ANALYSIS OF FLAVONES C-GLYCOSIDES AND AND STEPWISE HYDROLYSIS OF THEIR ACETATES IN THE LEAVES OF RUBUS CHAMAEMORUS L.

The C-glycoside embinin and its mono- and diacetate derivatives have immunotropic and cardiotonic activity, which makes the search for plants that contain them interesting. Embinin and its acetate derivatives were previously isolated only from some plants of the genus Iris, the habitat and growing conditions of which are very different from those of the genus Rubus. As a result of the study, the structure of seven C-glycosides, embinin derivatives, isolated from the leaves of Rubus chamaemorus L. (Rosaceae) was established. Using HR-ESI-MS, HPLC-MS, as well as one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, the structure of three substances isolated in individual form was established: embinin (1) and its diacetyl derivatives – 2''',3'''-diacetylembinin (5) and 3''',4'''-diacetylembinin (7). The method of stepwise hydrolysis of C-glycoside acetate residues proposed in this study, followed by HPLC analysis of the resulting hydrolysis products, made it possible to establish the structure of minor flavone C-glycosides contained in the leaves of Rubus chamaemorus L.: 2'''-acetylembinin (2), 3'''-acetylembinin (3), 4'''-acetylembinin (4) and 2''',4'''-diacetylembinin (6). All these compounds were found in the leaves of Rubus chamaemorus L. for the first time. The C-glycosides - embinin and its acetate derivatives are rare metabolites of higher plants, the presence of which is determined by the peculiarity of their physiology, and the biological activity determines the prospects for medical use.

Cardiotonic Activity of Daidzein Against Doxorubicin-Induced Congestive Cardiac Failure in Rats

Despite significant medical advances, congestive heart failure remains associated with high mortality rate. Therefore, there is a continuing need for better therapeutics. In this study, we have examined the effect of daidzein against congestive heart failure induced by administration of doxorubicin. Blood pressure, electrocardiogram, B-type natriuretic peptide, and markers of oxidative stress were assessed as measures of cardioprotective effect of daidzein. To further assess the mechanism, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, Western blot assay, and histopathology were performed. Daidzein reduced blood pressure, reversed the altered pattern of electrocardiogram, levels of B-type natriuretic peptide, and oxidative stress markers in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Furthermore, treatment with daidzein ameliorated apoptosis and expression of proinflammatory proteins and oxidative pathway.

Tamarindus indica. Linn leaves ameliorates experimental induced heart failure in Wistar rats

Objectives Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are highly prevalent in various countries, and heart failure accounts for the majority of deaths. The present study focuses on determining the protective effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Tamarindus indica (TIEE) by in vitro and in vivo methods. Methods In vitro cardiotonic activity was determined using Langendorff’s heart perfusion assembly. In vivo studies were performed using Doxorubicin (1.5 mg/kg, i.p for seven days) induced cardiotoxicity in rats. These animals were simultaneously treated with the TIEE at a low dose (200 mg/kg, p.o), high dose (400 mg/kg, p.o) and standard drug Digoxin (100 μg/kg, p.o) for seven days. At the end of the study, various parameters like electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, serum levels of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), and presence of cardiac troponin (cTnI) were determined. Isolated hearts were subjected to histopathological studies. Results The TIEE at a concentration of 60 μg/mL showed a significant cardiotonic effect in vitro that was evident by increased force of contraction, heart rate, and cardiac output. In vivo studies revealed that the TIEE decreased the prolongation of QT and RR interval of ECG, lowered the serum enzyme levels like LDH, CPK indicating cardiac protection, and the same was established by the absence of cTnI in blood. Histopathological examinations of heart tissue sections showed improved architecture in the treatment groups when compared with diseased groups. Conclusions The study revealed the cardioprotective activity of T. indica leaf extract by both in vitro and in vivo methods.

Endogenous Cardiotonics: Search And Problems

: Medicinal preparations currently used for the treatment of patients with chronic cardiac failure involve those that reduce the heart load (vasodilators, diuretics, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors). Cardiotonic drugs with the cAMP-dependent mechanism are unsuitable for long-term administration due to the intensification of metabolic processes and an increase in the oxygen demand of the myocardium and all tissues of the body. For many years, digoxin has remained the only preparation enhancing the efficiency of myocardial performance. The detection of digoxin and ouabain in intact animals has initiated a search for other compounds with cardiotonic activity. The review summarizes current data on the effect exerted on the heart performance by endogenous compounds, from simple, such as NO and CO, to steroids, fatty acids, polypeptides, and proteins. Controversial questions and problems with the introduction of scientific achievements into clinical practice are discussed. The results obtained by the authors and their colleagues after many years of studies on the cardiotropic properties of serum lipoproteins are also reported. The experimentally established cardiotonic activity of apoprotein A-1, which is accompanied by a decrease in the relative consumption of oxygen, maybe of great interest.

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata): Review based upon its Ayurvedic Properties

Berberis aristata is also known as daruharidra which is a famous plant and used in various medicinal systems like Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Unani, Chinese and Allopathy for a very long time. It is a spinous, hard, yellowish herb belongs to the family Berberidaceae. The plant is distributed in sub- Himalayan regions, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and hilly areas of Nepal. It played a significant role as an herbal remedy for more than 2500 years. It was used by ancient Egyptians to anticipate plague disease. European herbalists used this plant to treat liver and gall bladder disorders during the early middle ages. Russian therapists used B. aristata plant to cure inflammation, high blood pressure and abnormal menstrual cycle. It is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, cholagogue, antiperiodic and alternative by American Indians to cure intermittent fever, neuralgia and menorrhagia. In the traditional medicinal system, the plant is used to treat skin diseases, menorrhagia, diarrhea, eye problem inflammation and wound healing. Fruit of the plant is a rich source of Vitamin C. The main active constituent of the plant is Berberine found mainly in its roots. The most important formulation of this plant is 'Rashut' that is acts as a tonic as well as blood purifier and also used to treat ulcer and ophthalmic diseases. Reported clinical and experimental studies showed that the plant possesses various pharmacological properties like antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and cardiotonic activity.

Chemical and Pharmacological Screening of Rhinella icterica (Spix 1824) Toad Parotoid Secretion in Avian Preparations

The biological activity of Rhinella icterica parotoid secretion (RIPS) and some of its chromatographic fractions (RI18, RI19, RI23, and RI24) was evaluated in the current study. Mass spectrometry of these fractions indicated the presence of sarmentogenin, argentinogenin, (5β,12β)-12,14-dihydroxy-11-oxobufa-3,20,22-trienolide, marinobufagin, bufogenin B, 11α,19-dihydroxy-telocinobufagin, bufotalin, monohydroxylbufotalin, 19-oxo-cinobufagin, 3α,12β,25,26-tetrahydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholestane-26-O-sulfate, and cinobufagin-3-hemisuberate that were identified as alkaloid and steroid compounds, in addition to marinoic acid and N-methyl-5-hydroxy-tryptamine. In chick brain slices, all fractions caused a slight decrease in cell viability, as also seen with the highest concentration of RIPS tested. In chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular preparations, RIPS and all four fractions significantly inhibited junctional acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In this preparation, only fraction RI23 completely mimicked the pharmacological profile of RIPS, which included a transient facilitation in the amplitude of muscle twitches followed by progressive and complete neuromuscular blockade. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that RI23 consisted predominantly of bufogenins, a class of steroidal compounds known for their cardiotonic activity mediated by a digoxin- or ouabain-like action and the blockade of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels. These findings indicate that the pharmacological activities of RI23 (and RIPS) are probably mediated by: (1) inhibition of AChE activity that increases the junctional content of Ach; (2) inhibition of neuronal Na+/K+-ATPase, leading to facilitation followed by neuromuscular blockade; and (3) blockade of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, leading to stabilization of the motor endplate membrane.

A review on phytochemical and ethnopharmacological studies of Ajuga Bracteosa Wall. Ex Benth.

Herbal medicines as the major remedy in traditional system of medicine have been used in medical practices since antiquity. The plants of genus Ajuga are evergreen, clump-forming rhizomatous perennial or annual herbaceous flowering species, with Ajuga being one of the 266 genera of the family Lamiaceae. There are at least 301 species of the genus Ajuga with many variations. Ajugabracteosa Wall. ex Benth (A. bracteosa) is an important medicinal plant of Himalaya regions. Medicinal potential is due to presence of of various pharmacologically active compounds such as neo-clerodane diterpenoids, flavonol glycosides, iridoid glycosides, ergosterol-5,8- endoperoxide and phytoecdysones. The aim of this review article was to gather information about A. bracteosa which is currently scattered in form of various publications. This review article tried to attract the attention from people for therapeutic potential of A. bracteosa. The present review comprises upto date information of,traditional uses, botanical aspects, active ingredients and pharmacological activities such as antitumor, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic activity, antiarthritic activity, antioxidant activity . A large variety of compounds have so far been isolated from Ajuga bracteosa. Keywords: Ajuga bracteosa, Herbal medicines, pharmacological activities.

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, AND MEDICINAL USE OF LEPIDIUM SATIVUM LINN.: A REVIEW

Herbal medicines are in nice demand within the developed additionally as developing countries for primary aid due to their wide biological and medicative activities, higher safety margins, and lesser prices. Lepidium sativum Linn. (Brassicaceae) is annual herb regionally referred to as halon in India, however, usually referred to as garden cress. L. sativum is a fast growing edible plant. Seeds, roots, and leaves of garden cress have economic importance; however, the crop is especially cultivated for seeds. It is a therapeutic vital herb in India. L. sativum has various pharmacological actions such as antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, cytotoxic activity, diuretic activity, hepatoprotective activity, hypoglycemic activity, antiosteoporotic activity, antiasthmatic activity, anti-carcinogenic effect, cardiotonic activity, smooth and skeletal muscles contraction activity, fracture healing property, chemoprotective effects, and hemagglutinating activity. It is used for menstrual cycle regulation, gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea and constipation and to increase milk production. It is also reported to exhibit antirheumatic activity. It is also used as an immunity booster and brain intellect enhancer agent as traditional medicine. So that this review reveal that L. sativum is a source of medicinally active compounds and have a variety of pharmacological effects. These studies will be helpful to create focus toward L. sativum and may be useful in developing new formulations with more therapeutic and to provide a direction for advance research.