scholarly journals A Review on Neurotoxins from Clostridium botulinum against Neuro-muscular Disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Sravani Nalapur ◽  
Rangarao Ambati
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Targeted Drugs ◽  
Dosage Regimens ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Muscular Disorders ◽  
Considerable Morbidity

Neuro-muscular disorders cause a series of serious complications in the human body, where some lead to considerable morbidity and mortality ocassionally. Neurological diseases result in dystrophy, inhibited growth, etc. This present review aimed to emphasize the employment of neurotoxins against neuro degenerative disorders. The source of neurotoxins includes botulinum (Clostridium botulinum), snakes like Vespa orientalis and some medically important arthropods like hornets and spiders. The review not only describes the potential of the neurotoxins in the treatment but also elucidates the mechanism of action of lethal toxins like botulinum. Safety and dosage regimens of various toxins with the help of proven study data would aid in endorsing researchers for further research on toxins making them more superior targeted drugs.

A PROSPECTIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH DYSFUNTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Mangal Supe ◽  
Anup Arun Gundecha
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Endometrial Pattern ◽  
Considerable Morbidity

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is dened as abnormal uterine bleeding not caused by any pelvic pathology, medications, pregnancy related complications or any systemic disease. It is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding. It affects pubertal adolescents and perimenopausal women and is associated with considerable morbidity and affects patient’s family, personal and social life. Patient presents as menorrhagia, polymenorrhea, metrorrhagia or intermenstrual bleeding. It has great variations in endometrial patterns each deciding treatment modality. Objective: To determine frequency of various types of abnormal uterine bleeding and analyze the histopathology of endometrial curettage samples. Method: A prospective analytical study was conducted from Jan 2018 to Dec 2019 on sample of 650 patients between 20-70 years of age with symptoms of dysfunctional uterine bleeding presenting to medical college and hospital, Pimpri. Their endometrial samples were obtained by dilatation and curettage. To have a broader analysis the endometrial histopathology on hysterectomy specimens where the clinical diagnosis was DUB were also included in the study. Data obtained was tabulated and analyzed. Conclusion: The age group 31-40 and 41-50 years was the most common age group presenting with DUB. The predominant pattern of presentation was menorrhagia. The most common endometrial pattern on histopathology was proliferative type.

scholarly journals Essential Tremor

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elan D. Louis
Keyword(s):  
Essential Tremor ◽  
Dendritic Spines ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Postmortem Studies ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Cell Interface

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurological diseases, with an estimated 7 million affected individuals in the United States. Postmortem studies in the past few years have resulted in new knowledge as well as a new formulation of disease pathophysiology. This new formulation centers on the notion that ET might be a disease of the cerebellum and, more specifically, the Purkinje cell (PC) population. Indeed, several investigators have proposed that ET may be a “Purkinjopathy.” Supporting this formulation are data from controlled postmortem studies demonstrating (1) a range of morphological changes in the PC axon, (2) abnormalities in the position and orientation of PC bodies, (3) reduction in the number of PCs in some studies, (4) morphological changes in and pruning of the PC dendritic arbor with loss of dendritic spines, and (5) alterations in both the PC-basket cell interface and the PC-climbing fiber interface in ET cases. This new formulation has engendered some controversy and raised additional questions. Whether the constellation of changes observed in ET differs from that seen in other degenerative disorders of the cerebellum remains to be determined, although initial studies suggest the likely presence of a distinct profile of changes in ET.

The mechanism of action of botulinolysin, a thiol-activated cytolysin of Clostridium botulinum

Toxicon ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
M. Matsuda ◽  
A. Haque ◽  
T. Senda ◽  
Y. Horiguchi ◽  
N. Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum

scholarly journals Coherence: a unifying mechanism of deep brain stimulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassam Al-Fatly
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain stimulation is a powerful neurostimulation technique that proved its efficacy in treating a group of neurological diseases. Several scientific works tried to understand the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation. Wang et al. ( J Neurosci 38: 4556–4568, 2018) demonstrated new evidence on the role of interregional neuro-oscillatory coherence as a promising model to explain mechanism the of deep brain stimulation.

scholarly journals Aging of the Nigrostriatal Pathway in Humans

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (S3) ◽  
pp. 424-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald B. Calne ◽  
R.F. Peppard
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Nigrostriatal Pathway ◽  
Toxic Damage ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Genetically Determined

ABSTRACT:Progressive degeneration of functionally related groups of neurons occurs in certain infective, toxic, nutritional and genetically determined neurological diseases. It also takes place in normal aging, and several of the regions that undergo selective decay with the passage of time seem to be the same target regions that are afflicted in degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Infective etiology is relatively easy to exclude by a combination of immunological tests and transfer experiments. Genetic causation can be rendered unlikely when large kindreds are available for study. Nutritional deprivation and acute or subacute toxicity are accessible to explanation by examining the environment. The most difficult mechanism of pathogenesis to refute is chronic toxic damage, where the lesion may derive from long-term exposure to a relatively widespread noxious agent or agents. Variations in involvement of individuals within a population may stem from differing capacities to activate or inactivate a toxin. Inherent in this concept of etiology is recognition that compensatory potential within the central nervous system may contribute to prolonged existence of subclinical lesions so that a latent period may exist for several decades, between causal event and the onset of symptoms. Furthermore, progressive clinical deterioration may take place even though the cause may have been transient, many years before. The histological features associated with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and ALS may be nonspecific indicators of neuronal “illness”, there being a predilection for certain morphological markers to appear more frequently in particular circumstances and particular regions associated with the pathology of particular diseases.

scholarly journals Clinical applications of immunoglobulin in neuromuscular diseases: focus on inflammatory myopathies

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 966-971
Author(s):  
Paulo Victor Sgobbi de Souza ◽  
Wladimir Bocca Vieira de Rezende Pinto ◽  
Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Immunoglobulin ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Neuromuscular Diseases ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathies ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Immune Mediated

During recent years, an increasing number of neuromuscular diseases have been recognized either to be caused primarily by autoimmune mechanisms, or to have important autoimmune components. The involved pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations have been better recognized and many of these disorders are potentially treatable by immunosuppression or by immunomodulation with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). IVIg has been tried in a variety of immune-mediated neurological diseases, being target of widespread use in central and peripheral nervous systems diseases. Objective To give an overview of the main topics regarding the mechanism of action and different therapeutic uses of IVIg in neurological practice, mainly in neuromuscular diseases.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Inpatient Rehabilitation Services in Thailand: A Prospective Multicenter Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. RPO.S34816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilai Kuptniratsaikul ◽  
Pattra Wattanapan ◽  
Ubonwon Wathanadilokul ◽  
Kwanyupa Sukonthamarn ◽  
Pranee Lukkanapichonchut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Inpatient Rehabilitation ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Functional Rehabilitation ◽  
Multicenter Cohort Study ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Efficient Program

Objective To investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of inpatient rehabilitation. Methods A total of 2,081 patients across 14 hospitals were recruited in this prospective, multicenter cohort study. Data on the diagnoses, types of admission, length of stay (LOS), and functional ability score based on a modified Barthel index (BI) at admission (BIa) and at discharge (BId) were collected. Effectiveness was defined as the difference of BI (ΔBI) and efficiency as ΔBI divided by LOS. Results The majority of patients were diagnosed with spinal cord injury and stroke (41.8% and 37.5%, respectively). The mean age was 52.4 ± 18.6 years with a mean LOS of 23.9 ± 19.9 days, BIa of 9.4 ± 6.1, and BId of 12.3 ± 5.7. The overall effectiveness and efficiency were 2.9 ± 3.4 and 0.16 ± 0.30 scores/day, respectively; stroke rehabilitation provided the most effective and efficient BI improvement compared with rehabilitation for other diseases. Most patients (54.5%) received intensive functional rehabilitation, which was the most effective and efficient program (4.4 ± 3.6 and 0.23 ± 0.32 scores/day, respectively); the efficiency of the intensive program was not different among various diseases (P = 0.726). Conclusion Stroke rehabilitation had the highest efficiency compared with rehabilitation for other neurological diseases. The most efficient type of admission was intensive rehabilitation, regardless of the disease being treated.

scholarly journals Targeting GRK5 for Treating Chronic Degenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1920
Author(s):  
Federica Marzano ◽  
Antonio Rapacciuolo ◽  
Nicola Ferrara ◽  
Giuseppe Rengo ◽  
Walter J. Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Extracellular Signals ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Different Cell Types

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors and they are responsible for the transduction of extracellular signals, regulating almost all aspects of mammalian physiology. These receptors are specifically regulated by a family of serine/threonine kinases, called GPCR kinases (GRKs). Given the biological role of GPCRs, it is not surprising that GRKs are also involved in several pathophysiological processes. Particular importance is emerging for GRK5, which is a multifunctional protein, expressed in different cell types, and it has been found located in single or multiple subcellular compartments. For instance, when anchored to the plasma membrane, GRK5 exerts its canonical function, regulating GPCRs. However, under certain conditions (e.g., pro-hypertrophic stimuli), GRK5 translocates to the nucleus of cells where it can interact with non-GPCR-related proteins as well as DNA itself to promote “non-canonical” signaling, including gene transcription. Importantly, due to these actions, several studies have demonstrated that GRK5 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic-degenerative disorders. This is true in the cardiac cells, tumor cells, and neurons. For this reason, in this review article, we will inform the readers of the most recent evidence that supports the importance of targeting GRK5 to prevent the development or progression of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Botulinum toxin – Know the product before injecting

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Gulhima Arora
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Botulinum Toxins ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
Static Water

Botulinum toxin for injection is a purified and diluted protein which is isolated from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is one of the most potent toxins known to humankind. C. botulinum is an anaerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium which is present naturally in soil, plants, static water bodies, and the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and aquatic life. Different formulations of botulinum toxins are available. FDA approval for these formulations varies. This article reviews these factors and the molecule, its mechanism of action, and other pharmacological aspects including dilutions for various indications.

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