Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of the Residue By-Product Developed from the Ocimum americanum (Lamiaceae) Postdistillation Waste

The yield of essential oils in plants is not high and postdistillation wastes rich in phenolic compounds could be used to enhance the profitability of essential oil-bearing plants. The aim of the study was to evaluate polyphenols in a dry extract obtained from the postdistillation waste of the American basil (Ocimum americanum L.) herb, and to conduct the screening of its pharmacological activities. Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and rutin were identified in the extract using high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis found the presence of a plethora of polyphenols in the extract. Rosmarinic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and rutin were as the main compounds. The total phenolic content in the extract was 106.31 mg GAE/g and free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl evaluated as IC50 was 0.298 mg/mL. The tested extract dose-dependently decreased the paw edema in rats, suggesting its potent anti-inflammatory property. The acute toxicity study indicates its safety. Thus, the O. americanum hydrodistilled residue by-product is the promising source of biologically active compounds with significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Identifikasi Antiinflamasi Partisi Metanol, n-Heksan dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Americanum L.) Secara In Vitro

Basil plant (Ocimum americanum) is efficacious as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. According to research by Sarma and Babu, 2011, Verma and Kothiyal, 2012 showed basil activity as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, antifungal, insecticide, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and lowering total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the stabilization activity of red blood cell membranes on methanol partitioning, n-hexane partitioning and ethanol extract of basil leaves in vitro. This study used the erythrocyte membrane stabilization method from the induction of a hypotonic solution with samples of methanol partitioning, n-hexane partitioning and ethanol extract to be compared with a positive control, namely Na diclofenac. By analyzing the data using UV-Vis spectrophotometry test. These results were supported by the ANOVA statistical test which stated that there was a difference in each treatment and continued with the Tukey test which stated that there was no difference between 100 ppm diclofenac sodium and 400 ppm ethanol extract.Keywords: Extract, Basil (Ocimum americanum) Leaf, In Vitro. AbstrakTumbuhan Kemangi (Ocimum americanum) berkhasiat sebagai aktivitas sebagai anti-inflamasi dan analgesik. Menurut penelitian Sarma dan Babu, 2011.,Verma dan Kothiyal, 2012 menunjukkan aktivitas kemangi sebagai antioksidan, antimikroba, anti diabetes, antihelmintik, antifungi, insektisida, antiinflamasi, analgesic, dan menurunkan kadar total kolesterol dan LDL-C. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas stabilisasi membran sel darah merah pada partisi metanol, partisi n-heksan dan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode stabilisasi membran eritrosit dari induksi larutan hipotonik dengan sampel partisi metanol, partisi n-heksan dan ekstrak etanol yang akan dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif yaitu Na diklofenak. Dengan analisis data menggunakan uji spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil ini didukung dengan uji statistik ANOVA yang menyatakan terdapat perbedaan pada setiap perlakuan dan dilanjutkan uji tukey yang menyatakan tidak ada perbedaan pada natrium diklofenak 100 ppm dengan ekstrak etanol konsentrasi 400 ppm.Kata Kunci : Ekstrak, Daun Kemangi (Ocimum americanum), In Vitro.

Morphological variables restrict flower choice of Lycaenid butterfly species: implication for pollination and conservation

Background Butterflies make an important part for plant-pollinator guild. These are nectar feeder or occasionally pollen feeder and thus proboscis of the butterfly species are considered as one of the most important variable in relation to the collection of food from plants. In butterfly-plant association, nectar source is principally determined by quality of nectar, corolla length, and nectar quantity. For the butterfly, nectar uptake is determined by proboscis length because flowers with long corolla restrict butterfly species containing shorter proboscis. Empirical studies proved that butterfly species with high wing loading visit clustered flowers and species with low wing loading confined their visit to solitary or less nectar rich flowers. The present study tries to investigate the flower preference of butterfly species from Lycaenidae family having very short proboscis, lower body length, lower body weight and wing span than the most species belonging from Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Hesperiidae. Results Butterflies with shorter proboscis cannot access nectar from deeper flower. Although they mainly visit on less deeper flower to sucking nectar, butterflies with high wing loading visits clustered flowers to fulfill their energy requirements. In this study, we demonstrated flower choice of seven butterfly species belonging to Lycanidiae family. The proboscis length maintains a positive relationship with body length and body weight. Body length maintains a positive relationship with body weight and wing span. Wing span indicate a strong positive relationship with body weight. This study proved that these seven butterfly species namely Castalius rosimon (CRN), Taracus nara (TNA), Zizinia otis (ZOT), Zizula hylax (ZHY), Jamides celeno (JCE), Chilades laius (CLA), and Psuedozizeeria maha (PMA) visit frequently in Tridax procumbens (TPR), Ocimum americanum (OAM) and Syndrella nodiflora (SNO). The species do not visit Lantana camara (LCA) and Catharanthus roseus (CRO) plants. Conclusion The present study proved that butterfly species visits frequently in Tridax procumbens (TPR), Ocimum americanum (OAM) but less frequently in Syndrella nodiflora (SNO). So, that study determined the butterfly species helps in pollination of these herbs that in turn helps the conservation of these butterfly species.

Uji Efektivitas Anthelmintik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum americanum L.) Terhadap Cacing Gelang (Ascaris lumbricoides) Secara In Vitro

Penyakit kecacingan merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh masuknya parasit berupa telur cacing kedalam tubuh manusia melalui saluran pencernaan manusia karena adanya pencemaran melalui tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek anthelmintik ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (<em>Ocimum americanum </em>L.) terhadap cacing gelang <em>Ascaris lumbricoides</em> dan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (<em>Ocimum americanum </em>L.) yang efektif sebagai anthelmintik terhadap cacing gelang (<em>Ascaris lumbricoides).</em> Penelitian ini merupakan metode eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap. Daun Kemangi di lakukan ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi kemudian dilakukan skrining fitokimia. Hewan uji dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu Kelompok 1 (ekstrak daun kemangi dosis 10%), Kelompok 2 (ekstrak daun kemangi dosis 20%), Kelompok 3 (ekstrak daun kemangi dosis 30%), Kelompok 4 Kontrol Positif (pirantel pamoat 5 mg/ml) dan Kelompok 5 Kontrol Negatif (NaCl 0,9%). Pengamatan dilakukan tiap 1 jam setelah perendaman sampai semua cacing mati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 100% kematian cacing yaitu ekstrak etanol daun kemangi Konsentrasi 10% pada jam ke 24, Konsentrasi 20% pada jam ke 16, dan Konsentrasi 30% pada jam ke 8, Kelompok kontrol positif pada jam ke 2, Kontrol negatif (larutan NaCl 0,9%) pada jam ke 76. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (<em>Ocimum americanum </em>L.) konsentrasi 30% memberikan efek anthelmintik terhadap cacing gelang (<em>Ascaris lumbricoides)</em> pada jam ke 8.

Sedative Effect and Standardization Parameters of Herbal Medicinal Product Obtained from the Ocimum americanum L. Herb

Sedative phytomedications continue to play an important role in the management of a considerable amount of anxiety symptoms because of the various side effects of synthetic sedatives and tranquilizers. However, developing new herbal drugs needs their appropriate quality control according to the relevant requirements. The aim of the study was to determine the sedative properties of the tinctures obtained from the American basil (Ocimum americanum L., Lamiaceae Martinov family) herb and to develop the standardization parameters for the promising herbal medicinal product. The open field test was used to evaluate the sedative effect of the prepared tinctures: (1) with the added of O. americanum essential oil (OATEs) and (2) without adding O. americanum essential oil (OAT). The standardization parameters for the OATEs were developed using validated High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods. The HPTLC analysis was used for the chromatographic fingerprints of polyphenols and for identifying linalool in the OATEs. The HPLC analysis found the significant content of rosmarinic acid (RA) (0.26%) in the OATEs. In conclusion, the developed OATEs can be considered as the new herbal medicinal product with significant sedative properties.

Ethnopharmacological uses, biological activities, chemistry and toxicological aspects of Ocimum americanum var. americanum (Lamiaceae)

The rationale for the use of Ocimum americanum var. americanum in herbal medicine is largely based on the longstanding experience of traditional medicine practitioners. The genus Ocimum is extensively used in Eastern Africa in folkloric practice against a wide range of illnesses. The present paper intends to bring a comprehensive overview of O. americanum var. americanum in regard to its biological activities, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemical and toxicological effects. The literature search was conducted using Google, Google Scholar, Chemical abstracts, Sciverse; JSTOR, Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Springer Link. O. americanum var. americanum extracts have been shown to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, insecticidal, and repellent activities. Literature on the activity of O. americanum var. americanum extracts against metabolic syndromes such as diabetes, hyperlipidaemias and hypertension is scanty. Toxicological data is also limited; however, the accessible information indicates non-toxicity of O. americanum var. americanum extracts. Substantial variations in phytochemical constituents of this particular species are observed, which may be attributed to edaphic differences as well as ecoclimatic regions.