Standard Jones and Modified Jones: An Earnings Management Tutorial

ABSTRACT Context: measurement of earnings management usually requires multi-step models for computation. After examining the literature through bibliometrics studies, literature review, and research databases, we found that the Standard Jones model and its subsequent modifications are those that have more prominent use. Much of this research is potentially interesting for business theories related to earnings quality and accounting manipulation; however, it is difficult to be understood by junior researchers and practitioners, because they are not clearly described in the literature or the steps may be easy to confuse. Objective: in this tutorial, we present several key concepts about earnings management and explain, step by step, how to measure it. Method: our tutorial considers measurement using the following models: Standard Jones, Modified Jones, Modified Jones with return on assets (ROA), and Modified Jones using Cash Flows and Accruals Reversals. Conclusions: our main contribution with this tutorial is to provide a step-by-step guide for future studies, so that they can be more comparable with each other when using measurement methods of earnings management.

Shock Wave Propagation and Flame Kernel Morphology in Laser-Induced Plasma Ignition of CH4/O2/N2 Mixture

The application of laser ignition in the aerospace field has promising prospects. Based on the constant volume combustion chamber, the laser ignition of CH4/O2/N2 mixture with different initial pressure, different laser energy, different equivalence ratio and different oxygen content has been carried out. The development characteristics of the flame kernel and shock wave under different conditions are analyzed. In addition, the Taylor model and Jones model are also used to simulate the development process of the shock wave, and a new modified model is proposed based on the Jones model. The experimental results show that under pure oxygen conditions, the chemical reaction rate of the mixture is too fast, which makes it difficult for the flame kernel to form the ring and third-lobe structure. However, the ring structure is easier to form with the pressure and laser energy degraded; the flame kernel morphology is easier to maintain at a rich equivalence ratio, which is caused by the influence of the movement of hot air flow and a clearer boundary between the ring and the third-lobe. The decrease of the initial pressure or the increase of the laser energy leads to the increase in shock wave velocity, while the change of the equivalence ratio and oxygen content has less influence on the shock wave.

Effect of Ind AS on Earnings Management in Selected FMCG Companies in India

The Corporate frauds have increased drastically which is witnessed in the last decade in India and around the world. Managers use their judgement in analysing the financials and modification of statements which is the origination for earnings management. This paper discusses about earnings management evaluation after adoption of Ind AS for the first time by leading fast moving consumer goods companies in India. Random sampling is used to select three companies and analyse for a period of 6 years (2014-2020) The Jones Model (1991) is used for evaluation of earnings management and tested using the regression model to arrive at the findings. The Jones model of non-discretionary accruals is used for the purpose of evaluation of accounting manipulation. The Jones model has non-discretionary and discretionary accruals estimated in the model. The R square is 14.3% and F-test significance value is greater than 0.05 therefore null hypothesis is accepted concluding there is no change in earnings management after the new standards.

PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK PERUSAHAAN, KINERJA PERUSAHAAN, DAN MANAGEMENT ENTRENCHMENT TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this study is to investigate the impact of firm characteristics, firm performances, and management entrenchment on earnings management by using firms registered on Bursa Efek Indonesia for the period 2015-2019. Sampling method that is used in this study is purposive sampling method so the objects should meet the criteria. The exception sample for this study is financial firms due to differences on some regulations of reporting and firms without complete annual and financial report published for the period 2015-2019. The secondary data were obtained from firms’ financial report and annual report that were published on the firms’ official website and Bursa Efek Indonesia’s website. In this study, earnings management is measured with Modified Jones Model. This study analyzed using fixed effect model approach panel data regression analysis. The results show that growth opportunities, board size, current ratio, auditor size, financial statement, and CEO ownership have no significant influences. Leverage, firm size, asset growth and turnover, and cash flow show significant negative influences. On the other hand, long-term and short-term debts, and CEO tenure show significant positive influences. Some results are not compatible with hypothesis since there are limitations on the period time and methods that were chosen. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk meneliti adanya pengaruh dari karakteristik perusahaan, kinerja perusahaan, dan management entrenchment terhadap manajemen laba dengan menggunakan perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2015-2019. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode purposive sampling sehingga objek penelitian harus sesuai dengan kriteria. Sampel data yang dikecualikan adalah perusahaan keuangan atau finansial karena memiliki regulasi pelaporan yang berbeda dan perusahaan yang tidak memiliki kelengkapan laporan keuangan dan laporan tahunan periode 2015-2019. Data sekunder diperoleh dari laporan keuangan dan laporan tahunan perusahaan yang dipublikasikan pada website resmi perusahaan dan website Bursa Efek Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, manajemen laba diukur dengan Modified Jones Model. Penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi data panel dengan pendekatan fixed effect model. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa peluang pertumbuhan, ukuran dewan direktur, rasio lancar, ukuran auditor, laporan keuangan, dan kepemilikan direktur utama tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan. Sedangkan leverage, ukuran perusahaan, pertumbuhan dan perputaran aset, dan arus kas operasional memiliki pengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap manajemen laba. Utang jangka panjang dan pendek, serta masa jabatan direktur memiliki pengaruh signifikan positif. Hasil pengujian yang tidak sesuai dengan hipotesis dapat disebabkan karena adanya keterbatasan dalam periode waktu dan metode pengukuran yang digunakan.JEL : M410, M480

APPLICATION FRAUD PENTAGON FOR DETECTING SYMPTOMS OF SHORTFUL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of fraud pentagon toward fraudulent financial reporting sympton using modified Jones model to the mining companies. The method of sampling used purposive sampling method. The sample consists of 30 companies was listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2016. The result of this research concluded that pressure which proxied by financial target and financial stability has a positive and significant effect on fraudulent financial reporting. Opportunity has a negative and significant effect on fraudulent financial reporting. Rationalization, capability, and arrogance has not significant effect on fraudulent financial reporting.

Analysis of Earnings Management Practices Using the Modified Jones Model on the Industry Company Index Kompas 100

This study aimed to examine the issue of differences in earnings management patterns in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Earnings management can occur because company management wants to take advantage of accounting descriptions/policies under the character of the assets, existing in each of these industries. This study used a Modified Jones Model approach in determining earnings management proxies. Besides, it also used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test whether there were differences in earnings management patterns. The data were consisted of 450 companies from 8 industrial sectors in the Kompas 100 Stock Index during 2015-2019. They were from various industries; essential and chemical industry; consumer goods; services; mining, oil, natural gas; plantation; property and real estate; and banking. The result shows that there are differences in earnings management patterns between industrial sectors. Therefore, company management practices earnings management following the characteristics of each industry. The research also suggests that the next study should analyze the comparison of earnings management with other models to determine the consistency of results.

Analysis of the earnings management methods of China’s electric power companies based on modified Jones model

With the constant revision of accounting standards, the earnings management methods are constantly changed and innovated in order to achieve the purpose of beautifying the statements and manipulating profits. This paper took the electricity listed companies as the research object, selected the financial data of 52 listed companies in the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2016 as the sample, and employed the SPSS statistics software to analyze the earnings management methods of the listed companies in the electric power industry and to draw the conclusions through empirical research. Based on the preliminary statistical analysis of the earnings management methods of listed companies in the electric power industry, this paper used the modified Jones model to verify the empirical analysis. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: There is a positive linear relationship between fixed assets management, assets impairment management and discretional accruals of the listed companies in the electric power industry. The degree of its influence is more obvious and stable than that of other earnings management methods, and passed the significance test. The collinear diagnostics can also prove a more reasonable correlation among the variables, indicating that the results obtained from the modified Jones model is more significant.

COMPARISON OF EARNINGS MANAGEMENT IN EACH NON-FINANCIAL SECTOR OF BUMN LISTED ON THE IDX

This research was conducted to determine whether there are differences in each non-financial sector of BUMN listed on the IDX in carrying out earnings management practices. The research sample includes a saturated sampling method. The research sample consisted of 19 companies were divided into 8 sectors. The amount of data used is 225 data from 2006-2019. Earnings management will be measured using discretionary accruals with a Modified Jones model. The hypothesis was tested using the Kruskal Wallis test and followed by the Dunn test. The results show that there are differences in the level of earnings management in each non-financial sector of BUMN listed on the IDX. The difference is due to the higher level of earnings management carried out by the construction sector compare to the other sectors. Furthermore, the metal sector has the lowest average level of earnings management practices.

Sustainability measures and earnings management: evidence from Greek municipalities

PurposeThis study analyses the engagement of Greek municipalities in earnings management activities through the manipulation of their accrual accounts. It aims at identifying whether discretionary accruals are associated with certain financial sustainability measures calculated through financial statement numbers.Design/methodology/approachTo test the hypotheses, the annual financial data of Greek municipalities for the period 2011–2018 are used. The final sample corresponds to an unbalanced panel data sample that includes 1,565 yearly observations. Total accruals and discretionary accruals modelling are based both on the aggregate Jones model and the modified Jones model.FindingsThe findings provide evidence that Greek municipalities engage in earnings management practices through the manipulation of accruals. Moreover, there is corroborative evidence that financial sustainability indicators, such as indebtedness, liquidity and efficiency ratios, are related to the magnitude of earnings management, while earnings management behaviour during the year preceding the municipal elections is more intense.Originality/valueThe paper expands the literature in earnings management in local governments by analysing the relation of financial sustainability indicators to this behaviour.