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Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 7533
Author(s):  
Lingyi Huang ◽  
Yu Zhou ◽  
Yizhi Wang ◽  
Min Lin

From unstable crystals to relatively stable monohydrate crystals, many researchers have been working on S-nitrosocaptopril for more than two decades. S-nitrosocaptopril monohydrate (Cap-NO·H2O) is a novel crystal form of S-nitrosocaptopril (Cap-NO), and is not only a nitric oxide (NO) donor, but also an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI). Yet, a method for long-term storage has never been reported. In order to determine the optimal storage conditions, Plackett–Burman (PB) design was performed to confirm the critical factors. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal Cap-NO·H2O storage condition, based on the rough interval determined by the path of steepest ascent experiment. The optimized storage condition was denoted as nitrogen purity of 97%, temperature of −10 °C and 1.20 g deoxidizer. In this case, a final preservation rate of 97.91 ± 0.59% could be obtained. In specific storage conditions, Cap-NO·H2O was found to be stable for at least 6 months in individual PE package, procreating a potentially applicable avenue.


Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Ziwei Liu ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Yuntian Teng ◽  
Xiaotong Zhang ◽  
...  

Inter-seasonal and geodynamics-related gravity changes are important geoscientific signals that are extractable from gravimeter observations after deducing background information as local hydrology gravity effect. With two superconducting gravimeters (SGs, OSG-053 and iGrav-007) located in different tectonic units, continuous Global Navigation Satellite System data, and AG observations, Wuhan (China) is an ideal location for investigating the effects of gravity resulting from significant local hydrology mass variations. We processed ∼26 months of gravity data collected from the SGs in Wuhan and obtain residuals of -40 nm.s2 for OSG-053 and 100 for iGrav-007. The hydrological observations show an estimated gravity increase of 42 nm.s2 near iGrav-007, which mainly resulted from the increased unconfined water level with an aquifer-specific yield of approximately 0.1. However, the gravity changes around OSG-053 are mainly from soil moisture and reach -90 nm.s2. The soil type, thickness and water content parameters were obtained from hydrogeological survey and drilling data. The deep confined water level rose by 2.5 m, which introduced a 1 nm.s2 gravity variation with a specific storage about 0.00001 from field unsteady flow pumping test. The modeled gravity is approximately -40 nm.s2 around OSG-053 and 90 around iGrav-007, in accordance with the observed gravity variations. The difference in gravity changes between the two SG observations can be explained by different local water storage environments. Our results suggest that unconfined and soil water significantly impact the in-situ gravimetry, which indicates that further detailed hydrogeological surveys are required. A combined investigation of gravity and water levels can be a useful approach to monitor aquifer storage conditions and groundwater management.


Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2099
Author(s):  
Dhurgham Khudhair ◽  
Julie Gaburro ◽  
Hoda Amani Hamedani ◽  
Anders Barlow ◽  
Hamid Garmestani ◽  
...  

Direct interaction with the neuronal cells is a prerequisite to deciphering useful information in understanding the underlying causes of diseases and functional abnormalities in the brain. Precisely fabricated nanoelectrodes provide the capability to interact with the brain in its natural habitat without compromising its functional integrity. Yet, challenges exist in terms of the high cost and complexity of fabrication as well as poor control over the chemical composition and geometries at the nanoscale, all imposed by inherent limitations of current micro/nanofabrication techniques. In this work, we report on electrochemical fabrication and optimization of vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays as nanoelectrodes for neural interface application. The effects of zinc, strontium, and copper doping on the structural, electrochemical, and biocompatibility properties of electrochemically anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays were investigated. It was found that doping can alter the geometric features, i.e., the length, diameter, and wall thickness, of the nanotubes. Among pure and doped samples, the 0.02 M copper-doped TiO2 nanotubes exhibited superior electrochemical properties, with the highest specific storage capacitance of 130 F g−1 and the lowest impedance of 0.295 KΩ. In addition, regeneration of Vero cells and neurons was highly promoted on (0.02 M) Cu-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays, with relatively small tube diameters and more hydrophilicity, compared with the other two types of dopants. Our results suggest that in situ doping is a promising method for the optimization of various structural and compositional properties of electrochemically anodized nanotube arrays and improvement of their functionality as a potential nanoelectrode platform for neural interfacing.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3203
Author(s):  
Sara El Mrissani ◽  
Souad Haida ◽  
Jean-Luc Probst ◽  
Anne Probst

River water quality is particularly of concern in semi-arid countries with limited water resources. Increasing anthropogenic activities can lead to the accumulation of trace metals (TM) in bottom sediments, which is a specific storage compartment. The present study aimed to investigate the geochemistry of trace metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) and of some physico-chemical parameters in bottom sediments from the Sebou basin, which represents 1/3 of the surface water resources of Morocco. The order of abundance of the metals was Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co > As > Cd. A major fingerprint of weathering on metal concentration, and point and non-point anthropogenic sources were highlighted. The origin and intensity of the contamination were determined using a combination of geochemical indicators. The contamination was on the whole moderate, with Cr, Zn, Cu, and Pb as the most enriched metals, especially at the A1, S3, and S4 stations located downstream of Fez city, well known for its intensive industrial and tannery activities. A multi-variate analysis evidenced the strong link between natural elements such as Co with clays and Fe oxides, and As with Ca, whereas Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, partly originating from anthropogenic activities (industrial and domestic waste, agricultural inputs), were linked to phosphorus, oxides, carbonates, and/or POC, indicating their anthropic source and/or control by sediment compounds. Cadmium, Pb, and Cu were the most available metals. Finally, in addition to Cd, Pb and Zn were identified as hazardous metals in sediments as evidenced by the positive relationship between the proportion of the labile fraction and the enrichment factor revealing anthropogenic inputs.


Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Qi Shen ◽  
Zhifang Zhou ◽  
Meng Chen ◽  
Sijia Li ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
...  

Groundwater flow in an aquifer has frequently been found to be non-Darcian by performing in situ tests. A novel analytic model is proposed in this study for describing the unsteady non-Darcian flow in a confined aquifer by taking advantage of the observed flow rate and injection pressure during the constant head packer test. A linearization approximation of the Izbash equation is used to approximate the nonlinear term in the governing equation. This analytic model is applied to describe the non-Darcian flow in the interlayer staggered zone at the Baihetan hydropower station, China. The test results inversed by the genetic algorithm show that non-Darcian flow happened during the test under the injection pressure 0.3 MPa with the power index n is 1.278, non-Darcian hydraulic conductivity k 1 is 1.613 × 10 − 5  cm/s and the specific storage S s is 9.757 × 10 − 5  m-1, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated that when the power index n or the specific storage S s is larger, and the hydraulic head will increase more slowly and needs longer to stabilize, but the non-Darcian hydraulic conductivity k 1 shows the opposite trend. Moreover, the hydraulic head is more sensitive to the power index n compared to other parameters at late times. The findings of this study reveal the non-Darcian flow during the constant head packer test and provide a simple and fast way to estimate parameters for more accurate seepage field simulation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey B. Imbs ◽  
Peter V. Velansky

AbstractThe cold-water gorgonian coral Paragorgia arborea is considered as a foundation species of deep-sea ecosystems in the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To advance lipidomic studies of deep-sea corals, molecular species compositions of diacylglycerol ethers (DAGE), which are specific storage lipids of corals, and structural glycerophospholipids (GPL) including ethanolamine, choline, inositol and serine GPL (PE, PC, PI, and PS, respectively) were analyzed in P. arborea by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. In DAGE molecules, alkyl groups (16:0, 14:0, and 18:1), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and monounsaturated FA are mainly substituted the glycerol moiety at position sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3, respectively. The ether form (1-O-alkyl-2-acyl) predominates in PE and PC, while PI is comprised of the 1,2-diacyl form. Both ether and diacyl forms were observed in PS. At position sn-2, C20 PUFA are mainly attached to PC, but C24 PUFA, soft coral chemotaxonomic markers, concentrate in PS, PI, and PE. A comparison of non-polar parts of molecules has shown that DAGE, ether PE, and ether PC can originate from one set of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols. Ether PE may be converted to ether PS by the base-exchange reaction. A diacylglycerol unit generated from phosphatidic acid can be a precursor for diacyl PS, PC, and PI. Thus, a lipidomic approach has confirmed the difference in biosynthetic origins between ether and diacyl lipids of deep-sea gorgonians.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Michael Rusnack

The Vaccines for Children Program (VFC) is a federally funded program in the United States, providing vaccines to children who lack health insurance or who otherwise cannot afford the vaccination cost. The VFC program was created in 1993 and is required to be a new entitlement of each State's Medicaid plan. The program was officially implemented in October 1994 and served eligible children in all United States (US). Other countries, the United Nations (UN), and the World Health Organization (WHO), have similar programs.  A critical aspect of these programs is the guidance surrounding the environmental monitoring of the materials. To best maintain the integrity of these products, specific storage parameters are required. It is necessary to store most vaccines at refrigeration or freezing temperatures. To best assure the efficacy of the vaccines, monitoring standards and equipment are specified. The technology and methodologies may be adequate for these programs' materials; these same methods are not for the COVID vaccine.[1]  When reviewing the guidance recommendations worldwide, one may observe commonalities in the program. Each guidance calls for the use of digital data loggers (DDL), sampling rates of 15 to 30 minutes, daily check-in (during business hours), and the use of a temperature buffer, each without specificity.[2] The inadequacies of the VFC program monitoring methodologies fall far short when monitoring COVID vaccines. Herein considerations for the transport, storage, and distribution of the COVID vaccine cold chain will be discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lloyd ◽  
M. Huuse ◽  
B. J. Barrett ◽  
A. M. W. Newton

Subsurface CO2 storage is considered a key element of reducing anthropogenic emissions in virtually all scenarios compatible with limiting global warming to 1.5°C. The Utsira-Skade Aquifer (Utsira, Eir and Skade Formations), northern North Sea, has been identified as a suitable reservoir. Although the overall storage capacity of the full aquifer has been estimated based on regional data, it is lacking an integrated assessment of containment and internal heterogeneity, to identify optimal areas for injection and for calculation of site-specific storage capacities. A high-resolution, broadband 3D seismic reflection dataset, full waveform inverted velocity data and 102 exploration wells are utilised to provide a catalogue of CO2 storage prospects in the northern Utsira-Skade Aquifer. This is achieved through: 1) definition of the aquifer’s spatial limits; 2) calculation of porosity distribution; 3) assessment of the extent, geomorphology, thickness variability, and containment confidence (CC) of mudstones; and 4) mapping of closures through fill-to-spill simulations. CO2 storage capacity was calculated for the prospects using two approaches; using the full reservoir thickness (FRT) beneath the closures and using only the thickness from the closure top to the spill point (TSP), i.e., within structural traps. Porosity ranges from 29 to 39% across the aquifer and is higher in the Utsira and Eir Fms. relative to the underlying Skade Fm. The mudstone separating the Skade and Eir/Utsira Fm. has a thickness > 50 m, and is a potential barrier for CO2. Other intra-aquifer mudstones were mainly interpreted to act as baffles to flow. Structural traps at the top Utsira and Skade Fms. yield fifteen prospects, with criteria of > 700 m depth and FRT storage capacity of > 5 Mt CO2. They have a combined storage capacity of 330 Mt CO2 (FRT) or 196 Mt CO2 (TSP). Five prospects have a positive CC score (total capacity: 54 Mt CO2 FRT or 39 Mt CO2 TSP). Additional storage capacity could be achieved through more detailed analysis of the seal to upgrade the CC scores, or through use of a network of the mapped closures with a fill-to-spill approach, utilising more of the aquifer.


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