scholarly journals Herpes Zoster in Immunosuppressed Patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 674-680
Author(s):  
Akshad Wadbudhe ◽  
Smita Damke
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patient ◽  
Varicella Zoster

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a disease caused by the activation of the virus in the latent phase. The name of the virus is varicella-zoster virus (VZV). This virus remains in the dorsal root ganglia, the collection of neuronal cell bodies. It is known as reactivation because it is a secondary infection. The main or the old infection is chickenpox; it generally occurs in the early stages of life. This secondary infection is caused in the later stages of life in old age patients; if the patient is immunocompromised, this type of infection can cause death or make the patient unconscious. But in the world, many people have a variety of standard or uncommon signs and symptoms of this disease based on their body, diet, area, or even genetic features. This Herpes Zoster acts on the immune response called cell-mediated immunity and decreases it rapidly with the advance of age of the person. In the coming years, the incidences of this disease are gradually increasing because of the weakening of the immune system. The incidences also happened in people with defective immunity of cell-mediated type or due to the abuse of certain drugs. The herpes zoster is caused to the immunosuppressed patient more quickly than the average population. As there is no immune system to defend the body, some secondary infections can also be induced in these conditions and lead to death. This multiple infection can make a differential diagnosis. This review explains and understands the herpes zoster virus causing different complications in the body and other clinical things related to immunocompromised patients.

scholarly journals Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus after Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Mina Psichogiou ◽  
Michael Samarkos ◽  
Nikolaos Mikos ◽  
Angelos Hatzakis
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Event ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunocompetent Patients

Seven immunocompetent patients aged > 50 years old presented with herpes zoster (HZ) infection in a median of 9 days (range 7–20) after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The occurrence of HZ within the time window 1–21 days after vaccination defined for increased risk and the reported T cell-mediated immunity involvement suggest that COVID-19 vaccination is a probable cause of HZ. These cases support the importance of continuing assessment of vaccine safety during the ongoing massive vaccination for the COVID-19 pandemic and encourage reporting and communication of any vaccination-associated adverse event.

HERPES ZOSTER OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samit Jain ◽  
Sarika Jain ◽  
Sewta Jain
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Prodromal Stage ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Key Words Varicella ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dorsal Ganglion

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent for Herpes Zoster. Varicella-zoster virus reactivates from its latent state in posterior dorsal ganglion results in its spread from the ganglion to the corresponding dermatomes producing neurocutaneous signs and symptoms and can only occur in someone who has history of chickenpox (varicella). When it reactivates, it travels from the nerve body to the endings in the skin, producing blisters. Symptoms such as odontalgia, could be present during the prodromal stage. With an increase in the number of herpes zoster patients, the dentist must be familiar to the signs and symptoms of the prodromal manifestations of herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve. This article focuses on the difficulties in management of such cases and one such case is reported here. Key Words: Varicella-zoster virus; herpes zoster; reactivate; dermatomes; prodormal stage

Long-Term Consequences of Foodborne Toxoplasmosis: Effects on the Unborn, the Immunocompromised, the Elderly, and the Immunocompetent†

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1595-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES L. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Cellular Immune

In immunointact individuals, infection by the ubiquitous protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is common, but clinical disease is rare; however, fetal and immunocompromised populations are at risk for clinical toxoplasmosis. T. gondii organisms persist as quiescent tissue cysts in various tissues of the body with the possibility of tissue cysts reactivating to actively multiplying parasites if there is a decline in the infected individual's immune system. In more recent years, there has been an increase in toxoplasmosis due to a steadily increasing immunocompromised population. T. gondii infections are controlled principally by the cellular immune system. Thus, individuals with defective cell-mediated immunity cannot control a T. gondii infection and if they have been infected previously, reactivation of a previous infection may occur. Congenital toxoplasmosis can cause severe complications in the fetuses of women who are infected with T. gondii during pregnancy. Toxoplasmosis can be serious in individuals with malignancies or AIDS. Since transplant recipients are immunosuppressed by drug treatment, they too are at risk for toxoplasmosis if they receive an organ from an infected donor. Vaccines against T. gondii suitable for human use have not been developed. No drug is available that can eliminate the encysted stage of the parasite; thus, infected individuals are always at risk for reactivation of the parasite if there is a failure of their immune system. More emphasis should be placed on the elimination of T. gondii by development of drugs which can eliminate the cyst stage in tissues and on development of vaccines suitable for protecting humans against infection or reactivation.

Treatment of Disseminated Herpes Zoster Infections

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-259
Author(s):  
Alan W. Hopefl
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patient ◽  
Early Therapy ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Human Leukocyte Interferon

Of all the infectious complications which plague the immunosuppressed patient, viral infections are the least amenable to drug therapy. Disseminated herpes zoster infections are relatively uncommon in immunosuppressed patients, but affect as many as 25 percent of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Herpes zoster infections are caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a DNA containing virus which is the etiological agent of both chickenpox and shingles. Vidarabine (ara-A) is a synthetic nucleoside which inhibits viral induced DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, and therefore viral replication. While vidarabine is remarkably nontoxic at a daily dose of 10 mg/kg, there is at present little evidence that early therapy of disseminated herpes zoster prevents visceral disease, further dissemination, or affects the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia. Initial studies employing human leukocyte interferon show promise, but large scale trials have been hampered by limited supplies of interferon.

scholarly journals Disseminated Herpes Zoster in a Patient with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: A case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Salahuddin Shah ◽  
Masuda Begum ◽  
Mujahida Rahman ◽  
Saqi Md Abdul Baqi
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Vesicular Rash

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a member of Herpesviridae family. It can cause two distinct clinical entities: varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles).1,2Herpes Zoster(HZ) is painful, vesicular rash in a limited area on one side of body due to the reactivation of latent VZV in dorsal root ganglia.Involvement of three or more dermatomes is known as disseminated zoster and seen in immunocompromised individuals.It can occur at any age. The risk of herpes zoster increases with old age and in patients with reduced cell mediated immunity such as haematological malignancies, immunosuppressive therapies, HIV infection and transplant recipients. The incidence of herpes zoster has been variably reported as 2% in Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 13% in Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL) and 30% in transplantrecipients.3-5This was a rare case of disseminated herpes zoster in a patient with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemiadeveloped while on chemotherapy progressing to prolonged myelosuppression.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2018; 44(1):59-61

scholarly journals Herpes zoster in the radial nerve distribution in an 8 years old healthy child-a case report

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1123
Author(s):  
Hala Edris ◽  
Abdullah Abualiat ◽  
Ayed Al Mordy
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Chicken Pox ◽  
Nerve Ganglion ◽  
Common Area

Varicella zoster is an omnipresent virus which commonly affects childhood as chicken pox. Although the primary infection is self-limiting and seldom severe, the virus remains dormant in the body. The virus resides in the dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglion and reactivation may occur years later as herpes zoster or "Shingles". Herpes zoster (HZ) can occur at any age but is rare in childhood and adolescents. Old aged and immunosuppressed subjects are at risk for developing the disease. The most common area involved in HZ is the trunk (dermatomes innervated by the thoracic nerves) and rarely presents exclusively in the upper extremity. We report a case of HZ isolated to the radial nerve distribution in a healthy 8 years boy. The reported case reveals the importance of considering zoster infection in young age, or uncommon sites when evaluating the onset of pain in a dermatomal distribution specially if associated with vesiculobullous rash.

scholarly journals IMMUNITY AND VACCINE PROPHYLAXIS IN ADULTS WITH INFECTION CAUSED BY VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Polyakova ◽  
V. V. Nikiforov ◽  
Murad Z. Shakhmardanov
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Secondary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Vaccine Prophylaxis ◽  
Existing Data

Due to the wide spread of herpesvirus infections and the increase in the number of diseases that inhibit the immune system, the modern course of infection caused by Varicella zoster has features. If earlier herpes zoster was considered a disease of the age of 60 years or more, now they are increasingly ill persons under 60 years. The article shows that groups of people with secondary immunodeficiency have a higher risk of reactivation of Varicella zoster. Patients with HIV infection, myeloma and other immunocompromising diseases are more likely to be affected by herpes zoster. The data of own researches confirming the existing data that the chronic pathology directly or indirectly influencing cellular immunity, in particular, on T-lymphocytes, is also risk of occurrence at the age of 60 years are given. Due to the fact that the infection caused by Varicella zoster, against the background of secondary immunodeficiency occurs in a more severe form than in persons who do not suffer from immunodeficiency, the prevention of relapses of the disease by vaccination and chemoprophylaxis are discussed. In accordance with the existing views, the indications for specific prevention in HIV-infected and cancer patients are described. Important criteria are indicators of CD4 levels of lymphocytes, the stage of the underlying disease and the time elapsed after the last course of chemotherapy. Since all registered vaccines against Varicella zoster are live attenuated - this increases the risk of adverse events. Prospects of creation and ways of increase of the combined immunopreparations are discussed.

How to improve the immune system naturally in Pandemi COVID-19?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Hikayati
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Manufacturing Methods

Covid-19 has become a world pandemic. In indonesia, surveillance data until october 2020 reported that the average incidence of covid-19 was 3,978 new cases per day in 502 districts from 34 provinces (who, 2020). About 80% of cases with mild symptoms can recover without special treatment, but not all covid-19 patients show signs and symptoms, this is thought to be influenced by the strength of the individual's immune system. Patients who have comorbidities such as diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, pulmonary disease and other chronic diseases will worsen the condition of the immune system. As it is known that the disease caused by the corona virus is a self-limiting disease that will heal itself with a good immune system. Immunity are all mechanisms that the body uses to protect against invading foreign substances or pathogens through an immune response mechanism which is divided into 2 phases : natural immune response (innate immunity) and adaptive immunity. Several ways can be done to improve the imune system. Natural immunity utilizes spices and herbal ingredients which are indonesia's natural resources, as immunomodulators. This is based on several research results and evidence based. Apart from easy manufacturing methods, these ingredients are very easy to find around our environment.

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