scholarly journals Real-time Optimization and Implementation of Multi-rate Digital FIR Kernel Filter

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-58
Author(s):  
Stephen U. Ufoaroh ◽  
Kelvin N. Nnamani ◽  
Azubuike N. Aniedu
Keyword(s):  
Fir Filter ◽  
Least Square ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Filter Output ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Stopband Attenuation ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
Interpolation Factor

One ideal performance of this design is in the areas of decimation where a decimation factor of 10, 45-order and pass band ripple of 1dB and interpolation of sampled rates where a sinusoidal signal input produced a ripple free output with interpolation factor of 10, 52-order and stopband attenuation of 60dB. Owing to the multiple samples of filter length of 200, the filter performed down sampling preceded with filtering as well as up sampling preceded with filtering, hence multi-rate filter by allowing a low threshold of frequency of  to be passed, blocking a high threshold of   and vice versa. There was resampled output increased to 150% preceded by filtering. The filter coefficients for low pass and high pass Digital FIR filter, through the least square regression method, parks McClellan Algorithm and window methods were employed for easy optimization. More so, there was creation of 2-4-5 filter channel banks through the 2nd-level convolution of their down sampling and up sampling filtering techniques during the multi-irate filtering to ensure the design of error-free Digital FIR Filter using MATLAB File editor(M-File) and tool boxes for writing the C-programming of the design. In the analysis, the mean and standard deviation of the low pass Digital FIR Filter output during decimation and interpolation are (0.26, 6.13) and (0.004,1.22) respectively.

Amplitude Distributions of Cochlear Microphonic Response to an Acoustic Sinusoid in Noise

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
Donald C. Teas ◽  
Gretchen B. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Basilar Membrane ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Cochlear Microphonic ◽  
Filter Output ◽  
Electronic Filter ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Instantaneous Voltage

The distributions of instantaneous voltage amplitudes in the cochlear microphonic response recorded from a small segment along the basilar membrane are described by computing amplitude histograms. Comparisons are made between the distributions for noise and for those after the addition to the noise of successively stronger sinusoids. The amplitudes of the cochlear microphonic response to 5000 Hz low-pass noise are normally distributed in both Turn I and Turn III of the guinea pig’s cochlea. The spectral composition of the microphonic from Turn I and from Turn III resembles the output of band-pass filters set at about 4000 Hz, and about 500 Hz, respectively. The normal distribution of cochlear microphonic amplitudes for noise is systematically altered by increasing the strength of the added sinusoid. A decrease of three percent in the number of small amplitude events (±1 standard deviation) in the cochlear microphonic from Turn III is seen when the rms voltage of a 500 Hz sinusoid is at −18 dB re the rms voltage of the noise (at the earphone). When the rms of the sinusoid and noise are equal, the decrease in small voltages is about 25%, but there is also an increase in the number of large voltage amplitudes. Histograms were also computed for the output of an electronic filter with a pass-band similar to Turn III of the cochlea. Strong 500 Hz sinusoids showed a greater proportion of large amplitudes in the filter output than in CM III . The data are interpreted in terms of an anatomical substrate.

scholarly journals Minimizing Design Costs of an FIR Filter Using a Novel Coefficient Optimization Algorithm

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chih Chen ◽  
Tsung-Ting Chen
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Collision Detection ◽  
Finite Impulse Response ◽  
Fir Filter ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Coefficient Optimization ◽  
Canonic Signed Digit ◽  
Common Subexpressions ◽  
High Pass

This work presents a novel coefficient optimization algorithm to reduce the area and improve the performance of finite impulse response (FIR) filter designs. Two basic architectures are commonly used in filters—direct and transposed. The coefficients of a filter can be encoded in the fewest possible nonzero bits using canonic signed digit (CSD) expressions. The proposed optimization algorithm can share common subexpressions (CS) and reduce the number of replicate operations that involve the CSD coefficients of filters with a transposed architecture. The effectiveness of the algorithm is confirmed by using filters with the collision detection multiple access (CDMA) standard, the 121-tap high-pass band, and 105- and 325-tap low-pass bands as benchmarks. For example, the proposed algorithm used in the optimization of 105-tap filter has a 30.44% smaller combinational logic area and a 16.69% better throughput/area than those of the best design that has been developed to date. Experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm outperforms earlier designs.

Realization of Enhanced LMS Filter Using Carry Skip Adder And Quantum Dot Cellular Automation In VLSI For Removing Impulse Noises In Medical Image

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Shankarkumar ◽  
Gokul Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Filtering ◽  
Adaptive Filters ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Least Mean Square ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Parallel Prefix ◽  
Loop Feedback ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prefix Adder

: Filtering is an important step in the field of image processing to suppress the required parts or to remove any artifacts present in it. There are different types of filters like low pass, high pass, Band pass, IIR, FIR and adaptive filtering etc.., in these filters adaptive filters is an important filter because it is used to remove the noisy signal and images. Least Mean Square filter is a type of an adaptive filtering which is used to remove the noises present in the medical images. The working of LMS is based on the minimization of the difference between the error images using a closed loop feedback. Therefore presented technique called as Q-CSKA. Here the CSKA performs its operation in stages which is based on the nucleus stage. In the traditional CSKA the nucleus stage is depend on the parallel prefix adder in this work it is replaced by the QCA adder. The QCA adder utilizes the less area compared to PPA and it can be realized in Nanometer range also. For multiplexers, And OR Invert, OR and Invert logic is used to reduce the area and delay. Due to these advantages of the QCA, AOI-OAI logic the proposed method outperformed the LMS implementation in area, power, and accuracy and delay, this based five type image noise of medical pictures related to the best technique is out comes. It helps to medicinal practitioner to resolve the symptoms of patient with ease.

CURRENT-MODE ACTIVE-C FILTER EMPLOYING REDUCED NUMBER OF CCCII+s

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAHRAM MINAEI ◽  
ERKAN YUCE
Keyword(s):  
Current Mode ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Passive Component ◽  
Resistorless Filter ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Component Matching ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
High Output Impedance ◽  
Quality Factor Q ◽  
High Pass

In this paper, a universal current-mode second-order active-C filter for simultaneously realizing low-pass, band-pass and high-pass responses is proposed. The presented filter employs only three plus-type second-generation current-controlled conveyors (CCCII+s). This filter needs no critical active and passive component matching conditions and no additional active and passive elements for realizing high output impedance low-pass, band-pass and high-pass characteristics. The angular resonance frequency (ω0) and quality factor (Q) of the proposed resistorless filter can be tuned electronically. To verify the theoretical analysis and to exhibit the performance of the proposed filter, it is simulated with SPICE program.

Chronic Estrogen Sensitizes a Subset of Mechanosensitive Afferents Innervating the Uterine Cervix

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 2167-2173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baogang Liu ◽  
James C. Eisenach ◽  
Chuanyao Tong
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Firing Frequency ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Group 13 ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Afferent Response

Estrogen increases reflex nocifensive responses to distension of the uterus and the urinary bladder, but estrogen's effects on afferent response to distension of the uterine cervix, the site of obstetric and some gynecologic pain, has not been studied. Here, single fiber recording of hypogastric nerve responses to uterine cervical distension were obtained from ovariectomized (OVX) rats and OVX rats treated with estrogen (ES). Spontaneous activity was greater in the ES group (13 of 24 units; 54%) than in the OVX group (6 of 27 units; 22%). ES differentially altered the response of low- and high-threshold units to distension. For high-threshold units, firing frequency was increased two- to fourfold with 60–100 gm distension in ES compared with OVX groups ( P < 0.05). In contrast, the response of low-threshold units to distension was not altered by ES. About one-half of units tested in each group responded to a temperature increase from 35 to 49°C. A greater proportion of thermosensitive units were also mechanosensitive in the ES group (7 of 8 afferents, 88%) than in the OVX group (5 of 11 afferents, 45%). Acute application of ES in OVX rats failed to evoke or increase distension-induced responses. These data show the polymodal nature of afferent fibers innervating the uterine cervix. Increased spontaneous activity with ES may play a part in remodeling of the cervical tissue, whereas selective sensitization of high-threshold units by ES might underlie increased pain responses to cervical distension. Failure of acute ES treatment to mimic this suggests a genomic effect.

Study on Elliptic Filters in Airborne Gravity Data Processing

2013 ◽  
Vol 341-342 ◽  
pp. 999-1004
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Ti Jing Cai
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Airborne Gravity ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Evaluation Indicator ◽  
Filter Order ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Stopband Attenuation

For low-pass filtering of airborne gravity data processing, elliptic low-pass digital filters were designed and filtering influences of the elliptic filter order, upper limit passband frequency, maximal passband attenuation and minimal stopband attenuation were studied. The results show that the upper limit passband frequency has the greatest effect on filtering among four parameters; the filter order and the maximal passband attenuation have some influence, but instability will increase with larger order; the effect of the minimal stopband attenuation is not obvious when reaching a certain value, which requires a combination of evaluation indicator accuracy to determine the optimal value. The standard deviations of discrepancies between the elliptic filtered gravity anomaly with optimal parameters and the commercial software result are within 1mGal, and the internal accord accuracy along four survey lines after level adjusting is about 0.620mGal.

Research on Generator Excitation Parameter Identification - PSS Low-Pass Link Parameter Identification

2013 ◽  
Vol 805-806 ◽  
pp. 716-720
Author(s):  
Tao Xu ◽  
Tian Long Shao ◽  
Dong Fang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Parameter Identification ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Matlab Software ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Newton Iterations ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Combined with the contents of the study-PSS low-pass link parameter identification. Least-squares method is selected. Using least-square method for PSS low-pass link mathematical model are also deduced. For the results, because of the mathematical model is solving nonlinear equations, cannot used by the Newton method directly. So we choose to use Newton iterations, with this feature, choose to use MATLAB software to solve the equation. Identification of the use of MATLAB software lags after the PSS parameters obtained recognition results compared with national standards, identifying and verifying the practicability.

NOVEL VOLTAGE-MODE UNIVERSAL FILTER USING ONLY TWO CDBAs

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUDHANSHU MAHESHWARI ◽  
IQBAL A. KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Pass Band ◽  
Universal Filter ◽  
Input Selection ◽  
Voltage Mode ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Control Computer ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
High Pass

A novel voltage-mode universal filter employing only two current differencing buffered amplifiers (CDBAs) is proposed. The filter uses four inputs and single output to realize six responses, viz. low-pass, high-pass, inverting band-pass, noninverting band-pass, band-elimination, and all-pass through input selection with independent pole-Q control. Computer simulation results using SPICE are also given to verify the theory.

Novel Low-Pass Microwave Filter Based on Rectangular Ring DGS

2013 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 371-374
Author(s):  
Bao Ping Li ◽  
Yan Liang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stop Band ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Band Pass Filter ◽  
Defected Ground Structure ◽  
Ground Structure ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
Low Pass

Due to the frequency response periodicity of distributed transmission line, microstrip band-pass filter usually produces parasitic pass-band and outputs harmonics away from the center frequency of main pass-band. Based on the study of rectangular ring defected ground structure, a 5-order microstrip LPF(low-pass filter) was designed using the single-pole band-stop and slow-wave characteristics of the rectangular ring DGS(Defected Ground Structure) and SISS(Step-Impedance Shunt Stub) structure. Compared with traditional LPF, this LPF presents the advantages of compact size, low insertion loss, broad stop-band and high steep. It also validates the requirements of miniaturization and high performance for filters.

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