scholarly journals Knowledge and Awareness about Antibiotic Usage and Emerging Drug Resistance Bacteria among Dental Students

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
G. Pushpaanjali ◽  
R. V. Geetha ◽  
T. Lakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
P Value ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sulfa Drug ◽  
Curative Action ◽  
Chi Square Test

Antibiotics are commonly used in dental practice. It has been estimated that 10% of all antibiotic prescriptions are related with dental infection. Antibiotic treatment is a feature of pharmacotherapy with the particularity of providing both prophylactic and curative action. It was introduced in the mid twentieth century in the form of sulfa drug (1935), penicillin (1941), tetracycline (1948) and erythromycin (1952). Since then, antibiotics have focused much clinical and pharmacological research, in response antibiotics, the consolidation of new disease, and novel clinical situations.to “Penicilin antibiotics are commonly use in dental practice. Amoxicillin, metronidozole and clavulanate are frequently prescribed drugs by dentists.” The aim of this study is to create knowledge and awareness about antibiotic usage and emerging drug resistance bacteria among dental students. The Questionnaires had been prepared and distributed to 100 participants of dental students. The resulting data have been analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and chi square test was used and p value was calculated. Most of the participants in the survey were aware about antibiotic use and emerging drug resistance bacteria. From this present study, it can be concluded that the participants are aware about antibiotic usage and drug resistance bacteria.

scholarly journals Comparison of COVID-19 Relevant Knowledge and Attitudes of Clinical and Preclinical Dental Students in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Fatih Karaaslan ◽  
Ahu Dikilitaş ◽  
Esra Özge Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Training Courses

SummaryBackground/Aim: Dental care settings invariably carry the risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection because dental practice involves face-to-face communication with patients and the generation of large amounts of aerosol and droplets mixed with patients’ saliva. Since droplet and aerosol transmission are the most important concerns in dental clinics, informing future dentists about pandemic diseases at the undergraduate stage is important. In this context, the aim of this study was to compare the knowledge and attitudes of clinical and preclinical dental students regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.Material and Methods: 159 preclinical and 130 clinical dental students were included in this cross sectional study. The researchers developed a closed-ended questionnaire with the help of the existing literature. The questionnaire contained 17 questions about the knowledge and attitudes of dental students regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.Results: Clinical students feel significantly more threatened with exposure to COVID-19 infection than preclinical students (p<0.05, chi-square test). The proportion of students who do not want to treat an individual who has had a COVID-19 infection and recovered is statistically higher in clinical students (p<0.05, chi-square test). The proportion of students who think that using protective equipment during dental practice will not protect them against COVID-19 infection is statistically higher in clinical students (p<0.05, chi-square test).Conclusions: More education and training courses are need in order to improve students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding newly emerging pandemic diseases.

scholarly journals Suturing in single tooth Alveoloplasty wounds: A case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 1187-1191
Author(s):  
Kausalyah Krisna Malay ◽  
Balakrishna R. N ◽  
Jayanth Kumar V
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
P Value ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Single Tooth ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Tooth Number ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Control Study

Alveoloplasty has been defined as the surgical removal of a portion of the alveolar process. It has stated that some form of alveoloplasty is indicated in nearly every instance of multiple extractions and frequently even in single extraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of suture techniques in single tooth alveoloplasty wounds. The purpose of this study was to analyse the sutures used for single tooth alveoloplasty. A study was carried out by collecting data by reviewing patients data and analysing the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 at the private dental institute. A total number of 26 case sheets were reviewed from intra oral photographs and additional supports. Photographs were assessed to determine the technique of suturing for patients undergoing single tooth alveoloplasty. The study was evaluated and approved by the ethical committee of the private dental institute Data was statistically analysed using SPSS 2.0, Chi Square Test was conducted. The results were recorded. The results showed majority of the dental students provided simple interrupted sutures post single tooth alveoloplasty wounds. Statistically, the difference was not significantly associated between tooth number and type of suture in single tooth alveoloplasty wounds as the p value was 0.404, (Chi Square test, p&gt;0.05). Within the limitation of present study, the majority of the dental students provided simple interrupted sutures post single tooth alveoloplasty wounds especially in relation to tooth number 37.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic Aspects of Antibiotic Consumption Practices in Residents of Wah

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Hina Shan ◽  
Ayesha Javaid ◽  
Anam Zeb
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Consumption Practices ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objective: To assess the frequency of antibiotic use with or without prescription and the source of purchasing antibiotics in relation to social determinants among residents of Wah, Pakistan.Study Design: Cross sectional.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the community of Wah Cantt from January 2017 to December 2017.Materials and Methods: A two stage cluster random sampling technique was used. 400 participants aged 16 years and older, completed the validated questionnaire. Chi-square test of significance was applied to determine the relationship between categorical variables and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Use of antibiotics in the preceding month was reported by 110 (27.6%) participants, 101 (25.3%) reported having taken antibiotics in the last six months. Use of antibiotics was more in males in all categories as compared to females (chi-square= 15.778, p = 0.008). The analysis showed that individuals between 55-64 years of age had taken antibiotics in last month (69.2%). Government employees showed the highest percentage (36.5%) of respondents who consumed antibiotics in last one month as compared to any other profession. Overall, most respondents 277 (82.7%) reported that they got their antibiotics on a prescription from doctors.Conclusion: Effective education along with close vigilance for the judicious use of antibiotic prescribing should be aimed at both the prescribers and the public. Better knowledge is associated with correct behavior of antibiotic/antimicrobial use. How to cite this: Shan H, Javaid A, Zeb A, Maqbool S.  Socio Demographic Aspects of Antibiotic Consumption Practices in Residents of Wah. Life and Science. 2020; 1(1): 17-23.  doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/L&S.1.1.28

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENYEBAB RESISTENSI OBAT ANTI TUBERKULOSIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Dyan Kunthi Nugrahaeni
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
P Value ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Chi Square Test

<p>Jumlah penderita TB Indonesia sekitar 5,8% total TB dunia dan menempati peringkat keempat dengan angka prevalensi 281/100.000 penduduk. Kendala program pemberantasan dan penanggulangan TB adalah Resistensi obat anti tuberkulosis, karena pengobatan lama, mahal, dan tingginya efek samping. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis penyebab resistensi OAT. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2013 dengan rancangan penelitian menggunakan kasus kontrol. Sampel kasus penderita TB resisten dan sampel kontrol penderita TB yang sembuh masing-masing 26 orang. Data dari hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium dan catatan medik di RS Dr. HA. Rotinsulu Kota Bandung. Uji statistik dengan chi square dan besar risiko dari OR. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 80,8% kategori MDR-TB dan 19,2% XDR-TB. Penderita TB mengalami efek samping 42,3%, riwayat pengobatan tidak adekuat 96,2%, adanya kontak erat 30,8%, tempat pengobatan sebelumnya tidak menerapkan DOTS 15,4%. Penyebab resistensi OAT adalah riwayat pengobatan tidak adekuat (nilai p= 0,001; OR= 40,00, 95%CI: 4,66-343,14). Pencegahan resistensi OAT dengan penatalaksanaan TB komprehensif, menerapkan program DOTS agar pengobatan tidak terputus dan berkesinambungan.</p><p> </p><p><em>Number of case TB Indonesia approximately 5.8% total TB in world, was ranked fourth with prevalence rate 281/100,000 population. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistant become problem prevention and eradication TB programmes, because treatment for longer, expensive, and greater side effects. The purpose this study was analysis causes Anti-tuberculosis drug resistant. This research was conducted at 2013 with design using case control. Cases which TB patients drug resistance, control which patients were cured TB each one as 26 people. Data obtained from the results laboratory and medical records in  hospital Dr. HA. Rotinsulu Bandung. Statictic analyzed using chi-square test and risk factor from OR. Results showed 80.8% MDR-TB and 19.2% XDR-TB. TB patients who experience side effects 42.3%, inadequate treatment 96.2%, 30.8% close contact, not implementing DOTS 15.4%. The causes anti-tuberculosis drug resistance inadequate treatment (P value= 0.001; OR= 40.00, 95%CI: 4.66-343.14). Prevention of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance by comprehensive TB management, implementing DOTS program that uninterrupted and continuous treatment.</em></p>

scholarly journals Modifications in Orthodontic Practice Post COVID Lockdown in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
Erum Behroz Khan ◽  
◽  
Mairah Shah ◽  
Samar Fatima ◽  
Zuhair Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Graduate Trainees ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Age Range ◽  
E Mail

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of positive changes in orthodontic practice in Pakistani governmental and private workplaces after lifting of COVID-19 lockdown. METHODOLOGY: This cross sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out on 143 Pakistani orthodontic practitioners for the duration of 3 months. A well-constructed, computerized closed ended questionnaire was designed at an online website i.e., google drive and the link was circulated through social media and e-mail. Change in dental practice was assessed by comparing the results with CDC guidelines, keeping positive response cutoff 70%. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 22, Confounders, like educational qualification, gender and workplace were controlled through stratification. Post stratification Chi square Test was applied to assess the association of dentist's response with gender, educational level, age and workplace, keeping P value < 0.05. RESULTS: There were total 143 participants (80 female and 63 male) with age range from 23 to 56 years, with a mean age of 31.24 ± 6.82 years. Majority of the participants (75.52%) belonged to the age range of 23-33 years. Most of the orthodontists were post graduate trainees (66.4%). Out of all these participants, 67 were working at orthodontic OPD, 22 at private practice and 51 worked at both. 68.5% Implementation of positive modifications in dental practice were recorded. The chi square test results were significant (P <.05) for education and workplace of orthodontist. CONCLUSION: Most orthodontists have positively modified their dental practice post COVID-19 lockdown in Pakistan, by following WHO and CDC guidelines for Covid-19 to curtail spread of infection. KEYWORDS: Changes, Orthodontics, COVID

scholarly journals Attitude and Views towards Mental Health among Dental Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Sangaraju Soumya Sri ◽  
A. Jothi Priya ◽  
R. Gayatri Devi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
College Students ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Public Acceptance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Study Setting

Introduction: Stress can be a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought that can make us feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is your body's reaction to a challenge or demands. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess attitude and views towards mental health and psychiatry among dental students. Materials and Methods: Study Setting is prospective observational study.The advantages of this study was economical, easy to create, wide reach, and gathering larger data Quick Interpretation . It was approved by the scientific review Board Saveetha Dental college Chennai .Number of participants involved in this study are 138 college students .The responses from the google sheet were transferred into excel. Inferential statistics was done using Chi square test and exported to SPSS software, version 25 Results: From the survey conducted among dental students on mental health and psychiatry.Majority of dental students were female participants compared male participants.Interpretation was based on a p value less than 0.05, which was considered to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of the present study proves that the majority of dental students have awareness of attitudes and views of mental health .Among dental students, females are the major participants compared to males. In order to develop psychiatric and mental health services, public acceptance is necessary.

Analisis Faktor Determinan Pelaksanaan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini Oleh Bidan Di Rumah Sakit Umum Anutapura Palu

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Novita ◽  
Gusman Arsyad
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
Peer Support ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government

Implementation of IMD in hospitals has decreased from the previous year and has not reached the target set by the government. Some IMD implementation processes have not been carried out according to applicable standards. So that babies do not get an IMD in accordance with existing SOPs. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinant factors associated with the implementation of the IMD by midwives in the Midwifery and Maternity Room Emergency Room (IGD) at the Anutapura General Hospital in Palu. This research method is analytical with cross sectional approach. The population of this study was that all midwives in the obstetrics emergency room and maternity room at Anutapura Palu Hospital were 37 respondents. The sample in this study is total sampling. The analysis used was univariate, and bivariate analysis using the chi square test with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). The results of statistical tests on variable knowledge of midwives with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.018 (p value <0.05). APN training with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.697 (p value> 0.05). length of work with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.029 (p value <0.05). and peer support with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.007 (p value <0.05). Conclusions there is a relationship between knowledge, length of work, peer support with the implementation of the IMD, and training factors that have nothing to do with IMD implementation. The strongest factor in the relationship is peer support. It is recommended that the Anutarapura Palu Hospital be able to motivate midwives so that they can further enhance their role in the implementation and provide support to their colleagues so that the implementation of the IMD can be carried out in accordance with applicable standards.Keywords: Knowledge, APN Training, Duration of work, Implementation of IMD

Evaluation of the effects of Covid-19 in a dentist’s daily routine - A Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 591-601
Author(s):  
Akansha Kishen ◽  
Anjali A K ◽  
Brundha M P ◽  
Muralidharan N P
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Daily Routines ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Spss Software

Covid 19 is considered to be a pandemic virus infection. SARS-Cov-2 causes it. It is a viral infection that is transmitted through aerosol and droplet contamination, cross-infection, etc. Dentists are at a higher risk due to this corona. It has affected daily routines of dentist's life as they are unavailable to run the clinic and attend to patients. Different search engines like PubMed, and Google Scholar was used. The questionnaire consisting of twenty questions was prepared by using online survey google forms and circulated among the participants. SPSS software was used to evaluate the results and data collection. Statistical analysis was done by chi-square test. Later, results were being tabulated. This survey that is taken among dental students, dentists, and random public, it is seen that the majority of them are well aware of this recent pandemic attack. (COVID-19). It is concluded that dentists are affected to a significant extent due to coronavirus as their daily routine is affected severely. This study aims to identify the effect on dentist life on a routine basis due to the pandemic COVID - 19.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA UMUR IBU DAN JARAK KEHAMILAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PERDARAHAN POSTPARTUM DI RUANG KEBIDANAN RSUD KOTA PRABUMULIH TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desti Widya Astuti Desti Widya Astuti
Keyword(s):  
General Hospital ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
Study Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Post Partum Bleeding

ABSTRAK   Berdasarkan data di RSUD Kota Prabumulih bahwa terdapat peningkatan jumlah kejadian perdarahan post partum, tahun 2014 sebanyak 178 orang, tahun 2015 sebanyak 246 orang dan tahun 2016 sebanyak 151 orang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan umur ibu dan jarak kehamilan terhadap kejadian perdarahan post partum di RSUD Kota Prabumulih Tahun 2016. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi yang digunakan adalah semua ibu bersalin di RSUD Kota Prabumulih, sebanyak 1.296 ibu bersalin dan 306 sampel. Pengambilan sampel dengan mengunakan random sampling, analisa data menggunakan analisa univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan uji statistik chi-square dengan derajat kemaknaan 0,05. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dari 288 ibu bersalin terdapat 151 yang mengalami perdarahan post partum sebagian besar adalah ibu dengan umur resiko tinggi sebanyak 43 orang  (40,9%) dan ibu dengan jarak kehamilan resiko tinggi sebanyak 21 orang (17,3%). Hasil uju chi-square umur didapatkan p.value 0,000 < α 0,05 dan uji chi-square untuk jarak kehamilan didapatkan p.value 0,000 < α 0,05. Maka ada hubungan umur ibu dan jarak kehamilan terhadap kejadian perdarahan post partum di RSUD Kota Prabumulih Tahun 2016. ABSTRACK   Based on the data at District General Hospital (RSUD) Prabumulih, there was increasing of post-partum bleeding, in 2014, there were 178 people. In 2015, there were 246 people. And in 2016, there were 151 people. The purpose of the study was to know relationship between maternal mother and the distance and old post-partum bleedingat District General Hospital (RSUD) Prabumulih in 2013. The study was analytic researchwith cross sectional design. Population thas was used in the study was all maternal mother ar District General Hospital (RSUD) Prabumulih. It was about 1.296 maternal mother and from 306. Random sampilng was done in the study, data analyses used univariate and bivariate analyses by using chi-square statistic test with significance level 0,05. The study result showed that from 306 maternal mother, there were 151 mother who experienced old post-partum bleeding, the large of that was high maternal mother 43 people  (40,9%) and mother age high distance 21 people (17,3%). The result of chi-square test was p value 0,000 < α 0,05 and chi-square test for age was p value 0,000 < α 0,05. It meant that there was relationship between maternal mother and the distance and of post-partum bleeding at District General Hospital (RSUD) Prabumulih in 2016.

HUBUNGAN UMUR DAN PARITAS IBU DENGAN KEJADIAN HIPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM PUSAT Dr. MOHAMMAD HOESIN PALEMBANG TAHUN 2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Ida Muliana Wahyu Ida Muliana
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Medical Record ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Chi Square Test

ABSTRACT Hyperemesis Gravidarum marked excessive nausea and vomiting in pregnant women at a young age. WHO estimates that 536,000 women died from direct complications of pregnancy and childbirth. One complication of pregnancy is Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Hyperemesis Gravidarum in the world has been estimated to occur in 1-2% of pregnant. According to data from the Medical Record of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Hospital, the incidence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum in 2011 there were 72 people of 661 pregnant women. The purpose of this reseach was to determine the relationship between maternal age and parity with Hyperemesis Gravidarum in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Hospital 2011. The Design of this reseach used Cross Sectional by analytic approach survey. The population of this reseach are all of mother who gestational ≤ 16 weeks (four months) in the Installation of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Hospital in January to December of 2011 with the sample of 661 people which taken by systematic random sampling and the reseach was conducted from 17 April to 24 April 2012.  Each variable that was observed in tests using Chi-Square test with a (0.05).  The results of this study showed that 5.9% of mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum, 21.8% of mothers with high risk age, and 30.0% primigravida. Chi-Square test showed no significant relationship between age (p value = 0.000) and parity (p value = 0.000) with the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum. Expected to the Hospital to be implemented properly instructed how to provide counseling to pregnant women about pregnancy and childbirth, as well as provide confidence that the nausea and vomiting is a symptom of physiology in pregnancy.   ABSTRAK Hiperemesis Gravidarum ditandai mual dan muntah yang berlebihan terjadi pada ibu hamil di usia muda. WHO memperkirakan 536.000 perempuan meninggal dunia akibat langsung dari komplikasi kehamilan dan persalinan. Salah satu komplikasi kehamilan adalah Hiperemesis Gravidarum. Insiden Hiperemesis Gravidarum di dunia telah diperkirakan terjadi pada 1-2% wanita hamil. Menurut data dari Medical Record Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang, angka kejadian Hiperemesis Gravidarum pada tahun 2011 terdapat 72 orang dari 661 ibu hamil. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara umur dan paritas ibu dengan kejadian Hiperemesis Gravidarum pada ibu di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang tahun 2011. Desain Penelitian ini menggunakan survei analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah dengan umur kehamilan ≤ 16 minggu (4 bulan) yang pernah dirawat inap di Instalasi Kebidanan dan Penyakit Kandungan Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang pada bulan Januari-Desember tahun 2011 dengan jumlah sample 661 orang yang diambil secara systematic Random Sampling (secara acak sistematis) dan penelitian ini dilakukan dari tanggal 17 April sampai dengan 24 April 2012. Masing-masing variabel yang diteliti di uji dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan a (0,05). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 5,9% ibu mengalami hiperemesis gravidarum, 21,8% ibu dengan umur resiko tinggi, dan 30,0% ibu primigravida. Uji Chi-Square menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur (p value = 0,000) dan paritas (p value = 0,000) dengan kejadian hiperemesis gravidarum. Diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan bagi pihak Rumah Sakit agar dilaksanakan penyuluhan dengan cara memberikan konseling terhadap ibu hamil tentang kehamilan dan persalinan, serta memberikan keyakinan bahwa mual muntah merupakan gejala fisiologi pada kehamilan.

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