scholarly journals Role of Letrozole in Management of Female Infertility; Review Article

2021 ◽  
pp. 260-271
Author(s):  
Maha Fouad Messawa ◽  
Salma Yousef Omar ◽  
Reem Ahmed Babagi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin ◽  
Study Type ◽  
High Responders ◽  
Better Than

Background: Letrozole is a highly steroidal and selective oral aromatase inhibitor (AI). Serval studies shows that Co-treatment with letrozole significantly reduced gonadotropin consumption and the incidence of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome in normal/high responders, with pregnancy outcomes comparable to or better than the other groups. In this article we will be looking at role of letrozole in treatment of infertility Methodology: A simple systematic review was carried out, searching databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO. The authors extracted qualitative data, and then the author's names, year, study type, methodology, and the result were reported. Results and Conclusion: Letrozole has effectiveness which is near the usage of the Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin in the numbers of pregnancies per cycle but have much less cost which indicates cost effectiveness of the drug. Furthermore, studies show that administration of the drug is effective in inducing pregnancy, with higher dose more than 5mg and 7.5mg more effective.

scholarly journals Relationship between Cycling Infrastructure and Transportation Cycling in a Small Urban Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Richard Larouche ◽  
Nimesh Patel ◽  
Jennifer L. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Linear Models ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small City ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
The Relationship

The role of infrastructure in encouraging transportation cycling in smaller cities with a low prevalence of cycling remains unclear. To investigate the relationship between the presence of infrastructure and transportation cycling in a small city (Lethbridge, AB, Canada), we interviewed 246 adults along a recently-constructed bicycle boulevard and two comparison streets with no recent changes in cycling infrastructure. One comparison street had a separate multi-use path and the other had no cycling infrastructure. Questions addressed time spent cycling in the past week and 2 years prior and potential socio-demographic and psychosocial correlates of cycling, including safety concerns. Finally, we asked participants what could be done to make cycling safer and more attractive. We examined predictors of cycling using gender-stratified generalized linear models. Women interviewed along the street with a separate path reported cycling more than women on the other streets. A more favorable attitude towards cycling and greater habit strength were associated with more cycling in both men and women. Qualitative data revealed generally positive views about the bicycle boulevard, a need for education about sharing the road and for better cycling infrastructure in general. Our results suggest that, even in smaller cities, cycling infrastructure may encourage cycling, especially among women.

scholarly journals Women in Violent Extremism in Sweden

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Hernan Mondani ◽  
Amir Rostami ◽  
Tina Askanius ◽  
Jerzy Sarnecki ◽  
Christofer Edling
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Employment Share ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Islamic Extremism ◽  
Better Than

This presentation summarizes a register-based study on women who have been identified as belonging to three violent extremist milieus in Sweden: violent Islamic, violent far-right, and violent far-left extremism. We studied the women in these milieus along a number of analytical dimensions, ranging from demographic and educational to criminal background and network relationships, and compared them to three reference groups: (i) non-extremist biological sisters to female extremists in the study population; (ii) men in the respective extremist milieus; and (iii) female members of other antagonistic milieus such as organized crime. Our results showed that there are both similarities and differences between groups. In some cases, like age and region of birth, there are commonalities between violent far-right and violent far-left women. Regarding region of birth and migration background, women affiliated to violent far-right and violent far-left extremism are predominantly born in Sweden. Women affiliated to violent Islamic extremism tend to be born in Sweden to a greater extent than men in the same milieu, but to a much lesser degree than women in the violent far-right and violent far-left. When it comes to education, women in the violent Islamic milieu are closer to women in violent far-right extremism. Women in violent far-left extremism perform best at school, with consistently higher grades. The average score of women in violent far-left extremism is identical to that of their sisters, and women in violent far-left extremism perform on average substantially better than men in the same milieu. Women in violent Islamic extremism, in contrast, perform on average similarly to men in violent far-left extremism, and they perform better than their biological sisters. Regarding labor market attachment, violent Islamic extremists have the weakest attachment and the highest dependency upon financial assistance as well as a low employment share (36 percent in 2016), but also a relatively high share of individuals with a high number of unemployment days, suggesting that women in violent Islamic extremism experience higher social exclusion. We find the highest employment share among women in violent far-left extremism, where 89 percent are gainfully employed in 2016 (80 percent for at least three of the last five years) and about a 20 percent unemployment share. Men in violent far-left extremism have an employment share around 10 percent below that of the women in far-left extremism for 2016. The highest fractions of individuals that have not been in contact with the health system due to mental disorders are among violent Islamic extremism, with the women’s fraction at 84 percent, compared to their non-extremist sisters and men in the same milieu that are just above 79 percent. Women in violent far-left extremism have the highest share of in-patient major mental disorders among the extremist milieus (3 percent), higher than men in the same milieu (less than 1 percent) as well as than women and their sisters in the other categories. During the period 2007–2016, 68 percent of individuals in the extremist milieus are covered by the register of suspected individuals. The coverage is substantially higher for men, 72 percent than for women, 43 percent. Compared to their sisters, women in all three milieus are criminally active to a much higher extent. However, women in all three milieus are less criminally active than women in other antagonistic milieus, among whom 67 percent have been suspected at least once. In all three milieus, the share of men with a criminal record is about twice as large as that of women. As far as the gender aspect is concerned, we know that extremist milieus generally have a conservative view of the role of women in society. In our results, this is reflected in the low rates of crime in women compared to men, and relatively marginal positions in the co-offending networks. The fact that women in violent far-left extremism have stronger positions in their networks than the other women in the study population is expected, given that the ideology of this milieu allows for greater equality. This means that women in violent far-left extremism participate more often than, e.g., women in violent far-right extremism, in political actions where violence is common. This pattern of gender roles and criminal involvement also holds concerning women in violent Islamic extremism. This milieu has a more traditional view of the role of women than views among even violent far-right extremists. Women in violent Islamic extremism are less involved in crime and, in particular, violent crime.

scholarly journals The role of emotional valence in learning novel abstract concepts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Vigliocco ◽  
Marta Ponari ◽  
Courtenay Norbury
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Strategy ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Better Than

A recent study by Ponari et al. (2017), showed that emotional valence (i.e., whether a word evokes positive, negative or no affect) predicts age-of-acquisition ratings, and that up to the age of 8-9, children know abstract emotional words better than neutral ones. On the basis of these findings, emotional valence has been argued to provide a bootstrapping mechanism for the acquisition of abstract concepts. However, no previous work has directly assessed whether words’ valence, or valence of the context in which words are used, facilitates learning of unknown abstract words. Here, we investigate whether valence supports acquisition of novel abstract concepts. Seven to 10 years old children were taught novel abstract words and concepts (words typically learnt at an older age and that children did not know); words were either valenced (positive or negative) or neutral. We also manipulated the context in which words were presented: for one group of children, the teaching strategy emphasised emotional information; for the other, it emphasised encyclopaedic, non-emotional information. Abstract words with emotional valence were learnt better than neutral abstract words by children up to the age of 8-9, replicating previous findings; no effect of teaching strategy was found. These results indicate that emotional valence supports abstract concepts acquisition, and further suggest that it is the valence information intrinsic to the word’s meaning to have a role, rather than the valence of the context in which the word is learnt.

scholarly journals Appraisal of Order in ASEAN and SAARC: A Comparative Inquiry

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Zafar ◽  
Shaheer Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Mechanism ◽  
Interstate Conflicts ◽  
Hedley Bull ◽  
Comparative Inquiry ◽  
Better Than

The paper examines how ASEAN has emerged as a face of Southeast Asia: from anarchy to order, to promote stability, strengthen sovereignty, reduce the role of great powers and build the harmony of interests among the states, while SAARC remained less effective in maintaining Order in South Asia. While combating the challenges of communism and regional instability, ASEAN’s has minimized the involvement of non-state actors while keeping the state’s sovereignty at the forefront. On the other hand, SAARC remained less influential in maintaining Order under common norms, values and interests due to a lack of the conflict management mechanism and inbuilt hostility between India and Pakistan. To understand the reason for the effectiveness of ASEAN Vis-à-vis SAARC, the conceptual framework of Order proposed by Hedley Bull provides a befitting context to examine both regional platforms. Both ASEAN and SAARC had the aim to solve interstate conflicts, but SAARC turned out to be ineffective. Hence, a comparative analysis critically evaluates how and why ASEAN has performed better than SAARC in conflict management. Eventually, the paper discusses the possible changes that SAARC can make to maintain Order in South Asia.

The Processing of Musical Prosody by Musical and Nonmusical Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Gérard ◽  
Catherine Auxiette
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Music Production ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
Verbal Production ◽  
Better Than

The surface structures of music and speech should coincide in musical prosody. Two processing systems have thus to be integrated, one devoted to the surface structure of speech, the other to that of music. This article is in two parts: a review of data on speech and music production and hearing, and two experimental studies on the synchronization between a rhythm and spoken sounds. In the first part, a comparison between some intensity and timing parameters that characterize the unfolding of spoken strings and of musical sequences is presented. Data from studies on performers (speakers, musicians) and listeners are compared with regard to spontaneous rates, location and duration of pauses, duration of sounds, and periodic occurrence of accents. In the second part, the ability to control the correspondence between taps and words is examined. Two experimental studies on 6-year-old children focus on the role of musical training. The reproductions of simple rhythms and simple sentences or onomatopoeias were analyzed as well as the coordination between a rhythmic sequence of taps and a spoken string. Young musicians succeeded better than nonmusicians of the same age in the synchronization between their verbal production and their motor accompaniment, mainly because they more markedly anticipated the musical string in which they integrated the spoken sounds subsequently. The results are discussed in relation to the acoustic, motor, and cognitive processes involved in the coordination of the two temporal strings.

scholarly journals Functional glyco-metagenomics elucidates the role of glycan-related genes in environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayato Takihara ◽  
Nobuaki Miura ◽  
Kiyoko F. Aoki-Kinoshita ◽  
Shujiro Okuda
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Alignment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Enzyme Families ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alignment Length ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background Glycan-related genes play a fundamental role in various processes for energy acquisition and homeostasis maintenance while adapting to the environment in which the organism exists; however, their role in the microbiome in the environment is unclear. Methods Sequence alignment was performed between known glycan-related genes and complete genomes of microorganisms, and optimal parameters for identifying glycan-related genes were determined based on the alignments. Using the constructed scheme (> 90% of identity and > 25 aa of alignment length), glycan-related genes in various environments were identified from 198 different metagenome data. Results As a result, we identified 86.73 million glycan-related genes from the metagenome data. Among the 12 environments classified in this study, the percentage of glycan-related genes was high in the human-associated environment, suggesting that these environments utilize glycan metabolism better than other environments. On the other hand, the relative abundances of both glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases surprisingly had a coverage of over 80% in all the environments. These glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases were classified into two groups of (1) general enzyme families identified in various environments and (2) specific enzymes found only in certain environments. The general enzyme families were mostly from genes involved in monosaccharide metabolism, and most of the specific enzymes were polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Conclusion These findings suggest that environmental microorganisms could change the composition of their glycan-related genes to adapt the processes involved in acquiring energy from glycans in their environments. Our functional glyco-metagenomics approach has made it possible to clarify the relationship between the environment and genes from the perspective of carbohydrates, and the existence of glycan-related genes that exist specifically in the environment.

Hostels in Hostile Territory

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-217
Author(s):  
Jack Shepherd ◽  
Daniel Laven
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Case Study

This chapter looks at the role youth hostels play in challenging some of the destructive narratives of the Israeli-Palestinian context, narratives revolving around Othering, and demonisation of the Other. To understand the role of hostels in this regard, the authors use the concept of transformative dialogue to demonstrate how hostels assist in the formation of partnerships between previously hostile groups, and also how hostels provide a tourism forum for self-expression and exposure to divergent narratives of space. The chapter is a comparative case study using qualitative data gathered at 14 hostels over a period of six years. The findings of the chapter stress the remarkable achievement of youth hostels in the region in challenging hegemonic discourses of separation and abjection, despite the enormous difficulty in doing so.

Role of Ayurveda for Poor and Pandemics (Covid19) – A Review article

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 923-927
Author(s):  
Anuradha Kishor Ingale ◽  
Pooja Shrivastav
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Poor People ◽  
The People ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Rule Out

The goal of Ayurveda is prevention is better than cure. There are a total of 9152 COVID-19 cases reported in India (till April 13, 2020), 308 people were died because of this disease, and 856 patients were treated successfully in our Country. This virus can easily affect or harm those individuals who have an infection, less immunity and especially who all have been aged more than sixty. Most of the countries are worried only for their people's life (health). In contrast, the developing countries like India that has a large population have to consider about the livelihood for people like Below Poverty Line (BPL) or those living in slum areas, equally with their life. The main aim of the article is to aware the people not only Urban but also among Rural and needy individuals to adopt the Ayurveda lifestyle during Covid19 outbreak. For this to study various methods which are described in Ayurveda for boosting immunity among various individuals. This study is a review type of article. All information and references have been collected and compiled from various available Ayurvedic classics texts. Research articles are also searched from various websites related to Covid19 outbreak and its effect on needy individuals. All matters have been analysed for some discussion, and an attempt has been made to rule out some conclusions. During this lockdown, people are mostly living a sedentary lifestyle which not only weakens their immune system but also make them more susceptible to infections. Hence Ayurveda is a science of life that is mainly focusing on strengthening persons by boosting their immune system through improving our lifestyle by using medicines, diets, meditation and activities like Yoga. This article will give insights about poor people and effective strategy to threat COVID-19 through Ayurveda in India.

ACE2 as a potential target for management of novel coronavirus (nCoV- 2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Foroozanfar ◽  
Mohamad Forouzanfar ◽  
Tahereh Farkhondeh ◽  
Saeed Samarghandian ◽  
Fatemeh Forouzanfar
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel coronavirus termed nCoV-2019 caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. nCoV-2019 resulted in thousands of cases of lethal disease all around the world. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment yet so better understanding of the pathobiology of the disease can be helpful. The renin–angiotensin system and their products has several important physiological actions, On the other hand, this system involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. In this context, this review article will briefly insights for understanding the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor as a potential attractive target for nCoV-2019- induced acute respiratory syndrome.

scholarly journals Mandarin Chinese Tonal Acquisition by Thai Speakers

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apichai Rungruang ◽  
Yanhong Mu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
University Students ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
Mandarin Tones ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Thai University

The aim of the present empirical study is two-fold. The first aim is to investigate why Thai university students perceive a certain tone better than others or why a certain tone is more difficult to perceive than others. The second aim is to examine to what extent Thai university students can perceive four Chinese Mandarin tones. 14 volunteer university students (2 males; 12 females) participated in the study. Research tools were structured interview and the perception test. The findings from the interview reveal that 9 out of 14 (64%) students claimed that tone 4 was the easiest tone either to perceive or produce. In contrast, 10 out of 14 (71%) stated that tone 3 was the most difficult one to perceive. The qualitative data findings from the interview were greatly consistent with the quantitative data ones from the perception test. That is, Thai speakers performed well in tone 4 (mean scores 24.92 or 99.68%) and tone 1 (24.35 or 97.40%). On the other end of the scale, they had some difficulty identifying tone 2 (21.42 or 85.68%) and tone 3 (19.50 or 78%). It can be concluded that firstly, the hierarchy of tone accessibility from the least difficult to the most difficult one was tone 4 > tone 1 > tone 2 > tone 3. Secondly, students’ native language (Thai) or L1 plays a crucial role to their tonal acquisition when Thai speakers deal with foreign lexical tones. For one important reason, tones 1 and 4 in Chinese are very similar to the mid tone and the falling tone in Thai, respectively. 

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