RELAÇÕES DE TRABALHO E DESIGUALDADES DE GÊNERO NA INDÚSTRIA TÊXTIL E DE CONFECÇÕES DO NORDESTE

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar duas realidades de trabalho marcadas pela flexibilidade e precariedade, e com presença de uma força de trabalho intensiva de mulheres, na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A primeira, envolve mulheres que atuam como costureiras externas em facções domiciliares do Polo de Confecções do Agreste Pernambucano. Na segunda, temos o protagonismo feminino interno à produção têxtil no município de Jardim de Piranhas-RN. A divisão sexual do trabalho apresenta uma centralidade em ambas as experiências, seja reforçando os lugares clássicos que homens e mulheres ocupam na produção e na reprodução, seja apresentando questões novas. Foram realizadas visitas e entrevistas nos dois contextos produtivos, o que permitiu um contato com as experiências de trabalho das mulheres. No primeiro caso, o trabalho domiciliar significa a busca por autonomia e liberdade, no qual temos também a entrada dos homens na atividade de costura. No segundo, as mulheres tornam-se proprietárias de teares e a presença dos homens ainda é pequena. No entanto, esses fatores não repercutiram positivamente nas desigualdades de gênero, uma vez que as tarefas domésticas permanecem inalteradas e, mesmo com as longas jornadas de trabalho, elas não percebem as condições desiguais. WORK RELATIONS AND GENDER INEQUALITIES IN THE NORTHEAST TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRYThe aim of this article is to analyze two realities of work, marked by flexibility and precariousness and with an intensive workforce of women in the northeastern region of Brazil. The first involves women seamstresses in household factions of the Confections Pole of the Agreste of Pernambuco State. In the second, we have the female protagonism within the textile production in the municipality of Jardim de Piranhas-RN.The sexual division of labor is central to both experiences, either by reinforcing the classic places that men and women occupy in production and reproduction, or by presenting new issues.Visits and interviews were carried out in the two productive contexts, which allowed contact with the labor experiences of women. In the first case, home work means the search for autonomy and freedom, where we also have the entry of men in sewing. In the second, women become owners of looms and the presence of men is still small. However, these factors did not have a positive impact on gender inequalities, since domestic chores remain unchanged and even with long working hours, women workers do not perceive themselves as people generated in an oppressive and dominant society and in unequal conditions at work.Keywords: Textile and clothing industry. Female work. Gender inequalities. Informality. Precarious work. RELATIONS DE TRAVAIL ET INÉGALITÉS DE GENRE DANS L’INDUSTRIE NORD-EST DU TEXTILE ET DES VÊTEMENTSL’objectif de cet article est d’analyser deux réalités du travail, marquées par la flexibilité et la précarité et avec une main-d’œuvre intensive de femmes dans la région nord-est du Brésil. Le premier concerne les femmes couturières des factions ménagères du Pôle Confections d’Agreste de l’état de Pernambuco. Dans le second, nous avons le protagonisme féminin au sein de la production textile dans la municipalité de Jardim de Piranhas-RN. La division sexuelle du travail est au cœur des deux expériences, soit en renforçant les places classiques qu’occupent les hommes et les femmes dans la production et la reproduction, soit en présentant de nouvelles problématiques .Des visites et des entretiens ont été réalisés dans les deux contextes productifs, ce qui a permis un contact avec les expériences de travail des femmes. Dans le premier cas, le travail à domicile signifie la recherche d’autonomie et de liberté, où l’on a aussi l’entrée des hommes dans la couture. Dans le second, les femmes deviennent propriétaires de métiers à tisser et la présence des hommes est encore faible. Cependant, ces facteurs n’ont pas eu d’impact positif sur les inégalités entre les sexes, car les tâches domestiques restent inchangées et même avec de longues heures de travail, femmes qui travaillent ne se perçoivent pas comme des personnes générées dans une société oppressive et dominante et dans des conditions de travail inégales.Mots-clés: Industrie textile et habillement. Travail féminin. Inégalités entre les sexes. Informalité. Travail précaire.

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Introduction

10.5406/illinois/9780252040320.003.0012 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ruth Milkman

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Women Workers ◽

Automobile Industry ◽

Family Policy ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

The Great Depression ◽

Sexual Division Of Labor ◽

The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽

And Gender ◽

Work Family

This book examines the historical and contemporary intersections of class and gender inequalities in the U.S. labor market, as well as efforts to challenge those inequalities. Drawing on four decades of research that dates back to the 1970s, it investigates the dynamics of job segregation by sex—the linchpin of gender inequality. It considers the relationship between women workers and labor unions and the American labor movement more generally. It also discusses union responses to workforce feminization, along with the sexual division of labor in the automobile industry during World War II. After explaining how the growing class inequality among women has contributed to employment growth in paid domestic labor and assessing these growing class inequalities in the context of work–family policy, the book concludes with an analysis of class-based disparities among women in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries by comparing the gender dynamics of the Great Depression of the 1930s and those of the Great Recession associated with the 2008 financial crisis.

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Consequences of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in adulthood. Scoping Review

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001675 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Rocío Cáceres-Matos ◽

Eugenia Gil-García ◽

Sergio Barrientos-Trigo ◽

Ana María Porcel-Gálvez ◽

Andrés Cabrera-León

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Family Functioning ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Working Hours ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

And Gender ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

The Impact

OBJECTIVE: To examine and map the consequences of chronic pain in adulthood. METHOD: Documents addressing the impact of chronic pain on the psychological and social spheres of people suffering from chronic pain, published in Spanish and English between 2013 and 2018, were included. Those who addressed pharmacological treatments, chronic pain resulting from surgical interventions or who did not have access to the full text were excluded. Finally, 28 documents from the 485 reviewed were included. RESULTS: Studies show that pain is related to high rates of limitation in daily activities, sleep disorders and anxiety-depression spectrum disorders. People in pain have more problems to get the workday done and to maintain social relationships. Chronic pain is also associated with worse family functioning. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that limitations in the ability to perform activities of daily living, sleep, psychological health, social and work resources and family functioning are lines of interest in published articles. However, knowledge gaps are detected in areas such as the influence of having suffered pain in childhood or adolescence, the consequences of non-fulfillment of working hours and gender inequalities.

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On Gender, Labor, and Inequality

10.5406/illinois/9780252040320.001.0001 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ruth Milkman

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Women Workers ◽

Great Depression ◽

The United States ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

Women's Labor ◽

The Great Recession ◽

The Great Depression ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

The author's groundbreaking research in women's labor history has contributed important perspectives on work and unionism in the United States. This book presents four decades of the author's essential writings, tracing the parallel evolutions of her ideas and the field she helped define. The book's introduction frames a career-spanning scholarly project: the interrogation of historical and contemporary intersections of class and gender inequalities in the workplace, and the efforts to challenge those inequalities. Early chapters focus on the author's pioneering work on women's labor during the Great Depression and the World War II years. The book's second half turns to the past fifty years, a period that saw a dramatic decline in gender inequality even as growing class imbalances created greater-than-ever class disparity among women. The book concludes with a previously unpublished essay comparing the impact of the Great Depression and the Great Recession on women workers.

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Contingent Work and Gender in Australia: Evidence from the 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey

The Economic and Labour Relations Review ◽

10.1177/103530469800900103 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 55-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Richard Hall ◽

Bill Harley ◽

Gillian Whitehouse

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Industrial Relations ◽

Full Time ◽

Contingent Work ◽

Employee Survey ◽

Contingent Employment ◽

Male Model ◽

And Gender ◽

Full Time Employee

The decreasing prevalence of the standard model of employment embodied by the ‘typical male full-time employee on a permanent contract’ can be seen both as risking the erosion of hard won labour rights and as offering the potential for a more flexible, less ‘male’ model. This paper addresses some of the ways in which this tension is played out, drawing on data from the 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations (AWIRS95) Employee Survey to examine the implications for women workers of recent trends in contingent employment in Australia. Our analysis suggests that the growth in contingent employment in Australia has had little positive impact on women's experience of work. We conclude that if the disadvantage faced by women in irregular employment is to be countered, greater regulation of such employment is required. However, key features of the Workplace

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Dispossession without Development

10.1093/oso/9780190859152.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Michael Levien

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Sociological Theory ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

State Governments ◽

Economic Policies ◽

Land Conflicts ◽

Land Dispossession ◽

Extended Case Method ◽

Indian State ◽

And Gender

Since the mid-2000s, India has been beset by widespread farmer protests against “land grabs.” Dispossession without Development argues that beneath these conflicts lay a profound transformation in the political economy of land dispossession. While the Indian state dispossessed land for public-sector industry and infrastructure for much of the 20th century, the adoption of neoliberal economic policies since the early 1990s prompted India’s state governments to become land brokers for private real estate capital—most controversially, for Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Using long-term ethnographic research, the book demonstrates the consequences of this new regime of dispossession for a village in Rajasthan. Taking us into the diverse lives of villagers dispossessed for one of North India’s largest SEZs, it shows how the SEZ destroyed their agricultural livelihoods, marginalized their labor, and excluded them from “world-class” infrastructure—but absorbed them into a dramatic real estate boom. Real estate speculation generated a class of rural neo-rentiers, but excluded many and compounded pre-existing class, caste, and gender inequalities. While the SEZ disappointed most villagers’ expectations of “development,” land speculation fractured the village and disabled collective action. The case of “Rajpura” helps to illuminate the exclusionary trajectory of capitalism that underlay land conflicts in contemporary India—and explain why the Indian state is struggling to pacify farmers with real estate payouts. Using the extended case method, Dispossession without Development advances a sociological theory of dispossession that has relevance beyond India.

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Entrepreneurship in regions: differentiated impacts of the socio cultural and gender types

Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración ◽

10.1108/arla-04-2013-0031 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 45-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Claudio Mancilla ◽

José Ernesto Amorós

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Fear Of Failure ◽

Content Type ◽

Reference Models ◽

Cultural Aspects ◽

And Gender ◽

The Individual ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Secondary City

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the differentiated impact of factors that influence the propensity to entrepreneur in a sample of people in Chile. A distinction is made between individuals that live in primary cities and secondary cities. The differentiating factors are socio‐cultural aspects (reference models – positive examples of entrepreneurs – and perception of social fear of failure) and the gender of the individual. Design/methodology/approach For the research data from the survey used in Chile by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the years 2010 and 2011 were used. A logit model was used to determine the differentiated impact of the analysed factors and interactions were done using the method proposed by Corneliâen and Sonderhof (2009). Findings These showed that the fact that an individual lives in a secondary city decreases his entrepreneurship probability. The positive impact that the reference models have is weaker in women. Contrary to what was expected, the negative impact of the fear of failure perception is weaker in women. Practical implications These results have the implications to suggest focused public policies and differentiations that consider the socio‐cultural, territorial (focused in cities) and gender aspects. Originality/value The research contributes by giving empirical evidence of the existence of the negative impact of living in a secondary city and of differentiated effects of socio‐cultural factors from the gender perspective.

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Fatherhood and the nexus of gendered attitudes towards domestic violence amongst future teachers in Poland

10.31338/2657-6007.kp.2021-2.6 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104-134

Author(s):

Maddalena Cannito ◽

Anna Odrowąż-Coates

Keyword(s):

Domestic Violence ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Practice Change ◽

Future Teachers ◽

Violent Behaviour ◽

Polish Society ◽

Parental Practice ◽

And Gender ◽

Interpretative Approach

In this paper we claim that gender attitudes towards fatherhood and parental practice, change quicker than attitudes of Polish society towards domestic violence (DV) and gender stereotypes. In the literary review we used an interpretative approach, embedded in Michael Rush’s (2015) theoretical framework, based on the Nordic turn in social policy and the convergence and divergence of fathering across cultures (Seward & Rush, 2016). Focusing on an empirical case study a questionnaire directed to future teachers was used as a method of data collection, to interlink attitudes towards fatherhood, masculinity/femininity archetypes and violence in intimate relationships. Gender stereotypes as well as attitudes towards DV and paternal involvement are strongly interconnected, and yet social change in these areas occurs at varied speeds in each field, due to the differences in which society accepts new norms. Whilst many studies suggest that involved fathers have a positive impact, leading to a decrease in violent behaviour, we take this further, demonstrating that change in fatherhood patterns has a positive impact on decreasing the social tolerance of DV. However, as our study shows this must be accompanied by changes in gender stereotypes, including attitudes towards fatherhood.

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Measuring the Employment Vulnerability Among Female Workers in Uttar Pradesh

Indian Journal of Human Development ◽

10.1177/09737030211040842 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 307-322

Author(s):

Nomita P. Kumar ◽

Achala Srivastava

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Composite Index ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Principal Component ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Informal Workers ◽

Garment Workers ◽

Principal Component Loading ◽

And Gender ◽

Component Loading

This article attempts to measure employment vulnerability among women workers in Uttar Pradesh by constructing a multidimensional vulnerability index (MVI). The index is based on 23 dichotomous (binary) variables corresponding to various dimensions of vulnerability related to employment. A composite index of vulnerability is developed for each occupational category, sector of employment and gender. Here, MVI is the average of five indices which are computed for the respective dimensions of employment vulnerability. The findings suggest high levels of vulnerability among informal workers with the MVI values ranging from 0.087 (low) to 0.783 (high).The overall MVI (measured by principal component loading [PCA]) was 0.768 for the construction and domestic workers, followed by tailors (0.629) and garment workers (0.635). Appropriate policies are needed to help lift women from the cumulative neglect that they experience in unorganised labour market.

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The effects of consumers' cultural sensitivity, ethnocentrism and demographical characteristics on attitude toward luxury fashion brands in Trinidad and Tobago

Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management ◽

10.1108/jfmm-03-2020-0049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Meena Rambocas ◽

Jon Marc Mahabir

Keyword(s):

Trinidad And Tobago ◽

Social Identity Theory ◽

Cultural Sensitivity ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Luxury Brands ◽

Content Type ◽

Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽

The Social ◽

Negative Effect ◽

And Gender

PurposeConsumers' attitude toward luxury brands remains a crucial area for many researchers and marketers. But, attitude toward domestically-produced luxury fashion brands in developing countries have not been sufficiently examined. Drawing on the social identity theory (SIT), this study proposes that consumer ethnocentrism (CE) and cultural sensitivity (CS) will significantly influence attitudes toward luxury fashion brands produced in Trinidad and Tobago. Furthermore, the study suggests that consumer demographical characteristics of age, gender and income will moderate the influence.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 160 fashion consumers and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis.FindingsThe findings confirm the positive impact of CE on consumers' attitude toward domestically produced luxury products, while CS has a significant but negative effect. Also, the results show that these effects are consistent across different levels of income, but vary by age and gender.Practical implicationsThese findings provide a deeper understanding of consumers' perceptions and inherent biases toward luxury brands. It further explains how brands with ostentatious value, in particular fashion brands, produced in Trinidad and Tobago, can compete against larger international brands.Originality/valueThe study is one of the few that examines the effects of personal values on attitudes toward luxurious fashion brands produced in a developing country. It uniquely extends the SIT model by examining the influence of CE, CS and demographical characteristics on preferential attitudes toward locally produced luxury fashion brands.

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Harassment of women garment workers in Bangladesh

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v8i2.7940 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 291-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F Begum ◽

RN Ali ◽

MA Hossain ◽

Sonia B Shahid

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Working Hours ◽

Job Dissatisfaction ◽

Long Distance ◽

Long Working Hours ◽

Garment Workers ◽

Female Workers ◽

Garment Factories ◽

Distance Travel ◽

Long Distance Travel

The study analyzed the different factors that are responsible for the harassment of women garment workers in Bangladesh. Three garment factories from Mirpur area under Dhaka district were selected purposively where garment factories are available. The sample consisted of 90 women workers taking 30 randomly from each of the three garment factories. Female workers are mostly employed at the lower category of jobs like operator, finishing helper, polyer etc. These jobs are very monotonous in nature. Because of the nature of their jobs, female workers sometimes lose interest in work and become depressed. A large number of female workers received low and irregular wages which create their job dissatisfaction. Only 22 female workers earned salary between Tk. 2700 to Tk. 3000 per month. Female workers are sexually harassed by their co-workers in the factory or by police or by mastans in the street. Communication problem is a major problem faced by most of the female garment workers. A long distance travel is not only physical strenuous but also mentally stressful. Their overtime rate is very low. Long working hours result in a number of illnesses and diseases like headache, eye trouble, ear ache, musculoskeletal pain etc. Women are exploited easily due to lack of technical knowledge and training. The employers do not pay any heed to this exploitation. Keywords: Garment industry; Women workers; Harassment DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v8i2.7940 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 8(2): 291-296, 2010

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