Phytochemical Activities of Artemissia vulgaris and Acacia nilotica Plant Extracts

With the growing era, there is tremendous need to produce high potential antimicrobial drugs and medicines from various herbaceous plants and natural resources has been increasing due to increasing multiple drug resistance in pathogens. An experiment was performed to know about antimicrobial activities of various plant extracts. These activities were tested by using agar diffusion method. The bacterial as well as fungal strains were collected and were cultured on agar plates. After that these plates were left in incubator for 24 hours at 37°C to develop zones clearly all round the plant extracts. The activities of bacteria and fungi were determined by using inhibition diameter zones. The clear inhibition zones were found against bacterial strains in study. Antimicrobial activity of acetone, n-hexane and water extracts viz. Acacia nilotica and Artemissia vulgaris tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtils and E. coli as well as Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum. Acetone extracts were found to be more effective as compared with n-hexane while water extracts show no activity.

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Phytochemical Activities of Artemissia absinthium and Butea monosperma Plant Extracts

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i4831119 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Fatima Waheed ◽

Shaista Yaqoob ◽

Qurban Ali ◽

Arif Malik

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Butea Monosperma ◽

Fungal Strains ◽

Inhibition Zones ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Method

With the developing time, there is a tremendous need to deliver highly potential antimicrobial drugs and treatment from different herbaceous plants because plants are now days commonly used to provide resistance against disease-causing pathogens. This study has been done by using agar well diffusion method. The bacterial along with fungal strains were collected and were cultured on agar plates. Afterwards, these plates were put in incubate for 24 hours at 370C temperature. Within this duration, the zones were developing all around the plates, wherever plant extracts were poured. The activities of microorganisms were measured by using inhibition diameter zones. The inhibition zones were shown clearly on petri plates. Antimicrobial activities of plant extracts of Artemissia absinthium and Butea monosperma tested against bacterial and fungal strains viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli as well as fungal strains were also used viz. Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum.

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Research on New Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistant in Bacterial Pathogens Identified in Healthcare-associated Infections

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.19.8.7465 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (8) ◽

pp. 2963-2967

Author(s):

Bogdan Ioan Coculescu ◽

Diana Popescu ◽

Lucia Ionescu ◽

Gabriela Dumitrescu ◽

Monica Marilena Tantu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Culture Media ◽

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Military Hospital ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

The Military

Knowledge of antibiotic resistance mechanisms is absolutely necessary to successfully fight against multi-resistant bacteria, the solutions to this issue being a direct consequence of understanding the mechanisms underlying its occurrence. Considering that in Romania more than 92.3% of patients have been receiving antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery for more than one day, and empirical therapy is very common, the increasing antibiotic resistance is an important problem. The experiments were performed at the Military Medical Research Center on the 26 multiple drug resistance (MDR) bacterial strains from health care-associated infections (HAI): Escherichia coli (3), Klebsiella spp. (4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10), Proteus mirabilis (1), Staphylococcus aureus (7) and Enterobacter cloacae (1). They were isolated and initially identified by the Medical Analysis Laboratory of the Dr. Al. Gafencu Emergency Military Hospital, Constanta and the Microbiology Laboratory from the Military Medical National Institute for Research and Development Cantacuzino of Bucharest. Bacterial strains were reseeded on specific culture media, and identification was based on culture, morpho-tinctorial characters and biochemical properties. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method, following the CLSI 2016 guidelines. The results obtained lead to the idea of reconsidering the strategy for the use of antimicrobial substances by the following actions: performing in vitro sensitivity tests, close collaboration between the clinician and microbiologist, finding additional methods for assessing the effective concentrations of the antibiotic at the level of the infections. The observed percentage of antibiotic resistance in our study was 85.72%, that being much higher than the mentioned percentage by the European Antibiotic Surveillance Report (EARS-Net) for Romania in 2013 (25-50%).

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Detection of Metalo-Beta-Lactamase Gene in Carbapenem Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated From Lahore, Pakistan

Pakistan BioMedical Journal ◽

10.52229/pbmj.v3i1.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Humera Kausar ◽

Shabbir Hussain ◽

Afia Muhammad Akram

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Carbapenem Resistant ◽

Routine Laboratory Examination ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Biochemical Testing ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Lactamase Gene

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widespread organism, caused severe nosocomial infection in human andassociated with multiple drug resistance (MDR) Objective: The present study was carried out to observecurrent antimicrobial resistant pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lahore and to detect the Metallobeta-lactamase (MBL) gene in carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Methods: By screening360 samples total 123 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified by standard microbiology techniques suchas microscopy and biochemical testing. The isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated for drugresistance by disc diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify thecarbapenem resistance causing gene (bla-VIM and bla-IMP) Results: Following antibiotic resistantpattern was observed, Gentamycin (59.00%), Ceftazidime (58.7%), Ceftriaxone (58.00%), Cefotazime(57.0%) and Ciprofloxacin (55.00%). Resistance rates to carbapenem group of antibiotics is Doripenem(30.5%) Meropenem (31.0%) and Imipenem (28.0%). Out of 123 samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 28isolates were found resistant to carbapenem group of antibiotic which was supposed to be highlysensitive for this bacterium. Molecular based identification of resistance genes showed that bla-IMP genewas present in 32.1% (09) and bla-VIM was found positive in 17.8% (04) samples. Metallo-beta-lactamasesproducing genes (bla-VIM and bla-IMP), among carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa weredetected in 28.1% of samples. If other carbapenem resistant gene were also included this number mightbe higher Conclusions: PCR based test should be included in routine laboratory examination for quickdetection of the resistance causing genes.

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Phytochemical study and antimicrobial activity of Algerian Marrubium vulgare leaf and stem extracts

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v10i5.4353 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 70-74

Author(s):

Nadia BENZIDANE ◽

Ridha SMAHI ◽

Boudjemaa ZABOUCHE ◽

Abdelhalim MAKROUF ◽

Lekhmici ARRAR

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Basic Material ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Phytochemical Study ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Staphyloccocus Aureus ◽

Marrubium Vulgare ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal

Marrubium vulgare is used worldwide as a source of food flavor and for medicinal purposes. The aim of this study is to investigate polyphenol and flavonoid contents of M. vulgare extracts and their antimicrobial activities. Extraction was conducted using methanol and hexane. The determination of polyphenol content was realized with folin ciocalteu method and flavonoids using AlCl3. Rouph characterization of these compounds was done with HPLC method. Activity against bacteria and fungi was also studied. Results showed that methanolic extracts of leaves (LME) and stems SME) contain relatively high levels of polyphenols ad flavonoids. Except for hexane extract, all extracts from leaves and stems possess antibacterial and antifungal effects especially against Staphyloccocus aureus and Candida albicans. This finding suggests that M. vulgare methanolic extracts could serve as a basic material for the preparation of antimicrobial drugs. Keywords: Marrubium vulgare, polyphenols, flavonoids, antibacterial, antifungal activities.

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The PHYTOCHEMICALS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF Senna alata AND Senna tora LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST BACTERIAL STRAINS CAUSING SKIN INFECTIONS

Bacterial Empire ◽

10.36547/be.2019.2.1.19-25 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Murni Halim

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Natural Drugs ◽

Senna Alata

A study was carried out to screen for phytochemical constituents and assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Senna alata and Senna tora leaf extracts. The leaves were first dried at room temperature and 50°C in an oven prior to solvent extraction using ethanol and methanol. The in-vitro qualitative assays showed that both S. alata and S. tora leaf extracts contained bioactive and secondary metabolites components such as tannins, steroids, saponin, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids and phenols. The antioxidant activity and capacity test were carried out by conducting free radical of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and Ferric reduction antioxidant plasma (FRAP) assays. Both assays showed S. tora leaf extract has higher antioxidant capacity than S. alata leaf extract. The efficacy of these leaf extracts were tested against skin pathogens through agar well diffusion method. S. alata extract showed an inhibition zone (1.15 – 1.59 mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while S. tora extracts exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (inhibition zone of 12 – 16.94 mm) followed by P. aeruginosa (inhibition zone of 1 – 1.59 mm). Nonetheless, no inhibition zone was observed for S. aureus by both leaf extracts. The phytochemicals and antioxidant constituents as well as inhibitory potential on skin pathogens possessed by S. alata and S. tora leave highlighted their potential utilization in the development of natural drugs or cosmetics to treat skin related diseases or infections.

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Isolation, Molecular Identification and Multidrug Resistance Profiling of Bacteria Causing Clinical Mastitis in Cows

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/ag.d-5220 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

D.J. Vatalia ◽

B.B. Bhanderi ◽

V.R. Nimavat ◽

M.K. Jhala

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Research Work ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Sensitivity Pattern

Background: Mastitis, the inflammation of parenchyma of mammary gland is frequently considered to be costliest and complex disease prevalent in India. Mastitis is caused by pathogens like Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Mycoplasma bovis, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Entercoccus. The treatment of mastitis in animals is carried out using antibiotics. Treatment failure in mastitis is due to increased antibiotic resistance of mastitis pathogens and also due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics without testing in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test against causal organisms. In comparison to cultural method, PCR assays takes less time for detection of bacteria from the mastitis milk samples. Present research work was carried out regarding isolation, identification and multiple drug resistance profile of clinical bovine mastitis associated pathogens using conventional as well as molecular approach. Methods: In the present study, 73 mastitis milk samples were collected from Anand and Panchmahal district of Gujarat. The milk samples were subjected for cultural isolation and DNA extraction for identification of bacteria by cultural and PCR method. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates were carried by disc diffusion method and isolates were categorized in multiple drug resistant. Result: In the present study, Out of 73 mastitis milk samples collected from cows 48 (65.75%) cows were positive for bacterial isolation and S. aureus was the most predominant bacterial species. PCR from the mastitis milk additionally detected bacteria in culturally negative milk samples. Most sensitive drug was gentamicin and most of the isolates (90.19%) showed the multiple drug resistance for the two to nine drugs with 0.1 to 0.6 multiple antibiotic resistance index.

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Antifungal Potentials of Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus jujube Linn and Lawsonia inermis

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry ◽

10.9734/ajrb/2018/v3i11057 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

A. L. Abubakar ◽

A. Dandare ◽

U. F. Magaji ◽

I. H. Abubakar ◽

M. Yerima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Acacia Nilotica ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Lawsonia Inermis ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Control Drug ◽

Ziziphus Jujube ◽

Emergence Of Resistance ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Background: The increasing emergence of resistance to conventional antimicrobial drugs and the complicity of their usage is a serious challenge in Nigeria. In our previous report, it was demonstrated that methanol leaves extracts of Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus jujube Linn and Lawsonia inermis exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas flourecense, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Methodology: In this study, agar well diffusion method was employed to assess the antifungal potency of these plant extracts and were tested against Aspergillus flavus, Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. Results: Exclusive of L. inermis extract against T. rubrum at 100 mg/ml (zone of inhibition 34.33±1.89 mm). 100 mg/mL of all the extracts investigated have significantly lower (P<0.05) antifungal activity when compared to standard antifungal drug (Nystatin, 100 mg/ml). The activity of L. inermis against A. flavus was comparatively similar (P>0.05) to the control drug, but significantly higher (P<0.05) against both T. rubrum and C. albicans at 150 mg/ml. Conversely, the antifungal activity of A. nilotica extract against T. rubrum and C. albicans significantly surpass (P<0.05) that of the control drug, while Z. jujube Linn extract activity against C. albicans was comparatively similar (P>0.05) to it, but significantly higher (P<0.05) against T. rubrum. A dose dependent antifungal activity of the plants was observed, and L. inermis extract was the most potent antifungal agent with an MIC and MCF values of 5 mg/ml. Conclusion: This study reveals that L. inermis leaves extract could be used as a sources of potential antifungal agents.

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Vancomycin Sensitivity of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Patients in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal ◽

10.3329/bpj.v15i2.12582 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 159-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Shahriar ◽

Sanjida Shahid ◽

Khusbu Khalil Katha ◽

Waheeda Nasreen ◽

Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pharmaceutical Journal ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Multiple Drug Resistant ◽

Vancomycin Resistant ◽

Drug Resistant Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resistant to all antibiotics including vancomycin, has been reported in Japan, USA, Canada and Brazil. Hence, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the possible presence of vancomycin resistant or intermediate Stap. aureus in Dhaka. A total of 122 clinical isolates were collected from different hospitals, clinics and diagnostic centers of the city for about 12 months starting from August 2010 to July 2011.They were identified using standard bacteriological methods. Sensitivity to recommended antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. In the present study 74% of total isolates were found to be betalactamase producers by iodometric methods, whereas with Nitrocefin® sticks 80% of the isolates were found to be beta-lactamase producers. All the multiple drug resistant strains were beta-lactamase producers. Out of 122 isolates, although no strains were found vancomycin resistant, 93.44% were found intermediate and only 6.56% showed sensitivity. This study reveals the growing antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh and refers not to use the antimicrobial drugs that show insufficient sensitivity against Stap. aureus to prevent resistance and associated treatment failure. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v15i2.12582 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 15(2): 159-163, 2012

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Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Septicemic Neonates with Special Reference to Extended Spectrum β-lactamase, AmpC, Metallo β-lactamase Production and Multiple Drug Resistance in Tertiary Care Hospital

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/0974-2727.151689 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (01) ◽

pp. 032-037 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Shivali V Gajul ◽

Shivajirao T Mohite ◽

Smita S Mangalgi ◽

Sanjay M Wavare ◽

Satish V Kakade

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Confirmatory Test ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Neonatal Septicemia ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Disk Method

ABSTRACT Background: β-lactamases viz., extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC, and metallo β-lactamase (MBL) production in Klebsiella pneumoniae has led to a serious concern about septicemic neonates in Neonatal Intensive Care Units due to high resistance against commonly used antimicrobials Purpose:To study the prevalence of ESBL, AmpC, and MBL production in K. pneumoniae isolates in neonatal septicemia, to check antimicrobial susceptibility to various drugs including tigecycline; and to assess burden of multiple drug resistance (MDR). Materials and Methods: Total 24 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from 318 blood samples of suspected cases of neonatal septicemia were studied. Isolates were screened for ESBL, AmpC, and MBL production by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) disk method, AmpC cefoxitin screen, and imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime disk screen respectively; and confirmation was done by CLSI phenotypic disk confirmatory test, AmpC sterile disk method, and imipenem ethylenediamine tetracetic acid double disk synergy test respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method. Efficacy of tigecycline was evaluated using United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Results: Of the 24 K. pneumoniae isolates, co-production of AmpC + MBL was found in more number of isolates (67%) (P < 0.0001) compared to single enzyme production (ESBL and MBL 8% both, AmpC 12.5%). Rate of resistance for penicillins and cephalosporins was highest. Susceptibility was more for imipenem, co-trimoxazole, and meropenem. Nonsusceptibility to tigecycline was low (21%). A total of 23 (96%) isolates were MDR. Conclusions: Routine detection of ESBL, AmpC, and MBL is required in laboratories. Carbapenems should be kept as a last resort drugs. Trend of tigecycline susceptibility has been noted in the study. Continued monitoring of susceptibility pattern is necessary to detect true burden of resistance for proper management.

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The Bacteriological Quality, Safety, and Antibiogram ofSalmonellaIsolates from Fresh Meat in Retail Shops of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

International Journal of Food Science ◽

10.1155/2017/4317202 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Melkamnesh Azage ◽

Mulugeta Kibret

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

High Rate ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Bahir Dar ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Fresh Meat

The habit of raw meat consumption in addition to the poor hygienic standards and lack of knowledge contribute to food-borne diseases outbreaks. The objective of this research was to assess the bacterial quality and safety of fresh meat from retail Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. A total of 30 fresh meat samples were collected from butcher shops. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate and enumerate bacteria. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing ofSalmonellaisolates. The mean counts of AMB, TC, andS. aureuswere log104.53, 3.97, and 3.88 log10cfu/g, respectively.Salmonellawas isolated from 21 (70%) of the samples.Salmonellaisolates in this study were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and norfloxacin while they were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline. High rate of multiple drug resistance was also noticed inSalmonellaisolates. The microbial loads of meat were above the recommended microbial safety limits. Besides this, the isolation rate ofSalmonellawas high and high levels of drug resistance were documented forSalmonellaisolates. Measures on handling and appropriate personal hygiene practices of workers in the retail shops are recommended to reduce the change of forborne disease outbreaks.

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