Perception and Cognition. All Colors of the World: Metaphorization of Color

The present study investigates relationship of conventional Russian color metaphors with a group of directly embodied basic colors and a group of colors of secondary embodiment for twelve color domains categories within the boundaries of one cognitive system. The tallying of the metaphor data allowed to sort all color metaphors into six groups based on the presence in the mapping as a source or target domain of a particular component (concrete objects, fabrics, materials, abstract, philosophical ideas, moral qualities, names of the animals, emotions, and embodied components. The results of the study suggest that color metaphors of the primary embodied color group were more numerous and more diverse in meanings and emotional implications than that of the secondary embodied color group. Many metaphors in all six color domains in the first group were embodied, while metaphors in only one group of colors were embodied for the second group. Finally, metaphors in the group of primary embodiment were equally diverse in mappings with that of the color metaphors in the group of secondary embodiment.

UAV Object Tracking Application Based on Patch Color Group Feature on Embedded System

The discriminative object tracking system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is widely used in numerous applications. While an ample amount of research has been carried out in this domain, implementing a low computational cost algorithm on a UAV onboard embedded system is still challenging. To address this issue, we propose a low computational complexity discriminative object tracking system for UAVs approach using the patch color group feature (PCGF) framework in this work. The tracking object is separated into several non-overlapping local image patches then the features are extracted into the PCGFs, which consist of the Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The object location is calculated by the similar PCGFs comparison from the previous frame and current frame. The background PCGFs of the object are removed by four directions feature scanning and dynamic threshold comparison, which improve the performance accuracy. In the terms of speed execution, the proposed algorithm accomplished 32.5 frames per second (FPS) on the x64 CPU platform without a GPU accelerator and 17 FPS in Raspberry Pi 4. Therefore, this work could be considered as a good solution for achieving a low computational complexity PCGF algorithm on a UAV onboard embedded system to improve flight times.

Fair colorful k-center clustering

An instance of colorfulk-center consists of points in a metric space that are colored red or blue, along with an integer k and a coverage requirement for each color. The goal is to find the smallest radius $$\rho $$ ρ such that there exist balls of radius $$\rho $$ ρ around k of the points that meet the coverage requirements. The motivation behind this problem is twofold. First, from fairness considerations: each color/group should receive a similar service guarantee, and second, from the algorithmic challenges it poses: this problem combines the difficulties of clustering along with the subset-sum problem. In particular, we show that this combination results in strong integrality gap lower bounds for several natural linear programming relaxations. Our main result is an efficient approximation algorithm that overcomes these difficulties to achieve an approximation guarantee of 3, nearly matching the tight approximation guarantee of 2 for the classical k-center problem which this problem generalizes. algorithms either opened more than k centers or only worked in the special case when the input points are in the plane.

Exothermic dark mesons in light of electron recoil excess at XENON1T

We consider a novel mechanism to realize exothermic dark matter with dark mesons in the limit of approximate flavor symmetry in a dark QCD. We introduce a local dark U(1)′ symmetry to communicate between dark mesons and the Standard Model via Z′ portal by partially gauging the dark flavor symmetry with flavor-dependent charges for cancelling chiral anomalies in the dark sector. After the dark local U(1)′ is broken spontaneously by the VEV of a dark Higgs, there appear small mass splittings between dark quarks, consequently, leading to small split masses for dark mesons, required to explain the electron recoil excess in XENON1T by the inelastic scattering between dark mesons and electron. We propose a concrete benchmark model for split dark mesons based on SU(3)L× SU(3)R/SU(3)V flavor symmetry and SU(Nc) color group and show that there exists a parameter space making a better fit to the XENON1T data with two correlated peaks from exothermic processes and satisfying the correct relic density, current experimental and theoretical constraints.

Large-bodied birds are over-represented in opportunistic citizen science data

Citizen science platforms are quickly accumulating hundreds of millions of biodiversity observations around the world annually. Quantifying and correcting for the implicit and explicit biases in citizen science datasets remains an important first step before these data are used to address ecological questions and monitor biodiversity. One source of potential bias among datasets is the difference between those citizen science programs that collect opportunistic observations and those that have semi-structured or structured protocols for submitting observations. To quantify biases in an unstructured citizen science platform, we contrasted bird observations from the iNaturalist platform with that from a semi-structured citizen science platform — eBird — for the continental United States. We tested whether four traits of species (color, group size, body size, and commonness) predicted whether a species was over-represented in the opportunistic dataset. We found strong evidence that large-bodied birds were over-represented in the opportunistic citizen science dataset; moderate evidence that common species were over-represented in the opportunistic data; moderate evidence that species in large groups were over-represented; and no evidence that colorful species were over-represented in opportunistic citizen science data. Our results suggest that biases exist in opportunistic citizen science datasets, likely as a result of the detectability of a species and the inherent recording process. Future research in this space should continue to focus on quantifying and documenting biases in citizen science data, and understanding how these biases differ among unstructured, semi-structured, and structured citizen science platforms.

A composite Higgs with a heavy composite axion

We consider the strong dynamics associated with a composite Higgs model that simultaneously produces dynamical axions and solves the strong CP problem. The strong dynamics arises from a new Sp or SU(4) hypercolor gauge group containing QCD colored hyperfermions that confines at a high scale. The hypercolor global symmetry is weakly gauged by the Standard Model electroweak gauge group and an enlarged color group, SU(N + 3) × SU(N)′. When hyperfermion condensates form, they not only lead to an SU(5)/SO(5) composite Higgs model but also spontaneously break the enlarged color group to SU(3)c× SU(N)D. At lower energies, the SU(N)D group confines, producing two dynamical axions that eliminates all CP violation. Furthermore, small instantons from the SU(N)′ group can enhance the axion mass, giving rise to TeV scale axion masses that can be detected at collider experiments. Our model provides a way to unify the composite Higgs with dynamical axions, without introducing new elementary scalar fields, while also extending the range of axion masses that addresses the strong CP problem.

The sound of reading: Color-to-timbre substitution boosts reading performance via OVAL, a novel auditory orthography optimized for visual-to-auditory mapping

Reading is a unique human cognitive skill and its acquisition was proven to extensively affect both brain organization and neuroanatomy. Differently from western sighted individuals, literacy rates via tactile reading systems, such as Braille, are declining, thus imposing an alarming threat to literacy among non-visual readers. This decline is due to many reasons including the length of training needed to master Braille, which must also include extensive tactile sensitivity exercises, the lack of proper Braille instruction and the high costs of Braille devices. The far-reaching consequences of low literacy rates, raise the need to develop alternative, cheap and easy-to-master non-visual reading systems. To this aim, we developed OVAL, a new auditory orthography based on a visual-to-auditory sensory-substitution algorithm. Here we present its efficacy for successful words-reading, and investigation of the extent to which redundant features defining characters (i.e., adding specific colors to letters conveyed into audition via different musical instruments) facilitate or impede auditory reading outcomes. Thus, we tested two groups of blindfolded sighted participants who were either exposed to a monochromatic or to a color version of OVAL. First, we showed that even before training, all participants were able to discriminate between 11 OVAL characters significantly more than chance level. Following 6 hours of specific OVAL training, participants were able to identify all the learned characters, differentiate them from untrained letters, and read short words/pseudo-words of up to 5 characters. The Color group outperformed the Monochromatic group in all tasks, suggesting that redundant characters’ features are beneficial for auditory reading. Overall, these results suggest that OVAL is a promising auditory-reading tool that can be used by blind individuals, by people with reading deficits as well as for the investigation of reading specific processing dissociated from the visual modality.

RGB Color Cluster and Graph Coloring Algorithm for Partial Color Blind Correction

Partial color blindness is an anomaly occurring to 5-8% of the world's population. Color correction using re-coloring algorithm usually can be used to help partial color blindness patient. One of the existing re-coloring techniques is to use the RGB color cluster technique and combine it by utilizing the brute force algorithm to perform color tracing for correcting the color. It has massive time and memory complexity. This research aims to create a correction technique for color blind people using RGB Color Cluster combined with Graph Coloring Algorithm. The first process is to get the RGB color cluster for color blind subject. After getting RGB color cluster from the subject then the image which want to be corrected is grouped based on RGB color cluster. The threshold of color grouping in image is done by utilizing the upper and lower bound values of the RGB color cluster. After the cluster is grouped, then we can represent neighbourhood between the colors by utilizing graph. The adjacent color group will be a neighbour. The next process is color re-coloring using graph coloring algorithm. In graph coloring algorithm, same color group is prohibited to become neighbour. In this research, graph coloring algorithm is used to prevent 2 colors that are look almost similar for become neighbours because it will cause the subject cannot distinguish it. Re-coloring is done by increasing and decreasing the color intensity of a set of colors. This technique succeeds in decreasing the complexity of the brute force algorithm from O(N4) to O(2N2) where the first N2 is the complexity of building the cluster group and the second N2 is the complexity of the re- coloring. In addition, the color of the object becomes more natural because Re-coloring is based on color group not pixel based.

THE IMPAC T OF COLORS ON SMA NEGERI 1 TOMOHON STUDENT’S IMMEDIATE AND DELAY ED RETENTION OF VOCABULARY

This study intends to describe a cause effect relationship between independent variables, wordsprinted in cool color and words printed in warm color on the dependent variable, word retention. Thisstudy was conducted at second graders of MIPA at SMA Negeri 1 Tomohon in the academic year2015/2016 and the sample were 60 students randomly chosen from 179 students in all of 5 parallelclasses to represent the population that using random sampling technique. The second grade of MIPAdepartment consisted of 5 parallel classes with 179 students in all and 36 per class on the average.It is a quantitative research, the data are in form of test scores, and analyzed using the statisticaltechnique (t-test), the results of statistical testing or analysis confirm that both the hypotheses dealingimmediate is rejected which means that the alternative hypothesis is accepted, because at p (or α)=.05 and df = 62, the t (observed) is larger than the t (critical) or 3.023 ≥ 2.000. Similarly, the null hypothesisdealing with delayed retention was also rejected, because at p (or α) =.05 and df = 62, the t (observed)is larger than the t (critical) or 4.062 ≥ 2.000. In both immediate and delayed retentions, the subjects incool color group outperformed those in warm color group. Based on this result, it can be concludedthat words printed in cool color with white background more significantly affect students’ immediateretention than words printed in warm color with the same color background also similarly withimmediate retention, it can be concluded that words printed in cool color with white backgroundmore significantly affect students’ delayed retention than words printed in warm color with the samecolor background. Based on the conclusion, it is suggested for English teachers to make maximaluse of colors to help their students memorize new words in English. In addition, the informationprovided by this study is also important for textbook writers and teaching aid providers. Therefore,it is necessary that they make their textbooks and teaching aids colorful in order the students areinterested in reading their textbooks and looking at the teaching aids used.Keywords: impact, color, student, immediate, delayed, retention, vocabulary