hours on Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Total Red Cell counts. Statistical analysis with computerized applications package (SPSS, version 21.0) was used to determine the changes that occurred during the study with repeated Analysis of Variation (ANOVA). Comparative mean values were calculated for each blood samples. The results were insignificant at sixth and twelfth hours of storage for most indices except from the RBC total counts, which had a deviation between 6-48 hours. In conclusion blood sample analysis is safe for tests results up 12 hours of storage at room temperature when not tested immediately after collection. This study recommends further finds for Reticulocytes Production Index to assess bone marrow activities.

scholarly journals Cytokine levels of interleukin-2 and 7 amongst antiretroviral therapy success and failure HIV patients attending the University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
George Mondinde Ikomey ◽  
Cedric Happi Mbakam ◽  
Marie Claire Okomo Assoumou ◽  
Jacobs Graeme Brandon ◽  
Martha Mesembe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
P Values

Immune reconstitution complications (IRC) are major problems faced by HIV treated patients worldwide. Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7 play vital roles in peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Our study objective was to measure and compare the blood plasma levels of IL-2 and IL-7 amongst antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients attending the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon. We performed a cross-sectional study with 296 HIV positive patients enrolled between July 2017 and May 2018 at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. IL-2, IL-7, T-cell profile counts and plasma viral load were measured on whole blood specimens. Data obtained were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 5.0 and Epi info 7.0 Software. IL-2 and IL-7 plasma concentration levels were higher in patients with ART failure compared to ART success, with a mean ± SD of 19.4±8 and 17.1±6 pg /ml, 35.26±11 and 21.5±5 pg/ml, with p < 0.001 and < 0.001. There was a direct and significant correlation between viral load, IL-2 and IL-7 with p values = 0.028, and 0.020, respectively. There was an association between IL-2, IL-7 and viral load in relation to the duration on treatment (DT), with p values = 0.003 (R2= 0.041, CI= 0.069 – 0.34) ,0.017 (R2= 0.027, CI= -0.30 – 0.030), and 0.001 (R2= 0.048, CI= -0.047–0.76). Considering that limited surrogate markers are available for monitoring immune reconstitution and high associated mortality rates, IL-2 and IL-7 could be a good immunological predictor for ART failure and success in HIV infected individuals. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Homeostasis, Immune reconstitution, Interleukins, ART

scholarly journals Anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy in rural Bangladesh

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1065-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Ziauddin Hyder ◽  
Lars-Åke Persson ◽  
Mushtaque Chowdhury ◽  
Bo Lönnerdal ◽  
Eva-Charlotte Ekström
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractObjective:To study the prevalence of anaemia and its association with measures of iron deficiency (ID) among a group of pregnant women.Design:Cross-sectional survey.Setting:Pregnant women identified through house-to-house visits and participating in community-based antenatal care activities in a rural location of Mymensingh, Bangladesh.Subjects:The estimates are based on 214 reportedly healthy pregnant women in their second trimester. Information on socio-economic status and reproductive history were obtained through home visits and venous blood samples were collected at antenatal care centres. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) was measured by HemoCue, serum ferritin (sFt) by radioimmunoassay and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. ID was defined as presence of either low sFt (<12 μg l−1) or high sTfR (>8.5 mg l−1).Results:The prevalence of anaemia (Hb <110 g l−1) was 50%, but severe anaemia (Hb >70 g l−1) was absent. Low sFt was observed in 42%, high sTfR in 25%, either low sFt or high TfR in 54% and both low sFt and high TfR in 13% of the pregnant women. Two out of three anaemic women had an indication of ID, which was present in 80% of women with moderate (Hb 70–99 g l−1) and 50% with mild (Hb 100–109 g l−1) anaemia. Four out of 10 non-anaemic women (Hb >110 g l−1) also had ID, but the prevalence was significantly lower than that observed in anaemic women (P=0.001).Conclusions:Despite the high prevalence of anaemia, severe cases were absent. The prevalence of ID increased at lower Hb. However, an increased prevalence was also found among women in the highest category of Hb.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Anaemia among Pregnant Women at Booking in the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olujimi A. Olatunbosun ◽  
Aniekan M. Abasiattai ◽  
Emem A. Bassey ◽  
Robert S. James ◽  
Godwin Ibanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Morphological Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The University

Background. Anaemia with an estimated prevalence of 35–75% among pregnant women is a major cause of maternal deaths in Nigeria.Objective. To determine the prevalence of anaemia, associated sociodemographic factors and red cell morphological pattern among pregnant women during booking at the University Teaching Hospital, Uyo.Material and Methods. A cross-sectional analytical study of 400 women at the booking clinic over a 16-week period. The packed cell volume and red cell morphology of each pregnant woman were determined. Their biodata, obstetric and medical histories, and results of other routine investigations were obtained with questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS Package version 17.0.Results. The mean packed cell volume was 31.8%±3.2and 54.5% of the women were anaemic. The commonest blood picture was microcytic hypochromia and normocytic hypochromia suggesting iron deficiency anaemia. Anaemia was significantly and independently related to a history of fever in the index pregnancy (OR=0.4;P=0.00; 95%CI=0.3–0.7), HIV positive status (OR=0.2;P=0.01; 95%CI=0.1–0.6), and low social class (OR=0.3;P=0.00; 95%CI=0.2–0.7).Conclusion. Women need to be economically empowered and every pregnant woman should be encouraged to obtain antenatal care, where haematinics supplementation can be given and appropriate investigations and treatment of causes of fever and management of HIV can be instituted.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium falciparum infection in children in the Mount Cameroon area: a cross-sectional study on altitudinal influence, haematological parameters and risk factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele ◽  
Rene Ning Teh ◽  
Gillian Asoba Nkeudem ◽  
Sorelle Mekachie Sandie ◽  
Marcel Nyuylam Moyeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mount Cameroon ◽  
Cell Counts

Abstract Background The Mount Cameroon area has experienced a 57.2% decline in confirmed malaria cases between 2006 and 2013 with the implementation of different control measures but, the disease is still of public health concern. The objective of the study was to assess the burden of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection, altitudinal influence on it, their effect on haematological parameters as well as identify the risk factors of infection. Methodology A cross-sectional community-based survey involving 1319 children of both sexes aged 6 months to 14 years was conducted between July 2017 and May 2018. Malaria parasitaemia was confirmed by Giemsa-stained microscopy, sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection by 18S mRNA using nested PCR and full blood count analysis was done using an auto haematology analyser. Results Malaria parasite, asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection and anaemia were prevalent in 36.4%, 34.0%, 43.8% and 62.3% of the children, respectively. The risk of having sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection was highest in children 5‒9 (OR = 3.13, P < 0.001) and 10‒14 years of age (OR = 8.18, P < 0.001), non-insecticide treated net users (OR = 1.69, P < 0.04) and those anaemic (OR = 9.01, P < 0.001). Children with sub-microscopic infection had a significantly lower mean haemoglobin (9.86 ± 1.7 g/dL, P < 0.001), red blood cell counts (4.48 ± 1.1 × 1012/L, P < 0.001), haematocrit (31.92%, P < 0.001), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (313.25 ± 47.36, P = 0.035) and platelet counts (280.83 ± 112.62, P < 0.001) than their negative counterparts. Children < 5 years old (73.8%), having asymptomatic (69.8%) and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection (78.3%) as well as resident in the middle belt (72.7%) had a higher prevalence of anaemia than their peers. Conclusion The meaningful individual-level heterogeneity in the burden of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection in addition to its corollary on haematological variables among children in the different attitudinal sites of the Mount Cameroon Region accentuate the need for strategic context specific planning of malaria control and preventative measures.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic and Sub-microscopic Plasmodium Falciparum Infection in Children in the Mount Cameroon Area: a Cross-sectional Study on Altitudinal Influence, Haematological Parameters and Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ule Ngole sumbele ◽  
Rene Ning Teh ◽  
Gillian Asoba Nkeudem ◽  
Sorelle Mekachie Sandie ◽  
Marcel Nyuylam Moyeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mount Cameroon ◽  
Cell Counts

Abstract Background: The Mount Cameroon area has experienced a 57.2% decline in confirmed malaria cases between 2006 and 2013 with the implementation of different control measures but, the disease is still of public health concern. The objective of the study was to assess the burden of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection, altitudinal influence on it, their effect on haematological parameters as well as identify the risk factors of infection.Methodology: A cross-sectional community-based survey involving 1319 children of both sexes aged 6 months to 14 years was conducted between July 2017 and May 2018. Asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia was confirmed by Giemsa-stained microscopy, sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection by 18S mRNA using nested PCR and full blood count analysis was done using an auto haematology analyser. Results: Malaria parasite, asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection and anaemia were prevalent in 36.4%, 34.0%, 43.8% and 62.3% of the children, respectively. The risk of having sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection was highest in children 5‒9 (OR = 3.13, P < 0.001) and 10‒14 years of age (OR = 8.18, P < 0.001), non-insecticide treated net users (OR = 1.69, P < 0.04) and those anaemic (OR = 9.01, P < 0.001). Children with sub-microscopic infection had a significantly lower mean haemoglobin (9.86 ± 1.7 g/dL, P < 0.001), red blood cell counts (4.48 ± 1.1 x 1012/L, P < 0.001), haematocrit (31.92%, P < 0.001), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (313.25 ± 47.36, P = 0.035) and platelet counts (280.83 ± 112.62, P < 0.001) than their negative counterparts. Children <5 years old (73.8%), having asymptomatic (69.8%) and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection (78.3%) as well as resident in the middle belt (72.7%) had a higher prevalence of anaemia than their peers. Conclusion: The significant heterogeneity in the burden of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection in addition to its corollary on haematological variables among children in the different attitudinal sites of the Mount Cameroon Region accentuate the need for strategic context specific planning of malaria control and preventative measures.

scholarly journals Frequency, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Hyperlactatemia in HIV-positive Persons: Implications for the Management of Treated Patients

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1154-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffroy Marceau ◽  
Vincent Sapin ◽  
Christine Jacomet ◽  
Sylvie Ughetto ◽  
Louis Cormerais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Lactic Acidosis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Blood Concentrations

Abstract Background: The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors used for the treatment of HIV-positive persons are now clearly associated with metabolic disorders. We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for hyperlactatemia in HIV-positive persons to assess the relevance of lactate venous blood concentrations during antiretroviral therapy. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of venous lactate determinations with 282 consecutive HIV-positive persons who, in addition to a physical examination, had blood samples taken every 3–4 months for routine biochemical, immunologic, and viral assessment. The frequencies of hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis were determined, and the risk factors were analyzed by a multivariate logistic regression model. The effect of modification of antiretroviral therapy in patients with moderate hyperlactatemia was also assessed. Results: From 782 blood lactate determinations, we identified 65 (23%) patients with moderate hyperlactatemia and 5 (1.8%) with lactate concentrations &gt;5 mmol/L (2 with severe lactic acidosis; 0.7%). Older age, drug regimens containing stavudine [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.5] or a combination of stavudine-didanosine (adjusted OR = 3.1), and the use of buprenorphine (adjusted OR = 14.7) were independent predictors of hyperlactatemia. Among 65 patients with moderate hyperlactatemia, 39 did not have their treatments changed, and 26 had a new combination therapy that was associated with a clinical improvement and a more pronounced decrease in lactate (−1.66 vs −0.99 mmol/L; P &lt;0.05). Conclusions: Chronic compensated and moderate hyperlactatemia was common in our population study. Measurement of lactate, under standardized conditions, may be useful in optimizing management of HIV-positive persons on antiretroviral therapy.

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