Oral Health: A Guide for Your Health as a Periodontist’s Point of View

Dental caries and Periodontitis are the most commonly reported dental diseases. These can lead to loss of tooth structure and compromising the functions of teeth like mastication and thus affecting the overall health. Periodontitis is inflammation of periodontium resulting in loss of periodontal ligament attachment, bone destruction, tooth mobility and ultimately tooth loss. This is caused by the microorganisms present in the oral biofilm. One cubic millimeter of dental plaque contains about 100 million bacteria. At present almost more than 500-600 different varieties of bacteria have been identified in the oral cavity. Key perio-pathogens are the group of perio-pathogens that are responsible for the commencement and progression of periodontal disease as well as failed periodontal therapy. A. actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis are the established key-pathogens in the various periodontal diseases. Through blood stream, these micro-organisms can be transported to various organs or system in the human body and causing and affecting overall health negatively. Endotoxins produced by these key perio-pathogens are associated with the non-oral diseases. It is a proven fact that periodontal health plays an important role in general health status in mankind. Periodontal pathogens can affect the systemic diseases and conditions adversely and can lead to unfavourable outcomes. Patients with cardiovascular diseases showed pathogens having same DNA as periodontal pathogens. In periodontitis patients, inflammatory mediators produced can trigger the hyperglycaemia. In pregnant women, premature birth and low birth weight is found linked with poor periodontal health. This paper highlights the role of periodontal health in various systemic diseases and conditions for better treatment planning and prevention of the adverse outcomes.

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The Influence of Cigarette Smoking on Various Aspects of Periodontal Health

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove Czech Republic) ◽

10.14712/18059694.2017.52 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 3-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vimal Jacob ◽

Sajith Vellappally ◽

Jindra Šmejkalová

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Treatment Procedures

Tobacco is one of the most important risk factors for oral diseases, including oral cancer, oral mucosal lesions and periodontal diseases. There is substantial evidence suggesting that the risk of oral diseases increases with frequent use of tobacco and that quitting smoking results in reduced risk. In this article, the influence of cigarette smoking on the periodontium will be discussed, giving importance to the effects on immune responses, alveolar bone loss, periodontal pathogens and briefly outlining the negative effects of smoking on wound healing and periodontal treatment procedures.

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Biofilm: A New View of Plaque

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-1-3-37 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 37-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Pamela R. Overman

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Periodontal Therapy ◽

Current View ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

The Past ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

And Control ◽

Dental Professionals ◽

The Way

Abstract Dental researchers have attempted to understand the microbial nature of oral diseases over the past 120 years. Their view of plaque and its constituent microorganisms has shifted from a specific plaque hypothesis to a non-specific plaque hypothesis and back again to a theory of specific periodontal pathogens in plaque. Changes in the way plaque and its microorganisms are viewed affect the strategies used to prevent and control periodontal diseases. In recent years, dental researchers have begun to view plaque as a biofilm. This shifting view of plaque has important implications for future efforts in prevention and treatment. This article describes the various ways that dental professionals have viewed plaque throughout the years and highlights the current view of plaque as a biofilm and the ramifications for periodontal therapy.

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BAX Gene Overexpression in the Tongue Could Warn of Infection Risk due to Periodontal Pathogens

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210601812011070 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 1070-1078

Author(s):

Germano Orrù ◽

Francesca Muggironi ◽

Antonello Mameli ◽

Cristina Demontis ◽

Bastiana Arcadu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Cell Injury ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽

Bax Protein ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Microbiological Parameters ◽

Expression Rate

Background: Different host proteins play a central role in cell response during bacterial infections, the Bcl-2-Associated X protein (BAX) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Protein 1 (VCAM-1) are often reported in infective primary events during cell injury. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of these two proteins as biomarkers of oral bacterial infection, with particular emphasis on the tongue, which plays an important role in microbial homeostasis in the mouth. Methods: Twenty-nine patients were recruited and divided according to the Periodontal Index (CPI), 4 of them were severely compromised periodontal patients. Oral hygiene, gingival tissues and plaque presence were evaluated clinically. The laboratory analysis carried out on tongue tissue included: total bacterial genomes, proportion of specific periopathogens and BAX -VCAM-1 expression rate, while Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) were measured in saliva. Results: Neither tongue microbiological status nor salivary ROS level corresponded with the state of disease. VCAM-1 mRNA expression rate was comparable in all patients but, on the contrary, BAX expression resulted high in periodontally-compromised patients and appears related to periodontal status in the analyzed subjects. Conclusion: This preliminary work suggests that the BAX protein is a possible candidate in a prognostic marker study for oral diseases started by periodontal bacteria. For example, none of the evaluated clinical and microbiological parameters could predict the presence, prognosis or recurrence of periodontal diseases. This biomarker could be a valuable tool in determining the risk, diagnosis and prognosis of this human illness.

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FRAILTY FROM AN ORAL HEALTH POINT OF VIEW

Journal of Frailty & Aging ◽

10.14283/jfa.2014.21 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

R.C. CASTREJÓN-PÉREZ ◽

S.A. BORGES-YÁÑEZ

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

General Health ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Point Of View ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Age Related ◽

Previous State ◽

Negative Impacts

Frailty commonly affects older persons, increasing their risk for adverse outcomes. Oral health isaffected by those conditions related to the mouth and teeth, including caries, periodontal diseases, dysgeusia,presbyphagia and oral cancer among others. Oral health problems can be classified as development defects andacquired problems. These latter are related to infection or trauma, have a cumulative effect throughout life andtheir consequences are lifelong. Such acquired problems can be classified as primary or secondary, bothinteracting in a complex manner. Recovery to a previous state of tissue integrity is often impossible from theseconditions. These complex interactions have negative impacts on the individual’s general health and quality oflife. Oral status is an important contributor to general health, and has been linked to several chronic conditionssuch as cognitive impairment, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, strokes, and cancer. An individual’s oral healthis mostly stable throughout life. Tooth loss may be considered as the final outcome, resulting as a consequence ofhistory of caries and periodontitis, as well as failure of prevention and treatment. The loss of a tooth may thusrepresent the first step of a vicious cycle. In fact, without intervention, one missing tooth may lead to further teethloss, thus reducing the capability to chew and consume nutrients (essential for life and adequate physiologicalfunction), and finally contributing to the development of age-related chronic diseases.

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PERIODONTAL DISEASE : A RISE IN PREVALENCE IN MILITARY TROOPS PENYAKIT PERIODONTAL

ODONTO Dental Journal ◽

10.30659/odj.8.1.6-17 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Amaliya Amaliya ◽

Snataka Pribadi ◽

Yun Mukmin Akbar ◽

Suhardjo Sitam

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Review Article ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Way Of Life ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

The Military ◽

Oral Condition

Background: Oral condition is one of substantial factors in general health. Good oral health will determine dental fitness or readiness in military troops. Oral diseases affecting soldiers may have negative impacts in readiness on deployment or fight and contributes to lowering morale among personnel. At the recruitment stage, the prevalence of periodontal disease is low and controlled before the commencement of the training. As a matter of fact, periodontal health was not considered to be maintained and found to be worsening through the course of time. In the end, many of soldiers were found to suffer from periodontal diseases. Method : This review article aims to discuss several factors in military way of life related to oral condition.Result : Lack of oral hygiene practices, stress, deficiency of nutritious food, and smoking among military personnel may contribute to the prevalence of periodontal disease. Several attempts should be incorporated in military life to reduce the negative impacts of these factors on oral health.Conclusion: Periodontal therapy should be provided early in the military careers and repeated at intervals specific to the needs of each personnel. Several risk factors contributing to the development and severity of periodontal disease should be assessed and overcome to arrest the progression of the disease.

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An Antibacterial Strategy of Mg-Cu Bone Grafting in Infection-Mediated Periodontics

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/7289208 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Xue Zhao ◽

Peng Wan ◽

Hongyan Wang ◽

Shuwei Zhang ◽

Jingbo Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alveolar Bone ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Bone Destruction ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

Bacterial Survival ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Ph Variation ◽

Antibacterial Performance ◽

Cu Alloy

Periodontal diseases are mainly the results of infections and inflammation of the gum and bone that surround and support the teeth. In this study, the alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis is hypothesized to be treated with novel Mg-Cu alloy grafts due to their antimicrobial and osteopromotive properties. In order to study this new strategy using Mg-Cu alloy grafts as a periodontal bone substitute, the in vitro degradation and antibacterial performance were examined. The pH variation and Mg2+ and Cu2+ release of Mg-Cu alloy extracts were measured. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), two common bacteria associated with periodontal disease, were cultured in Mg-Cu alloy extracts, and bacterial survival rate was evaluated. The changes of bacterial biofilm and its structure were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), respectively. The results showed that the Mg-Cu alloy could significantly decrease the survival rates of both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Furthermore, the bacterial biofilms were completely destroyed in Mg-Cu alloy extracts, and the bacterial cell membranes were damaged, finally leading to bacterial apoptosis. These results indicate that the Mg-Cu alloy can effectively eliminate periodontal pathogens, and the use of Mg-Cu in periodontal bone grafts has a great potential to prevent infections after periodontal surgery.

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Yoga - A Salubrious Routine to Prevent Periodontal Diseases: A Meta-analysis

RGUHS Journal of Dental Sciences ◽

10.26715/rjds.13_4_10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 269-278

Author(s):

Veena Kalburgi ◽

Sai Sri Harsha

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

The Body ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Original Research ◽

Systemic Diseases ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Stress Control ◽

Research Studies

Abstract Background: Yoga is a holistic and ancient practice that was originated around 3000 years agoand it activates all the systems in the body and helps us to be active. The name yoga itself means union, intertwining of body, brain and soul. Yoga can prevent periodontal diseases.This may sound extraneous, but it is a scientifically proven truth.Yoga will not only prevent periodontal diseases but also many other systemic diseases. Methods: A search was done to find the articles that were published in various databases Medline/Pubmed, Google scholar, LILACS, Cochrane, open grey and USC Upstate library. We included only original research studies which clearly explained the influence of yoga on periodontitis with specified results. Meta-analysis was done including the clinical periodontal parameters used for observation of the periodontal health. Results: Five studies were selected after analyzing various factors and coincidentally all the selected studies were from various regions of India. Forest plots were made of the studies selected. Conclusion: We conclude very clearly from the analysis done that yoga, an ancient practice has a favourable impact on human body in stress control,therebymaintaining the periodontal health.

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Periodontal Health and Systemic Conditions

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj8040130 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 130

Author(s):

Glendale Lim ◽

Upasna Janu ◽

Lan-Lin Chiou ◽

Kaveri Kranti Gandhi ◽

Leena Palomo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Systemic Diseases ◽

New Classification ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Plaque Biofilm ◽

Primary Risk Factor

According to the new classification proposed by the recent 2017 World Workshop on Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions, periodontitis, necrotizing periodontal diseases, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases, and systemic diseases or conditions affecting the periodontal supporting tissues, are considered as separate entities. Scientific evidence has demonstrated that periodontal diseases are not just simple bacterial infections but rather complex diseases of multifactorial complexity that interplay with the subgingival microbes, the host immune, and inflammatory responses. Despite dental plaque biofilm being considered the primary risk factor for periodontitis in the vast majority of patients that dentists encounter on a daily basis, there are other factors that can also contribute and/or accelerate pathologic progressive attachment loss. In this article, the authors aim to briefly review and discuss the present evidence regarding the association between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases and conditions.

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Comparison of Sampling Techniques For qPCR Quantification of Periodontal Pathogens

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.12.5993 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (12) ◽

pp. 2853-2856 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Igor Jelihovschi ◽

Cristian Drochioi ◽

Aida Corina Badescu ◽

Raoul Vasile Lupusoru ◽

Alexandra Elena Munteanu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Treponema Denticola ◽

Subgingival Plaque ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Radiographic Evidence ◽

Gingival Bleeding ◽

As Species ◽

Qpcr Quantification

The diagnosis of periodontal disease is mainly based on use of clinical and radiographic evidence. In this study we employed a quantitative PCR analysis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Treponema denticola as species strongly involved in periodontal diseases, burden in periodontal pockets to detect the main sampling factors that interfere with qPCR results. From 22 patients with advanced periodontal disease, subgingival plaque was comparatively collected by paper points and periodontal Gracey curettes. Samples were collected from the same situs in presence of gingival bleeding and absence of bleeding. The concordance and agreement of results between samples were assessed. The present study demonstrates that subgingival plaque sampling with sterile absorbable paper points is often accompanied by gingival bleeding resulting in quantification biases of periodontal pathogens.

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Oral health problems in high-performance athletes at 2019 Pan American Games in Lima: a descriptive study

BDJ Open ◽

10.1038/s41405-021-00078-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Catalina Opazo-García ◽

Jeel Moya-Salazar ◽

Karina Chicoma-Flores ◽

Hans Contreras-Pulache

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Dental Care ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

High Performance ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Health Problems ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Pan American

Abstract Introduction Dental care is provided for high-performance athletes at national and international sports events. Elite athletes may seek care for sports-related injuries and pre-existing oral diseases. Previous studies indicate an association between oral health problems and negative performance impacts in elite athletes. Objectives To determine the prevalence of the most common oral pathologies in high-performance athletes during the emergency dental care performed at the Lima 2019 Pan American Games (JPL-19). Methodology All reports of athletes (≥18 years old, of both sexes, from 41 countries) who received emergency dental care at Pan American Villas during the JPL-19 were included. Injuries and types of oral diseases were classified according to the Injury and Disease Surveillance System proposed by the International Olympic Committee. Results Of the 6680 participating athletes, 76 (1.14%) presented as dental emergencies, 90.8% (69/76) of the athletes seen presented pre-existing oral pathological conditions, the most frequent were periodontal diseases (34%, 26/76) and dental caries (29%, 22/76). Among the sports with the most cases, there were 22 (29%) in athletics, 6 (8%) in soccer, and 6 (8%) in taekwondo. The most frequent dental emergencies came from Peru, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Grenada, and Venezuela. Conclusions Pre-existing oral diseases were more frequent than sports-related accidents. The most prevalent diseases were periodontal disease and dental caries disease. It is necessary to implement new care strategies for athletes, based on prevention, before and during sports competitions.

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