Comparative Analysis of Determination Methods of Glyphosate Degradation by Trichoderma asperellum Strain JK-28: A Multivariate Statistical Approach

Aims: This study aimed at demonstrating the ability of a mold species, isolated from a rice farm agricultural soil, chronically treated with glyphosate herbicide, to degrade glyphosate and to compare different evaluation methods of biodegradation. Study Design: A completely randomized design of a factorial experiment was used. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Nigeria between February and April. Methodology: Molds were isolated from nine rice agricultural soil samples using potato dextrose agar. The molds were screened for glyphosate degradation using different media to determine their requirement for supplementation or not at all. A completely randomized design of a factorial experiment involving 3 factors at 3 levels each, with three replications, was adopted for glyphosate degradation studies. Degradation was monitored by dehydrogenase activity, carbon dioxide evolution, pH changes, fungal dry weight and residual glyphosate determination. A comparative evaluation of the different methods was made using multivariate statistics. Results: The mold, identified as Trichoderma asperellum strain JK-28, was incapable of using glyphosate as sole sources of phosphorus and nitrogen and so required nutrient supplementation. Largest significant correlation between dependent variables (P < .001; r = - 779) occurred between dehydrogenase activity and fungal dry weight while the lowest was between residual glyphosate and fungal dry weight. Residual glyphosate and pH had negative correlations with other dependent variables. Principal component analysis extracted only one component with a cumulative variance of 70%. Multivariate analysis of variance (three-way MANOVA) of data, interpreted from the Pillai’s Trace test, was significant at P <.001 for the main, two- and three-way interactions. Conclusion: Trichoderma asperellum strain JK-28 could degrade glyphosate using it as sole carbon source but with nutrient supplementation. Residual glyphosate determination is recommended as most reliable method for evaluating organic pollutant biodegradation.

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PERTUMBUHAN PADI GOGO DI MEDIUM ULTISOL DENGAN PEMBERIAN CAMPURAN FOSFAT ALAM DAN COCOPEAT PADA DUA KONDISI KADAR AIR

Jurnal Solum ◽

10.25077/jsolum.15.2.60-65.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Pedri Antoro ◽

Nelvia Nelvia

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Rock Phosphate ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Factorial Experiment ◽

Green House ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Productive Tiller

The main problem of upland rice cultivation in Ultisol are fixation of P, solubility and saturation of Al are the height and water content is low. The research aim to study the effect of interaction of application of mixture of cocopeat with rock phosphate (RP) on growth of upland rice in Ultisols medium at two water content condition. The research was conducted at the Green House of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, Pekanbaru from February to July 2017. This research in form factorial experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. The first factor was mixture of RP with cocopeat consist of 7 levels (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5/ha each dose + cocopeat dose 10 tons/ha and 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5/ha without cocopeat). The second factor was water content consists of 2 levels (field capacity and 25% under field capacity), each combination repeated 3 times. The results show the application of rock phosphate dose of 30 kg P2O5/ha + 10 tons cocopeat/ha or without cocopeat increased the growth of upland rice include plant high, number of maximum tiller and productive tiller and dry weight of straw compared to without RP both on the field capacity and 25% below field capacity condition, the increasing of RP dose to 45-60 kg P2O5/ha tended to increase each parameter.Key words : rock phosphate, water content, cocopeat, upland rice.

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Effect of planting date and density on calendula and peppermint herbs

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v1i1.4241 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 25-29

Author(s):

Rahim Mohammadian ◽

Behnam Tahmasebpour ◽

Peyvand Samimifar

Keyword(s):

Mutual Effect ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Planting Date ◽

Mass Reduction ◽

Flower Number ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Total Maximum

A factorial experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of planting date and density on calendula herbs and peppermint. It had 3 replicates and was done in Khosroshahr research farm, Tabriz in 2006. Under studied factors were: 3 planting dates (10 May, 25 May and 10 June) in 4 densities (25, 35, 45, 55) of the plant in square meters. The results of variance a nalysis showed that there was 1% probability significant difference between the effects of planting date and bush density on the leave number, bush height and the bush dry weight. But the mutual effect of the plant date in mentioned traits density was insignificant. Regarding the traits mean comparison, the total maximum dry weight was about the 55 bush density in mm. Also, the bush high density in mm causes the bush growth and its mass reduction. When there is the density grain, the flower number will increase due to bush grain in surface unit. Overall, we can conclude that 10 June planting and 45 bush density in mm is the most suitable items and results in favored production with high essence for these crops.

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Respon Akar Bibit Aren Genjah (Arenga pinnata) Di Pembibitan Pada Pemberian Dosis dan Interval Pupuk Organik Cair Nasa

Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian ◽

10.24903/ajip.v7i1.368 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Yetti Elidar

Keyword(s):

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Treatment Combination ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Dose Study ◽

Palm Sugar ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Research on the response of roots of palm sugar palm seeds (Arenga pinnata) in nurseries at doses and intervals of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. Aims to determine the dosage, interval and combination of dosages and fertilization intervals with Nasa liquid organic fertilizer which can provide the best dry weight of the roots in the nursery. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3x3 factorial experiments and each treatment was repeated 8 (eight) times, consisting of: the first factor was the treatment of POC Nasa dose in a concentration of 3 cc POC Nasa per liter of water (D) consists of 3 levels, namely: d1 = 300 ml POC Nasa, d2 = 400 ml POC Nasa, d3 = 500 ml POC Nasa, while the second factor is the treatment of POC Nasa Interval (I) consisting of 3 levels, namely: i1 = 2 once a week, i2 = once every 3 weeks, i3 = once every 4 weeks. The results of the POC Nasa dose study had a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level are: d2 (400 ml of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer), the interval of liquid organic fertilizer Nasa has a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level is: i1 (once every 2 weeks). The treatment combination has no significant effect on all parameters.

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Perlakuan Berbagai Dosis Pupuk ZA Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Bayam Merah (Amaranthus gangeticus)

Jurnal Agrinika : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Agribisnis ◽

10.30737/agrinika.v5i2.1946 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Edy Kustiani ◽

Mariyono Mariyono ◽

Bela Citra Ayuningtyas

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Environmental Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Dose Treatment ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

The Ideal

Red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus) is one of the most popular vegetables because of its high nutritional value and easy cultivation. Efforts to increase the production of red spinach are to fertilize to meet the needs of both macro and micronutrients. This study aimed to determine the effect of ZA fertilizer dose on the growth and yield of red spinach. The environmental design used was a non-factorial, completely randomized design with four replications. The factors tested were the dose of ZA fertilizer which consisted of 6 levels, namely: without ZA fertilizer (D0); 0.4 gr/polybag (D1); 0.8 gr/polybag (D2); 1.2 gr/polybag (D3); 1.6 gr/polybag (D4); 2 gr/polybag (D5). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance, and if the results were significantly different, the BNT test was continued at a 5% level. The growth and yield of red spinach showed significant differences due to the ZA fertilizer dose treatment. The ZA fertilizer dose treatment of 1.2 g/polybag (D3) resulted in the highest plant height, the number of leaves, and leaf area of red spinach at 14, 21, and 28 days after planting. The ZA fertilizer dose treatment of 1.2 g/polybag (D3) resulted in the highest wet and dry weight plants of 49.15 and 4.38 grams, respectively. The ZA 1.2 gr/polybag dose is the ideal dose to increase the productivity of red spinach.Bayam merah (Amaranthus gangeticus) termasuk sayuran penting yang disukai masyarakat karena bernilai gizi tinggi dan mudah pembudidayaannya. Upaya peningkatan hasil bayam merah salah satunya dengan pemupukan untuk menambah nutrisi yang dibutuhkan tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari respon pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bayam merah pada perlakuan dosis pupuk ZA. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) satu faktor. Faktor yang diujikan adalah dosis pupuk ZA, terdiri 6 taraf, yaitu: tanpa pupuk ZA (D0); 0.4 gr/polybag (D1); 0.8 gr/polybag (D2); 1.2 gr/polybag (D3); 1.6 gr/polybag (D4); 2 gr /polybag (D5). Percobaan dilakukan dengan ulangan sebanyak 4 kali. Analisis data menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA), apabila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) taraf 5%. Perlakuan dosis pupuk ZA berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bayam merah. Perlakuan dosis pupuk ZA 1.2 gr/polybag (D3) menghasilkan tinggi, jumlah dan luas daun tanaman bayam merah tertinggi pada pengamatan umur 14, 21, dan 28 HST. Dosis pupuk ZA 1.2 gr/polybag (D3) juga menunjukkan berat basah dan berat kering tanaman tertinggi sebesar 49.15 dan 4.38 gram. Dosis ZA 1.2 gr/polybag merupakan dosis ideal untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman bayam merah.

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The Effect of Guano Walet Fertilizer and Ratu Biogen Foliar Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Tomato (Lycopercicum esculentum Mill.) Monza Variety

AGRIFOR ◽

10.31293/af.v17i2.3611 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

Dian Kristina ◽

Abdul Rahmi

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Factorial Experiment ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Foliar Fertilizer ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

The Village

This experiment aims to: (1) to study of the effect of guano walet fertilizer and Ratu Biogen foliar fertilizeras well as their interaction on the growth and yield of tomato plants; and (2) to find proper dosage of guano walet fertilizer and proper concentration of Ratu Biogen foliar fertilizer for better growth and yield of tomato plants.The research carried out from May 2014 to July 2014, in the Village Melak Ulu RT.20 Subdistrict Melak, West Kutai. It applied Completely Randomized Design with factorial experiment 4 x 4 and five replications. The first factor is the dosage of the guano walet fertilizer (G) consists of 4 levels, namely: no fertilizer application guano walet (g0), 10 Mg ha ̵ ¹, or 100 g of polybag ̵ ¹ (g1), 15 Mg ha ̵ ¹ or 150 g polibag ̵ ¹ (g2), 20 Mg ha ̵ ¹ or 200 g polybag ̵ ¹ (g3). The second factor is the concentration of Ratu Biogen (B) consists of 4 levels: without POC Ratu Biogen (b0), 1 ml 1 ̵ ¹ water (b1), 2 ml 1 ̵ ¹ water (b2), 3 ml 1 ̵ ¹ water (b3).Result of the research revealed that : (1) application of guano walet fertilizer affect very significantly on plant height at 14, 28, 42 days after planting, the number of fruits per plant, and weight of fruit per plant, but the effect is not significant on the days of plant flowered and days of plant harvest. The best production is attained by the 200 g polybag-1 fertilizer guano walet (g3), namely 282,50 plant-1, In reverse, the least production is attained by without fertilizer guano walet (g0), namely 227,25 g plant ̵ ¹; (2) application of Ratu Biogen foliar fertilizer after significantly to very significantly on the plant height at 14 days after planting and the number of fruits per plant, but the effect is no significant on the plant height at 28 and 42 days after planting, days of plant flowered, days of plant harvest, and weight of fruit per plant; and (3) interaction between guano walet fertilizer and Ratu Biogen foliar fertilizer no significantly on the plant height at 14, 28, and 42 days after planting, days of plant flowered, days of plant harvest, number of fruit per plant, and fruit weight per plant.

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Effect of Bokashi Fertilizer and Green Tonik Liquid Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Long Bean (Vigna sinensisL.)Parade Tavi Variety

AGRIFOR ◽

10.31293/af.v17i1.3352 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Elisabeth Elisabeth ◽

Puji Astuti

Keyword(s):

Fertilizer Application ◽

Factorial Experiment ◽

Bean Plant ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Fertilizer N ◽

Liquid Fertilizer ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Interaction Treatment ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of bokashi fertilizer and Green Tonik liquid fertilizer and its interaction on the growth and yield of long bean plant, as well as to find the proper dosage of bokashi fertilizer and Green Tonik liquid fertilizer concentration for obtaining the best yield of long bean.The research was conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in 4 x 4 Factorial Experiment and four replications. The factor was the dosage of bokashi fertilizer (B) consisting of 4 levels : no bokashi fertilizer application (b0), 100 g/polybag(b1), 200 g/polybag (b2), and 300 g/polybag(b3). The second factor was the concentration of Green Tonik liquid fertilizer (N) consisting 4 levels : no Green Tonikfertilizer application (n0), 2 ml/ l water (n1), 4 ml/l water (n2), and 6 ml/lwater (n3).The results showed that: (1) the bokashi fertilizer treatment affected significantly on the plant lenght at age 15 days after planting, number of pods and weight of pods per plant, but it did not affect significantly on the plant lenght at age 22, 29 and 36 days after planting, age of plants flowered, and pods lenght; (2)the Green Tonik liquid treatment affected significantly on the plant lenght at age 22, 29, and 60 days after plantingand weight of pods per plant, but it did not affect significantly on the plant lenght at age 15 days after planting, age of plant flowered, and pods lenght; (3) the interaction treatment between bokashi fertilizer and Green Tonik liquid fertilizer affected significantly on the plant lenght at age 15 days after planting, pods lenght, and weight of pods per plant, but did not affect significantly on the plant lenght at age 22, 29, and 36 after planting, age of plant flowered, and number of pods; and (4) the weighest weight of pods per plant was produced in b2n3 treatment of 401,75 g/plant, while the lighest one was produced in b0n0 treatment of 145,75 g/plant.

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Germination test of Eucalyptus phaeotricha seeds

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n9p653-657 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 653-657 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carlos E. Affonso ◽

Givanildo Z. da Silva ◽

Tatiane S. Jeromini ◽

Cibele C. Martins

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Water Volume ◽

Conduction Time ◽

Germination Test ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Seed Analysis ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Mean Time ◽

Temperature Conduction

ABSTRACT The rules for seed analysis do not have recommendations for conducting the germination test of Eucalyptus phaeotricha seeds. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the best substrate, temperature, conduction time, and substrate moistening level for the germination test of E. phaeotricha seeds. First count of germination, germination, germination speed index and mean time of germination were evaluated. The first experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme (6 x 2), corresponding to six temperature regimes (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 °C and 20-30 °C) and two substrates (paper and sand) with four replicates, and the means were compared by Tukey test at 0.05 probability level. In the second experiment, the germination test was installed with the most favorable substrate and temperature identified in the previous step, evaluating substrate moistening levels equivalent to 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 times the dry weight of the substrate; due to the quantitative nature of the treatments, the data were subjected to regression analysis and curve fitting. The germination test of E. phaeotricha seeds should be conducted at 30 °C on paper, moistened with a water volume of 2.2 times the dry weight of the paper, with initial and final counts at 6 and 14 days after sowing, respectively.

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PENGARUH INTENSITAS PEMOTONGAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS Indigofera zollingeriana

ZOOTEC ◽

10.35792/zot.40.2.2020.29881 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 665

Author(s):

Ivan H.G.M. Wagiu ◽

Ch.L. Kaunang ◽

M.M. Telleng ◽

W.B Kaunang

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Optimal Productivity ◽

Indigofera Zollingeriana ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

The Difference ◽

Cutting Intensity

THE EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION INTENSITY ON PRODUCTIVITY OF Indigofera zollingeriana. This research aims to know the effect of defoliaion intensity on productivity (fresh production, dry weight production, proportion of leaves and stems) and to know the defoliation intensity with optimal productivity of forage Indigofera zollingeriana. This research was conducted in December 2019 until March 2020. It consisted of defoliation intensity at 75cm (T75), 100cm (T100), 125cm (T125), and 150cm (T150). The design used in this experiment is Completely Randomized Design. The variables in this research were 1. fresh production leaves and stems; 2. dry weight production leaves and stems; 3. the proportion of leaves and stems dry weight production of forages Indigofera zollingeriana. The results showed that the difference of intensity defoliation had a significantly effect (P<0,01) on productivity (fresh production, dry weight production, proportion of leaves and stems) forage Indigofera zollingeriana. Defoliation intensity 75 cm have significantly (P<0,01) fresh and dry weight leaf of Indigofera zollingeriana than hight defoliation 125 cm and 150 cm. Intensity defoliation 125 cm have significantly (P<0,01) leaf-stem ratio of Indigofera zollingeriana than any other. It conclude that intensity defoliation 125 cm have highly productivity. Keywords: Indigofera zollingeriana, cutting intensity, productivity

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Pengaruh Campuran Pasir dan Serat Aren pada Kailan (Brassica oleraceae) dengan Hidroponik Substrat

Agrosains: Jurnal Penelitian Agronomi ◽

10.20961/agsjpa.v16i1.18908 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Samanhudi Samanhudi ◽

Dwi Hardjoko ◽

Riandy Adhitya

Keyword(s):

Wood Fiber ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

The Media ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Brassica Oleraceae ◽

Media Mix ◽

Leaf Greenness

Wood fiber waste of arenga produced from starch palm industry. It is not handled properly so that could be potentially cause problems for the surrounding community. Wood fiber waste of arenga is potentially used as a medium for hydroponics. The waste can be utilized to get a new composition of hydroponic media. This study aims to determine the effect of a mixture of sand with arenga fiber waste. This research was carried out by using a mixture of sand and arenga wood fiber waste as a medium. This is an experimental study using a completely randomized design. This study aims to determine the effect of a mixture of sand and arenga fiber waste for kailan growth. The results showed that the mixture of sand and arenga wood fiber waste has no effect on kailan growth. The combination of mixtures of sand and arenga fiber waste showed no interaction. Observations on plants such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf greenness levels, the fresh weight of crop stover and stover dry weight of the plant, showed a row of the highest results in the media mix washed sand, washed sand and rice husk

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Toleransi Plasma Nutfah Padi Lokal terhadap Salinitas

Buletin Plasma Nutfah ◽

10.21082/blpn.v23n1.2017.p51-58 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tintin Suhartini ◽

Try Zulchi

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Gene Bank ◽

Dead Leaf ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design

AbstractThe research was aimed to screen the local rice germplasms for salinity tolerance. The 104 local rice germplasms were derived of collection of Gene Bank of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) were tested to salinity. The activities was carried out in greenhouse of ICABIOGRAD. The 15 day old seedlings were planted in pots soil contained NaCl 0.4%. One accession of rice was planted in 2 pots, each pot contained 4 seedlings. Observation of plant symptom was conducted after 1 month planted. The experiment was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design with 2 replications. The results of the analysis showed there were different responsses among rice accesions to the treatment. Salinity caused dry and dead leaves, there were very significant differences between the varieties for plant height, dry weight plant, number of total leaves, and number of green leaves. There were a high and negative correlation of plant height and total number of leaves with percentage of dead leaves. The result showed 21 accesions were tolerant to moderately&#8722;tolerant, while Pokkali as a tolerant check, most tolerant. There were two accessions were tolerant with dead leaf percentage <50%, i.e. Tjempo Brondol (reg. 5800) and Gembira Putih (reg. 20602), whereas Pokkali as resistant check had low dead leaf percentage (16.9%) and 19 accessions were moderately-tolerant with dead leaf percentage <70%, and 82 accesions were sensitive to highly-sensitive.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyaring plasma nutfah padi yang memiliki sifat toleran terhadap salinitas. Sejumlah 104 plasma nutfah padi lokal yang berasal dari koleksi Bank Gen BB Biogen diuji terhadap salinitas. Kegiatan dilakukan di rumah kaca BB Biogen. Bibit padi berumur &plusmn;15 hari ditanam pada pot berisi tanah yang sudah dilumpurkan dengan larutan garam NaCl 0,4% (4.000 ppm). Satu aksesi padi ditanam pada 2 pot, masing masing pot berisi 4 tanaman. Setelah berumur 4 minggu dari tanam dilakukan pengamatan meliputi tinggi tanaman, bobot kering akar, bobot kering tanaman, jumlah daun total, jumlah daun hijau, dan jumlah daun mati. Pengujian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 2 ulangan. Hasil analisis varians menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan respons plasma nutfah padi terhadap perlakuan salin yang diberikan. Perbedaan sangat nyata terdapat pada tinggi tanaman, bobot kering tanaman, jumlah daun total, dan jumlah daun hijau. Terdapat korelasi yang tinggi dan negatif pada tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun total dengan persentase daun mati. Hasil pengujian telah terpilih 21 aksesi plasma nutfah padi toleran hingga agak toleran, sedangkan Pokkali sebagai cek sangat toleran. Dua aksesi yang toleran dengan persentase daun mati <50%, yaitu Tjempo Brondol (reg. 5800) dan Gembira Putih (reg. 20602), Pokkali sebagai varietas kontrol dengan tingkat persentase daun mati 16,9%, sedangkan 19 aksesi termasuk kelompok agak toleran dengan persentase daun mati <70%, dan 82 aksesi termasuk kelompok peka hingga sangat peka.

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