Production of Biomass Briquettes Using Coconut Husk and Male Inflorescence of Elaeis guineensis

The decreasing availability of fuel wood coupled with the increasing prices of kerosene and cooking gas in Nigeria has drawn attention on the need to consider alternative sources of energy for domestic and industrial use in the country. The study was undertaken to evaluate the combustion properties (percentage volatile matter, percentage ash content, percentage fixed carbon, heating value) of briquette produced from coconut husk and male inflorescence of Elaeis guineensis. The experiment was laid down using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The study involves three particle sizes (2 mm each) of coconut husk, male inflorescence of oil palm tree and cassava starch used as binder. The coconut husk and male inflorescence of Elaeis guineensis were varied into (25:30:40:50:60) respectively and bound together with starch at same ratio. Proximate analysis was carried out to determine the constituent of the briquettes which include ash content, percentage fixed carbon, percentage volatile matter and experimental test to determine the heating value was also determined. All processing variables in this study were significantly different except for heating value at P>0.05. From the result of the percentage ash content, briquette produced from coconut husk, male inflorescence and starch at (20:20:60) has the least fixed carbon (6.5%) with better performance. The highest percentage volatile matter 74.6% was obtained from coconut husk, male inflorescence and starch at (20:20:60) while low fixed carbon (18.8%) was obtained from male inflorescence and starch at (60:40). In conclusion, large quantities of wastes generated in terms of coconut husk and male inflorescence which are disposed indiscriminately can be utilized to produce briquette with enhanced performance.

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Evaluation of the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using near infrared spectroscopy

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0967033517728733 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 301-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jetsada Posom ◽

Panmanas Sirisomboon

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Model Development ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Least Squares Regression ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Bomb Calorimetry ◽

Heating Value

This research aimed to determine the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative to bomb calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Bamboo culms used in this study had circumferences ranging from 16 to 40 cm. Model development was performed using partial least squares regression. The higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content were predicted with coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.92, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.51; root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 122 J g−1, 1.15%, 1.00% and 0.77%; ratio of the standard deviation to standard error of validation (RPD) of 3.66, 2.55, 2.62 and 1.44; and bias of 14.4 J g−1, −0.43%, 0.03% and −0.11%, respectively. This report shows that near infrared spectroscopy is quite successful in predicting the higher heating value, and is usable with screening for the determination of fixed carbon and volatile matter. For ash content, the method is not recommended. The models should be able to predict the properties of bamboo samples which are suitable for achieving higher efficiency for the biomass conversion process.

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PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES PIROLISIS

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v4i2.266 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Yuli Ristianingsih ◽

Ayuning Ulfa ◽

Rachmi Syafitri K.S

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Rate Of Combustion

Abstrak-Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit merupakan limbah padat hasil produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Setiap 1(satu) ton tandan buah segar dihasilkan 23% limbah padat. Limbah padat ini dapat di konversi menjadi bahan bakar pengganti minyak yaitu briket. Briket bioarang adalah bahan bakar padat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar yang berasal dari fosil seperti minyak dan gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap yield bioarang yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi perekat kanji (5% w/w, 10% w/w, 15% w/w) terhadap karakteristik briket hasil penelitian (kadar air, volatile matter, kadar abu, fixed carbon, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis yaitu proses pembakaran bahan baku dalam reaktor pirolisis dengan menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan tanpa atau dengan sedikit oksigen. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2,5 jam dengan variasi suhu yaitu 350°C, 400°C, 450°C dan 500°C. Arang yang dihasilkan dicampur dengan perekat sesuai variasi dan dicetak menjadi briket. Briket kemudian dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, kadar zat terbang, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran. Briket dengan yield tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 350°C sebesar 51,53% dan yield terendah pada suhu 500°C sebesar 26,03%. Briket hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar mutu briket sebagai bahan bakar dilihat dari nilai kalor. Komposisi optimal antara perekat kanji dan arang TKKS hasil pirolisis yaitu pada 5%:95% yang menghasilkan nilai kalor terbesar yaitu 6748,15kal/g. Kata kunci : Briket Bioarang, Pirolisis, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Abstract-Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches are solid waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO industry). For 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches produced 23% of solid waste. This solid waste can be converted into alternative energy that called briquettes. Briquettes are solid fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel replacement for fossil fuels such as oil and gas. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield generated briquettes and the effect of stach adhesive concentration (5, 10 and 15% wt) to briquettes characteristics (moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value and the rate of combustion). In this reseacrh, two kilograms of palm oil empty fruit bunches was burned using pyrolisis reactor at different temperatur (350, 400, 450 and 5000C) for 2.5 hour. Charcoal produced was mixed with an adhesive in accordance variations and molded into briquettes. Briquettes then analyzed the water content, ash content, carbon content, volatile matter content, heating value and rate of combustion. The maximum yield of briquettes which was obtained in this research is 51.53% at temperature 3500C and the lowest yield at temperature of 500 ° C by 26.03%. Briquettes results of this study have met the quality standards of fuel briquettes as seen from the heating value. Optimal adhesive composition between starch and charcoal TKKS is 5%: 95% that generates highest calorific value about 6748.15kal/ g. Keywords: Briquette Bioarang, Pyrolysis, oil palm empty bunches

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Performance Evaluation of the Physical and Combustion Properties of Briquettes Produced from Agro-Wastes and Wood Residues

Recycling ◽

10.3390/recycling3030037 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Babajide Falemara ◽

Victoria Joshua ◽

Oluwaseyi Aina ◽

Rivi Nuhu

Keyword(s):

Specific Heat ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Heat Of Combustion ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Corn Cobs ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Combustion Properties ◽

Wood Residues

This study investigated the physical and combustion properties of briquettes produced from agricultural wastes (groundnut shells and corn cobs), wood residues (Anogeissus leiocarpus), and mixture of the particles at 15%, 20%, and 25% starch levels (binder). A 6 × 3 factorial experiments in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was adopted for the study. The briquettes produced were analyzed for density, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, and specific heat of combustion. The result revealed that the density ranged from 0.44 g/cm3 to 0.53 g/cm3, while briquettes produced from groundnut shells had the highest (0.53 g/cm3) significant mean density. Mean volatile matter and ash content of the briquettes ranged from 24.35% to 34.95% and 3.37% to 4.91%. A. leiocarpus and corn cobs particles had the lowest and highest ash content, respectively. The briquette fixed carbon and specific heat of combustion ranged from 61.68% to 68.97% and 7362 kcal/kg to 8222 kcal/kg, respectively. Briquette produced from A. leiocarpus particles had the highest specific heat of combustion. In general, briquettes produced from A. leiocarpus particles and mixture of groundnut shell and A. leiocarpus particles at 25% starch level had better quality in terms of density and combustion properties and thus are suitable as an environmentally friendly alternative energy source.

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Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Residence Time on Bio-char Obtained from Pyrolysis of Shredded Cotton Stalk

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1330236 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 10-28

Author(s):

J. M. Makavana ◽

P. N. Sarsavadia ◽

P. M. Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Pyrolysis Temperature ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Ash Content ◽

Cotton Stalk ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value

Bio-char is carbon-rich product generated from biomass through batch type slow pyrolysis. In this study, the effects of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on the yield and properties of bio-chars obtained from shredded cotton stalks were investigated. Safely said that the quality of bio-char of shredded cotton stalk obtained at 500°C temperature and 240 min is best out of the all experimental levels of variables of temperature and residence time. At this temperature and residence time, the quality of bio-char in terms higher heating value (8101.3cal /g or 33.89 MJ/kg), nitrogen (1.56%), Carbon (79.30%), and C/N ratio (50.83) respectively. The quality of bio-char for various applications is discussed along with different quality parameters. The bio-char could be used for the production of activated carbon, in fuel applications, and water purification processes. Average bulk density of whole cotton stalk and shredded cotton stalk was found as 29.90 kg/m3 and 147.02 kg/m3 respectively. Thus density was increased by 3.91 times. The value of pH, EC and CEC of shredded cotton stalk biomass was found as 5.59, 0.03 dS/m and 38.84 cmol/kg respectively. Minimum and maximum values pH, EC and CEC of its bio-char was found as 5.85 to9.86, 0.04 to 0.10 dS/m and 38.02 to 24.39 cmol/kg at 200°C and 60 min and; 500°C and 240 min temperature and residence time respectively. Moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon of shredded cotton stalk biomass were found as, 12.5, 5.27, 80.22, and 14.51 (%, d.b) respectively. The minimum and maximum value of bio-char in terms of ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon of bio-char were found as 5.5 to 15.56, 48.02 to 79.48 and 15.02 to 36.40 (%, d.b) respectively. Calorific value of cotton stalk biomass was found as 3685.3 cal /g. The minimum and maximum higher heating value of its bio-char was found as 4622.0 cal/ g and 8101.3 cal/g at 200°C and 60 min and; 500˚C and 240 min temperature and residence time.

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Performance Evaluation of the Physical and Combustion Properties of Briquettes Produced from Agro-Wastes and Wood Residues

10.20944/preprints201807.0114.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Babajide Charles Falemara ◽

Victoria Ibukun Joshua ◽

Oluwaseyi Oluwafunmi Aina ◽

Rivi David Nuhu

Keyword(s):

Specific Heat ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Heat Of Combustion ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Corn Cobs ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Combustion Properties ◽

Wood Residues

This study investigated the physical and combustion properties of briquettes produced from agricultural wastes (groundnut shells and corn cobs), wood residues (Anogeissus leiocarpus) and admixtures of the particles at 15%, 20% and 25% starch levels (binder). A 6 x 3 factorial experiments in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was adopted for the study. The briquettes produced were analyzed for density, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon and specific heat of combustion. The result revealed that the density ranged from 0.44g/cm3 to 0.53g/cm3, while briquettes produced from groundnut shells had the highest (0.53g/cm3) significant mean density. Mean volatile matter and ash content of the briquettes ranged from 24.35% to 34.95% and 3.37% to 4.91%. A. leiocarpus and corn cobs particles had the lowest and highest ash content respectively. The briquette fixed carbon and specific heat of combustion ranged from 61.68% to 68.97% and 7362kca/kg to 8222kca/kg respectively. Briquette produced from A. leiocarpus particles had the highest specific heat of combustion. In general, briquettes produced from A. leiocarpus particles and admixture of groundnut shell and A. leiocarpus particles at 25% starch level had better quality in terms of density and combustion properties and thus suitable as environmentally friendly alternative energy source.

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ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCED BY FAST PYROLYSIS OF EUCALYPTUS LEAVES

Journal of Engineering Research ◽

10.36909/jer.icippsd.15525 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ashok Patel ◽

◽

Basant Agrawal ◽

B R Rawal ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Ash Content ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Analytical Pyrolysis ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Heating Value ◽

Eucalyptus Leaves

In this study, temperature studies were studied on the production of a product from selected eucalyptus leaving samples. The bio-diesel yield from these samples was further determined using non-model methods and analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Py-GC / MS). The fresh eucalyptus leaves were obtained from nearby forest of Godhra (Gujarat), India. Results of the Proximate analysis of eucalyptus leaves powder sample study shows that volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content and moisture content are 61.70 %, 26.37%, 8.36 % and 3.57%, The results of the basic analysis indicate that the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur content is 89.17%, 7.36%, 1.01%, 1.98% and 0.26%, respectively. The higher heating value (HHV) of the biodiesel obtained from the biomass samples is 32.81 MJ/kg. Chemical composition analysis of Eucalyptus Biodiesel carried out and compared with standards. The study revealed that pyro-fuel is not only used as fuel but also can be purified and used as a commodity in the chemical and processing industries.

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Study of the Thermochemical Properties of Lignocellulosic Biomass from Energy Crops

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14133780 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3780

Author(s):

José Antonio Soriano ◽

Reyes García-Contreras ◽

Antonio José Carpio de Los Pinos

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Mediterranean Basin ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Thermochemical Properties ◽

Lower Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Short Rotation ◽

The Mean

The cultivation of short rotation coppice (SRC) is a sustainable and ecological alternative for the production of energy vectors today. For its use, it is necessary to know the thermochemical properties of the biomass produced, as well as the differences between genotypes and varieties. In this work, the thermochemical properties of five different Populus clones grow up in Mediterranean basin, with two different age categories, are analyzed. The moisture content, wood density, heating value, ash content, energy density, composition and the volatile matter were measured, separating wood and crust fractions. The mean crust content for all clones was near to 10% but it is observed that the youngest clones have higher content of crust and humidity. The 3 year-old clones generally show lower humidity and ash content and higher density of wood and fixed carbon, consequently showing a higher heating value. In addition, 3 year-old clones are encouraged since they have a lower content of majority and minority elements in proportion that can generate less operating and environmental problems.

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Characteristics of coconut frond as a potential feedstock for biochar via slow pyrolysis

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ◽

10.11113/mjfas.v14n4.1014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 408-413

Author(s):

Nur Syairah Mohamad Aziz ◽

Adilah Shariff ◽

Nurhayati Abdullah ◽

Nurhidayah Mohamed Noor

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Slow Pyrolysis ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Bio Oil ◽

High Heating

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of coconut frond as a feedstock for biochar production via slow pyrolysis process. Proximate, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to evaluate the chemical and thermal properties of the coconut frond. The percentage of its lignocellulosic component and high heating value were determined. Surface morphology of coconut frond was examined using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Coconut frond (CF) contains 78.03±3.91 d.b. wt% of volatile matter, 4.96±0.07 d.b. wt% of ash content and 17.01±3.86 d.b. wt% of fixed carbon. Elemental analysis revealed a sulfur content of 0.94±0.12 %, while the percentage of nitrogen is 0.46±0.33%. The composition of carbon and hydrogen are 34.0±6.22 % and 7.71±0.34 % respectively. The high heating value of CF is 17.77±0.40 MJ/kg. CF consists of 43.91±1.80 % cellulose, 31.58±1.20 % hemicellulose, and 18.15±0.60 % lignin. From thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, it is apparent that the weight loss of CF occurred prominently in the temperature range 200°C - 400°C. The peaks of the DTG curve at 281.75±0.35 °C and 334.08±0.35°C indicate the weight loss of coconut frond sample due to the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively. The FESEM images of CF show its fibrous strands are compact with a few large pores with diameters around 42.5 - 48.1 μm large pores in the center of the CF sample. The results of the analysis show that CF has a potential as a feedstock for biochar production via slow pyrolysis. CF also can be used in other application such as syngas and bio-oil production due to the low lignin percentage and high volatile percentage.

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Assessment of the physical and combustion properties of briquettes produced from banana tree waste

Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education ◽

10.3126/jiee.v4i1.35391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 62-68

Author(s):

Yasha Yadav ◽

Sudan Neupane

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Waste ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Waste Biomass ◽

Hydraulic Jack ◽

Screw Extruder ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Banana Tree ◽

Combustion Properties ◽

Biomass Resources

Nepal has an abundance of biomass resources. Heavy dependence on traditional source and waste management resulting from agricultural waste is one of the major problem in our country. Briquetting from agricultural waste can be an option for resource management. This study was undertaken to investigate the physical and combustion properties of briquettes produced from dried banana tree waste (leaves + pseudostem). Altogether four types of briquettes were produced, two from uncharred biomass using screw extruder and hydraulic jack briquetting machine and other two briquettes were produced from uncharred biomass/charcoal using screw extruder and beehive briquetting machine.For charred briquette, the density of screw extruder briquette (1.06 g/cm3) was higher than hydraulic briquette (0.33 g/cm3). For uncharred briquette, the density was higher (0.72 g/cm3) for screw extruder than beehive briquette (0.44 g/cm3). The Moisture content of briquettes varied from 7.23 to 11.04%, Volatile matter varied from 11 to 68.74%, Ash content varied from 4.94 to 49.43% and fixed carbon content varied from 15.27 to 32.34%. The calorific values of the briquettes ranged from 2462.0827 - 3899.193 kcal/kg, while the thermal efficiency ranges between 24.02– 30.71%, other results shows that the average burning rate between 3.55 and 6.41 g/min. Screw extruder briquette from uncharred Banana tree waste and beehive from charred/carbonized banana tree waste biomass was found to be comparatively better from the present study.

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Valorization of briquettes fuel using Pinus spp. sawdust from five regions of Mexico

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.2.2249-2263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 2249-2263

Author(s):

María Alejandra Ramírez-Ramírez ◽

Artemio Carrillo-Parra ◽

Faustino Ruíz-Aquino ◽

Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽

Nicolás González-Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Volumetric Expansion ◽

Pinus Spp ◽

The Impact

This research characterized briquettes made with Pinus spp. sawdust without the use of additives. For this purpose, 19 samples of sawdust from different wood industries located in five states of the Mexican Republic were used. The densification process was carried out in a vertical hydraulic piston laboratory briquette machine. The briquettes were made with 40 g of sawdust, at 50 °C, 20 kPa and pressing for 5 min. The results obtained varied as follows: moisture content (4.1% to 7.2%), density (813.9 to 1,014.4 kg/m3), volumetric expansion (7.4% to 37.3%), compressive strength (4.9 to 40.8 N/mm), impact resistance index (46.7% to 200%), ash (0.1% to 1.1%), volatile matter (82.9% to 90.7%), fixed carbon (8.9% to 16.4%), and calorific value (20.5 to 22.8 MJ/kg). The density of the briquettes was within the “acceptable” classification (800 to 1,200 kg/m3). It was observed that, the higher the density, the lower the volumetric expansion, the higher the compressive strength, and the higher the impact resistance index. According to the ash content, the briquettes could achieve international quality. Due to high volatile matter values, rapid combustion of the briquettes with little generation of toxic smoke would be expected. Fixed carbon and calorific value results were acceptable.

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