scholarly journals Bacteriological Assessment of Soil Treated with Pesticide and Herbicide in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis of Kebbi State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Famubo ◽  
Bunmi B. Oladunjoye
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Control Soil ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

The present study was carried out on the effect of pesticides on soil microorganisms at half (x0.5) recommended rate (x1.0), and one and a half (x1.5). One commonly used insecticide Sniper as pesticide and herbicide Glyphosate were used on some physicochemical parameters and microbial populations. The mean value of pH for Sniper (x0.5) was 7.0; Sniper (x1.0) was 6.9; Sniper (x1.5) was 6.8; Glyphosate (x0.5) was 6.9; Glyphosate (x1.0) was 6.8: Glyphosate (x1.5) was 6.8 and for control soil was 7.3 respectively. The conductivity was ranged with a mean of 308.1 mS for Sniper x0.5, 410.3 mS for Sniper x1.0, 388.1 mS for Sniper x1.5, 197.8 mS for Glyphosate x0.5, 117.4 mS for Glyphosate x1.0, 223.85 mS for Glyphosate and 185.7 mS for the control soil. The soil organic matter was taken immediately after the treatments, and after the four weeks of treatment, the values were 1.50 g at week 0 and 0.72 g at week 4 for Sniper x0.5; 1.35 g at week 0 and 0.42 g at week 4 for Sniper x1.0; 1.71 g at week 0 and 0.50 g at week 4 for Sniper x1.5; 1.21 g at week 0 and 0.75 g at week 4 for Glyphosate x0.5; 1.05 g at week 0 and 0.86 g at week 4 for Glyphosate x1.0; 1.67 g at week 0 and 1.01 g at week 4 for Glyphosate x1.5 and 1.90 g at week 0 and 1.45 g at week 4 for the control soil. A total of 8 bacteria species were identified, such as Bacillus spp (50%), Lactobacillus spp (8.3%), Proteus spp (5.6%), Staphylococcus spp (11.1%), Actinomycetes spp (8.3%), Micrococcus spp (2.8%), Pseudomonas spp (8.3%) and Flavobacterium spp (5.6%). The effect of these findings shows that pesticides might be affecting the soil microbial load by reducing it.

scholarly journals Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Sérgio A. Falcão ◽  
Rafael V. Monteiro ◽  
Clarissa M. Carvalho ◽  
Hudson H. de Andrade ◽  
Paula D. Galera
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Palpebral Fissure ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
The Right ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.

scholarly journals Bacteria and protozoa populations in groundwater in landfill area in São Carlos, SP

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Fusconi ◽  
Mirna Januária Leal Godinho
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Town ◽  
Microaerophilic Conditions

The microbial populations of groundwaters were analyzed in a region under the influence of a landfill (piezometer L12) in the town of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, and in an area not influenced by the landfill (piezometer L5). Heterotrophic bacteria were counted by spread plate method and the number of protozoa was estimated by the most probable number method. There was a larger number of organisms in well L12, with a mean value of 15.76 x 104 CFU/ml for bacteria and 9.7 MPN/ml for protozoa, whereas the mean values for piezometer L5 were 2.88 x 104 CFU/ml for bacteria and 3.4 MPN/ml for protozoa. The greater abundance detected in piezometer L12 may be related to the influence of the leachate through the landfill on the microbial populations, also demonstrated by deoxygenation and by the high conductivity values (3530 µS/cm) compared to piezometer L5 (2.47 mg/L dissolved oxygen and 42 µS/cm conductivity). The most commonly detected protozoa were amoebae and flagellates. The density of flagellate protozoa determined under microaerophilic conditions was 10 times higher than that determined under aerobic conditions.

scholarly journals Agentes etiológicos de mastitis bovina en municipios con importante producción lechera del departamento de Boyacá

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Jenny Carolina Hernández Barrera ◽  
Maritza Angarita Merchán ◽  
Diego Alejandro Benavides Sánchez ◽  
Carlos Fernando Prada Quiroga
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

Introducción: La mastitis es considerada como una infección que afecta la ubre de la vaca en diversos grados de gravedad, ocasionada por numerosos microorganismos. Trae como consecuencia una reducción en la producción de leche y la alteración de sus características fisicoquímicas. La calidad higiénica de la leche tiene una importancia fundamental en el consumo humano y, por tanto, debe ser un producto inocuo e idóneo. Objetivo: Este estudio pretende dar a conocer los principales agentes etiológicos de la mastitis bovina y sus patrones de sensibilidad a los antibióticos, dando una visión global de su situación actual en los municipios de importante producción lechera del departamento de Boyacá. Métodos: Mediante un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional y transversal, se procesaron 214 muestras de leche prevenientes de pezones afectados con algún grado de mastitis bovina. Para el diagnóstico microbiológico se emplearon muestras de leche a las que se les aplicaron protocolos habituales de identificación, siguiendo los perfiles bioquímicos. Los patrones de sensibilidad a antibióticos se establecieron mediante la técnica de Kirby-Bauer. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de 31 % (n=214) de bacterias que ocasionan mastitis contagiosa, siendo Staphylococcus aureus el agente etiológico más importante en un 26 %. Se presentó una alta sensibilidad a los antibióticos betalactámicos evidente en el 20,6 % de los aislamientos, correspondiente a bacterias Gram positivas presentando resistencia a la penicilina, especialmente en especies de Staphylococcus spp. Conclusiones: En este trabajo se aislaron e identificaron algunos agentes etiológicos causantes de mastitis bovina de origen contagioso, origen ambiental y agentes oportunistas e infrecuentes (Bacillus spp. y Lactobacillus spp.). En estos aislamientos se encontró una alta sensibilidad a antibióticos, principalmente a los betalactámicos. Palabras clave: leche, mastitis bovina, microbiología, antibiograma. 

scholarly journals Evolutionary implications of microplastics for soil biota

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias C. Rillig ◽  
Anderson Abel de Souza Machado ◽  
Anika Lehmann ◽  
Uli Klümper
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Anthropogenic Stressor ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Harmful Effects

Environmental contextMicroplastic particles are increasingly recognised as human-caused pollutants in soil with potential harmful effects on soil microorganisms. Microplastics may also have evolutionary consequences for soil microbes, because the particles may alter conditions in the soil and hence selection pressures. Including an evolutionary perspective in an environmental assessment of microplastics could lead to new questions and novel insights into responses of soil microbes to this anthropogenic stressor. AbstractMicroplastic pollution is increasingly considered to be a factor of global change: in addition to aquatic ecosystems, this persistent contaminant is also found in terrestrial systems and soils. Microplastics have been chiefly examined in soils in terms of the presence and potential effects on soil biota. Given the persistence and widespread distribution of microplastics, it is also important to consider potential evolutionary implications of the presence of microplastics in soil; we offer such a perspective for soil microbiota. We discuss the range of selection pressures likely to act upon soil microbes, highlight approaches for the study of evolutionary responses to microplastics, and present the obstacles to be overcome. Pondering the evolutionary consequences of microplastics in soils can yield new insights into the effects of this group of pollutants, including establishing ‘true’ baselines in soil ecology, and understanding future responses of soil microbial populations and communities.

scholarly journals Influence of Repeated Application of Wetting Agents on Soil Water Repellency and Microbial Community

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enzhan Song ◽  
Xiaowei Pan ◽  
Robert J. Kremer ◽  
Keith W. Goyne ◽  
Stephen H. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Organic Coatings ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Wetting Agents

Wetting agents are the primary tool used to control soil water repellency (SWR) and localized dry spot (LDS), especially on sand-based soils. However, the effect of repeated applications of wetting agents on soil microbial populations is unknown. This two-year field experiment investigated six wetting agents representing different chemistry effects on a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting green with existing SWR. Four out of the six wetting agents improved soil volumetric water content in the second growing season, while others showed no effect. This result was negatively correlated to the development of LDS, and positively correlated to occurrence of an air-borne turf disease. Soil microbial populations, determined by soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, found that none of the treatments applied caused a shift in microbial populations between fungi and bacteria, or gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The stress indicators such as saturated to mono-unsaturated fatty acids were not affected by the wetting agents applied as well. However, the wetting agent that contains alkyl block polymers (ABP; Matador) with proven capability for removal of soil organic coatings showed inhibition of microbial populations at one evaluation timing. This result suggested a temporary restriction in soil carbon availability for soil microorganisms following repeated ABP application, which likely contributed to the elevated LDS development observed. Another wetting agent, a combined product of a nonionic surfactant plus acidifiers (NIS; pHAcid), which is designed to reduce inorganic carbonates while enhancing wetting, elevated all soil microbial populations tested at the end of the experiment, indicating a desirable improvement in soil health. However, repeated application of NIS did not reduce SWR at the conclusion of this experiment, which, in combination with a previous report, suggested a minimal disturbance of soil organic coatings of the hydrophobic sand. Overall, this experiment suggested that soil microbial populations can be affected by wetting agents which may further influence SWR, yet the actual effect on soil microorganisms varies depending on the chemistry of the wetting agents.

scholarly journals Impact of Nitrogen Fertilizer use on Soil Ecosystem Integrity in the Greater Port Harcourt Region, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Wanjala, MP ◽  
Odokuma, L ◽  
Etela I ◽  
Ramkat, R ◽  
Odogwu, BA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Fertilizers are used in agriculture to increase crop yields, but if they are misused, they can harm the integrity of soil ecosystems. The study's aim was to look at the impact of inorganic fertilizers on soil microbial populations in selected soils in the Greater Port Harcourt Area using Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50). The results revealed that the use of inorganic fertilizer altered soil microbial characteristics in three different settings: agricultural, urban, and industrial. For agricultural areas the maximum NPKB mean value was 0.70±0.76 ppm which was higher than the mean value of the control location of 0.23±0.00 ppm. In the agricultural area, UREA tolerant fungi had a lower LC50 mean value (0.43±0.09 ppm) than the control, which had a mean value of 0.46±0.00 ppm. The mean values in the industrial and urban areas were significantly different (p = 0.001). This study concluded that applying UREA and NPK fertilizers to study area soils lowered the pH of soils in agricultural sites (A1, A2, and A3). Fertilizer use in the study areas increased the population of microorganisms at threshold concentrations but was harmful at concentrations of 1.50 % or higher. Furthermore, findings revealed that microorganisms were more tolerant to fertilizers in agricultural areas (higher LC50 values) than in urban and industrial areas (lower LC50 values). According to the findings of this study, fertilizers used in the study areas were linked to soil microorganisms developing tolerance to NPK and UREA. Farmers should use the recommended amounts of fertilizer to ensure the soil ecosystem's integrity.

Bacterial contamination of ram semen used for artificial insemination in indigenous ewes

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Ahmed ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MGS Alam ◽  
PK Jha ◽  
S Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mass Activity ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Fresh Semen ◽  
Artificial Vagina ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

Ram semen was assessed for quality and presence of bacteria. Four ejaculates were collected from each of four rams twice a week using artificial vagina. The volume varied from 0.4 - 1.3 mL, colour from 2 - 4 (creamy to creamy-grey), mass activity from 3 - 5, sperm motility from 75 - 85%, viability from 80 - 95%, and concentration from, 2500 - 5000 × 106/mL. The mass activity of ram R6 was significantly (P<0.05) higher (5.0 ± 0.0) compared with ram R1 (4.4 ± 0.5), R2 (3.9 ± 0.0) and R5 (4.7 ± 0.5). The mean motility was 81.7 ± 4.0, viability 90.0 ± 4.0 and concentration 3519.0 ± 545.6 x 106/ml. E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. were found in all four rams’ fresh semen confirmed by culture, staining and biochemical tests. However, Bacillus spp. was found only in ram R5. When the semen samples were treated with antibiotics there was no growth of bacteria after three days of incubation. It is suggested antibiotics control the transmission of microorganisms through AI in ewes.Bangl. vet. 2017. Vol. 34, No. 1, 20-26

Long-period modulated superstructures in Pd-12.5 at.%Ce and Pd-15 at.%Ce alloys

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Kuwano ◽  
Masaru Itakura ◽  
Kensuke Oki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ultra High Purity ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Mean

Pd-Ce alloys exhibit various anomalies in physical properties due to mixed valences of Ce, and the anomalies are thought to be strongly related with the crystal structures. Since Pd and Ce are both heavy elements, relative magnitudes of (fcc-fpd) are so small compared with <f> that superlattice reflections, even if any, sometimes cannot be detected in conventional x-ray powder patterns, where fee and fpd are atomic scattering factors of Ce and Pd, and <f> the mean value in the crystal. However, superlattices in Pd-Ce alloys can be analyzed by electron microscopy, thanks to the high detectability of electron diffraction. In this work, we investigated modulated superstructures in alloys with 12.5 and 15.0 at.%Ce.Ingots of Pd-Ce alloys were prepared in an arc furnace under atmosphere of ultra high purity argon. The disc specimens cut out from the ingots were heat-treated in vacuum and electrothinned to electron transparency by a jet method.

Partition Coefficient Ratios and Tumour Perfusion Studied with 85mKr and 133Xe

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
M. Mäntylä ◽  
J. Perkkiö ◽  
J. Heikkonen
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
The Mean

The relative partition coefficients of krypton and xenon, and the regional blood flow in 27 superficial malignant tumour nodules in 22 patients with diagnosed tumours were measured using the 85mKr- and 133Xe-clearance method. In order to minimize the effect of biological variables on the measurements the radionuclides were injected simultaneously into the tumour. The distribution of the radiotracers was assumed to be in equilibrium at the beginning of the experiment. The blood perfusion was calculated by fitting a two-exponential function to the measuring points. The mean value of the perfusion rate calculated from the xenon results was 13 ± 10 ml/(100 g-min) [range 3 to 38 ml/(100 g-min)] and from the krypton results 19 ± 11 ml/(100 g-min) [range 5 to 45 ml/(100 g-min)]. These values were obtained, if the partition coefficients are equal to one. The equations obtained by using compartmental analysis were used for the calculation of the relative partition coefficient of krypton and xenon. The partition coefficient of krypton was found to be slightly smaller than that of xenon, which may be due to its smaller molecular weight.

Detection of Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes in Blood by Means of Protamine Sulphate Test

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 044-049 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lipiński ◽  
K Worowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Coronary Thrombosis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Protamine Sulphate ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Fibrin Monomer ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Precipitable Protein

SummaryIn the present paper described is a simple test for detecting soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in blood. The test consists in mixing 1% protamine sulphate with diluted oxalated plasma or serum and reading the optical density at 6190 Å. In experiments with dog plasma, enriched with soluble fibrin complexes, it was shown that OD read in PS test is proportional to the amount of fibrin recovered from the precipitate. It was found that SFMC level in plasma increases in rabbits infused intravenously with thrombin and decreases after injection of plasmin with streptokinase. In both cases PS precipitable protein in serum is elevated indicating enhanced fibrinolysis. In healthy human subjects the mean value of OD readings in plasma and sera were found to be 0.30 and 0.11, while in patients with coronary thrombosis they are 0.64 and 0.05 respectively. The origin of SFMC in circulation under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.

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