Technological and socio-economic study of akandji, a neglected traditional foodstuff made from corn (Zea mays L.) in Benin

Foodcrafts, active in Benin, offer a variety of products including akandji. It is a traditional bread made of corn consumed in South Benin. This work aimed to achieving a technological and socio-economic study related to akandji production and marketing activities in Benin. To do this, the methodology adopted was to conduct a pre-survey and a survey in the form of semi-structured interviews based on a questionnaire in the communes of Abomey, Bohicon and Ouidah (Pahou). After that, production monitoring was carried out with the three oldest akandji producers. The results showed that the production and sale of akandji were secular, exclusively female activities practised by women from Fon socio-cultural and sociolinguistic group. The profit per kg received by akandji producers in Abomey (266 XOF) was similar to that received by akandji producers in Pahou (256 XOF). The daily receipts for weekends and holidays were higher than those for working days in the survey localities. Furthermore, the results of the technological study showed that akandji manufacturing process in Abomey differs from that of Pahou. This process in Abomey involved the malting operation unlike that of Pahou. Fermentation times (12h), cooking times (1h) and production times (6 days) in Abomey exceeded fermentation times (1h30min), cooking times (45min) and production times (6h) in Pahou. In contrast, the fermentation (27oC) and cooking (100 oC) temperatures of akandji at Abomey were lower than those of fermentation (31oC) and cooking (178oC) in Pahou. The production of akandji is a profitable activity that strengthens the social status of the producer and ensures important socio-community functions by providing an appropriate local food for traditional rites and festivals and maintains sales markets firmly rooted in society.

Bromatological Analysis of the Mojicón for Greater Consumption in the City of Riobamba

The mojicones are traditional bread dough products that are very popular in several provinces of the central area of ​​the Sierra. They are desired for their sweet taste and their benefits when consumed in the daily diet. This project sought to understand the bromatological composition of the mijicon to improve its commercialization in the city of Riobamba. A descriptive non-experimental design methodology was used with a correlational approach. According to the bromatological analysis, the composition in a 100g portion was as follows: protein (7.92%), fat (7.49%), total dietary fiber (5.37%), carbohydrates (73.2%), sodium chloride (6,762.22 mg), total sugars (348.7 mg), sodium (265.87%), moisture (4.45%) and ashes (1.44%). An informal survey was carried out through various social networks to examine the acceptability of the product and its pros and cons; a SWOT analysis was used. The results showed that the product has high acceptability because it is an innovative product, and its disadvantage is that capital is too weak to stock up on its advertising and marketing. It is therefore possible to recommend wider consumption of the product by a larger population, due to its substantial energy and nutritional benefits. Keywords: mojicon, bromatological, acceptability, demand, non-experimental design. RESUMEN Los mojicones son productos de masa pan, muy populares por tradición en varias provincias de la zona central de la sierra, siendo apetecido por personas que le gusta el sabor dulce, conociendo de su beneficio al consumirlo en la dieta diaria. La presente investigación busca conocer la composición bromatológica del mojicón y de este modo mejorar su comercialización en la ciudad de Riobamba, se uso una metodología de diseño no experimental de carácter descriptivo con un enfoque correlacional. En el análisis bromatológico se obtuvo los siguientes resultados, la proteína (7,92%), la grasa (7,49%), fibra dietética total (5,37%), carbohidratos (73,2%), cloruro de sodio (6.762,22 mg), azucares totales (348,7 mg), sodio (265,87%), humedad (4,45%), cenizas (1,44%) en una proporción 100 g, siendo importante compararla con otros productos de características similares. Para la aceptabilidad del producto se la realizo una encuesta informal por diversas redes sociales, a la vez determinando los pros y contras del producto siendo sustancial determinar un análisis FODA. Entonces debido al gran aporte energético como nutricional este producto puede ser consumido por una mayor población, teniendo una buena aceptabilidad del producto por ser un producto innovador, teniendo como desventaja de un capital débil para abastecerse de publicidad y mercadeo. Palabras clave: mojicón, bromatológico, aceptabilidad, demanda, diseño no experimental.

The Fermentation Methods for Production of Injera and Dabo in Ethiopia: A Review

Fermented food and beverage products are made globally using different practices of fresh materials with microbes. Fermented foods have sample sources of essential vitamins, minerals, enzymes and antioxidants that are all enhanced through the process of fermentation. The advantageous effects related with fermented products have a special prominence during the production of these products in less industrialized countries like Ethiopia. In the country, fermented food and beverage products have practiced in a long history. During the production of traditional fermented food natural fermentation process with the absence of starter cultures are used to initiate the fermentation process Ethiopia. The use of yeast is also common with the popularization of modern baking and pastry in the country. Moreover, the preparation of much traditionally fermented food is still practiced in a household art even though there are electric ovens and other accessories have been introduced in the restaurants and business centers. The bread can be prepared from various cereals but for Injera tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the most preferred ingredient. The traditional bread locally called hamasha has also been prepared with various modified ingredients and fermentation techniques.

Potentialities of using cryoprotectants in gluten-free frozen dough and microwave baking as an emerging technology

Disorders related to human health involving proteins that form the gluten network are increasingly in society, justifying the need to offer bakery products for this market niche. This study aimed to gather important information about the challenges involving technological production in the gluten-free bakery market. The approach encompasses the development of frozen dough for gluten-free baking, the use of cryoprotectants to maintain cell viability during the freeze-thawing step, the application of emulsifiers to improve the quality of the bread and the baking by an unconventional method using the microwaves. The introduction of frozen dough in the gluten-free bakery sector represents an interesting tool. However, these bread formulations require a higher amount of water compared to a traditional bread formulation (70 to 120 %), which makes the freezing and thawing steps extremely challenging, especially when it comes to the biopreservation of yeast cell viability. Cryopreservation with isolated and/or combined application of penetrating (glycerol) and non-penetrating (sucrose, fructo-oligosaccharide, trehalose, proteins and hydrocolloids) cryoprotectants promotes changes in the viscosity of the medium and is an excellent alternative for the maintenance of the microorganism responsible for the fermentation process. The appropriate choices of cryoprotectants, as well as the control of the freezing and thawing and baking processes, are important steps in the production line, to guarantee products with adequate technological and sensory qualities.

Evaluating the traditional bread properties with new formula: Affected by triticale and cress seed gum

During recent years, composite bread is more popular among consumers due to its functional and nutritional properties. Among cereals, triticale has been studied, along with careful observation of its characteristics. In addition, hydrocolloids can be replaced as an appropriate resource due to a decrease in the gluten content. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of triticale flour replacement at the levels of 0, 100, 150, and 250 g/kg, and cress seed gum at the concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 10 g/kg on the rheological parameters of dough and physicochemical, textural, microstructural, and sensory properties of bread. Based on the results, formula including composite flour (150 g/kg triticale flour+850 g/kg wheat flour) and cress seed gum at 6 g/kg was the best formulation for improving the texture, color parameters, and general acceptance of both types of bread (Barbari and Lavash). Regarding the Iranian Barbari bread, cress seed gum increased the specific volume, porosity, and brightness, while reduced the hardness compared to the control. Besides, sensory evaluation manifested that 150 g/kg of wheat flour could be replaced with triticale flour for providing a good quality of bread. In conclusion, the addition of 150 g/kg of triticale and 6 g/kg of cress seed gum into composite flour and bread formulations had positive effects on all properties measured in both types of bread.

Salt Intake from Traditional Breads: A Public Health Challenge for Decreasing Non-communicable Diseases in Iran

Background: In recent decades, a decrease of sodium chloride (NaCl) salt in diets such as breads has raised public attention for control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in developed and developing countries. Bread is an important food in public diets in Iran as well as many other countries. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess salt (NaCl) content of the Iranian traditional breads and to estimate daily salt intake through consumption of these foodstuffs. The study was carried out in five major cities of Iran in 2016. Methods: In total, 237 traditional bread samples (including Sangak, Taftoon, Lavash and Barbari) were collected and the sample NaCl content was assessed using published methods by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Values were compared to Iranian standard limit values. Results: Salt content of the traditional breads ranged from 0.03 g to 2.99 g per 100 g of dry weight (D.W.). Overall, 49.2% of the traditional bread samples in Tehran and 47.2% of the traditional bread samples in other cities exceeded the standard limit. Since 93.8% of Sangak breads from Tehran met the salt limit criteria of national standards, this traditional bread includes a more favorable nutritional status compared to that other breads do. Conclusion: Awareness of salt level in breads and monitoring salt use in bakeries can help update food policies and improve public lifestyle. A decrease in the ratio of salt is recommended as the major nutritional intervention for the prevention and control of NCDs.

MODELING OF MULTICOMPONENT FLOUR MIXES FOR BAKERY PRODUCTS WITH SPECIFIED INDICATORS OF FOOD ADEQUACY

Представлен комплексный подход к оптимизации состава поликомпонентных мучных смесей (ПМС) для ржано-пшеничных хлебобулочных изделий с учетом особенностей химического состава пищевых ингредиентов смеси. Применение программного средства расчета и анализа оптимального состава ПМС позволило за счет использования пищевого потенциала нетрадиционного для хлебопечения сырья – соевой муки, семян кунжута и подсолнечника, молока сухого обезжиренного, сахаросодержащего порошка из картофеля и порошка пищевого свекловичного в сочетании с мукой ржаной обдирной и пшеничная 1-го сорта получить мучные смеси сбалансированного состава с соотношением белков и углеводов 1 : 4 соответственно, кальция, фосфора и магния – 1 : 1,5 : 0,5 соответственно. В разработанных ПМС количество белка увеличилось на 2,1–2,2%, липидов в 4,3–4,4 раза, клетчатки в 5,6–8,6 раза, содержание легкоусваиваемых углеводов (моно- и дисахариды+крахмал) снизилось на 12,1–14,2%, содержание кальция, фосфора и магния увеличилось в 4,2–4,8; 1,1–1,2; 1,3–1,4 раза соответственно, биологическая ценность повысилась на 15,1–17,0% по сравнению с контрольным образцом – смесью из хлебопекарной муки – ржаной обдирной и пшеничной муки 1-го сорта в соотношении 50 : 50. A comprehensive approach to optimizing the composition of multicomponent flour mixes (MFM) for rye-wheat bakery products, taking into account the chemical composition of the food ingredients of the mixes, is presented. The use of a software tool for calculating and analyzing the optimal composition of MFM allowed using the nutritional potential of non-traditional bread-making raw materials – soy flour, sesame seeds and sunflower, skimmed milk powder, sugar-containing powder from potatoes and beetroot powder in combination with rye flour and wheat of the 1st grade to obtain flour mixes of a balanced composition with a ratio of proteins and carbohydrates 1 : 4 respectively, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium – 1 : 1,5 : 0,5 respectively. In the developed MFM, the amount of protein increased by 2,1–2,2%, lipids by 4,3–4,4 times, fiber by 5,6–8,6 times, and the content of easily digestible carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides+starch) decreased by 12,1–14,2%, the content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium increased in 4,2–4,8; 1,1–1,2; 1,3–1,4 thus, the biological value increased by 15,1–17,0% compared to the control-a mixture of baking flour-rye and wheat of the 1st grade in the ratio of 50 : 50.