Pengaruh Jenis Karagenan terhadap Karakteristik Fisik Gel Anti Jerawat.

Acne (acne vulgaris) is a disease characterized by inflammation of the skin that can cause skin infections. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of karagenan types (kappa, iota and lamda) on the physical characteristics of anti-acne gels. The research method used is qualitative method. In this study conducted the manufacture of gel preparations with gelling agent karagenan. The types of karagenan used are kappa, iota and lamda. The concentration used is the same as 1%. Based on the test results obtained that the gel that has the best characteristics that are easy to flatten, clear, soft and good viscosity means not too diluted and not too viscosic is formula 2 with gelling agent iota karagenan. The results of formula 1 with gelling agent kappa karagenan obtained a gel that is stiff, less clear and difficult to flatten. While in formula 3 with gelling agent lamda karagenan obtained a clear but diluted gel. Based on the results of the stability test of the three formulas are stable with the centrifuge method with a speed of 3000 rpm for 5 hours.

Accuracy of the pneumatic method for estimating xylem vulnerability to embolism in temperate diffuse-porous tree species

SummaryThe increasing frequency of global change-type droughts has created a need for fast, accurate and widely applicable techniques for estimating xylem embolism resistance to improve forecasts of future forest changes.We used data from 12 diffuse-porous temperate tree species covering a wide range of xylem safety to compare the pneumatic and flow-centrifuge method for constructing xylem vulnerability curves. We evaluated the agreement between parameters estimated with both methods and the sensitivity of pneumatic measurements to the measurement duration.The agreement between xylem water potentials at 50% air discharged (PAD) estimated with the Pneumatron and 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) estimated with the flow-centrifuge method was high (mean signed deviation: 0.12 MPa, Pearson correlation: 0.96 after 15 sec of gas extraction). However, the relation between the estimated slopes was more variable, resulting in lower agreement in xylem water potential at 12% and 88% PAD/PLC. All parameters were sensitive to the duration of the pneumatic measurement, with highest overall agreement between methods after 16 sec.We conclude that, if applied correctly, the pneumatic method enables fast and inexpensive estimations of embolism resistance for a wide range of temperate, diffuse-porous species, which makes it attractive for predicting plant performance under climate change.

Comparison of Different Approaches for Testing Sorption by a Superabsorbent Polymer to Be Used in Cement-Based Materials

The absorption and desorption behavior of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) can influence various properties of cementitious materials. Therefore, it is essential to know these performances of SAP prior to implementation in cement-based materials. In this paper, two types of SAP with different chemical compositions were tested in free liquid (deionized water and cement filtrate) and cement paste. Five absorption test methods were considered, including the tea-bag method, the filtration method, the centrifuge method, the suction filtration method, and the slump flow method. The results show that the absorptivity of SAP A73 and SAP N in cement paste by the slump flow method are about 21 g/g and 7 g/g, respectively. In addition, the centrifuge method and suction filtration method give more accurate absorption values when compared to the tea-bag method and filtration method due to their effectiveness in removing inter-particle liquid. Though the absorptivity obtained by the tea-bag method is higher than the centrifuge method and suction filtration method, it is still a good pre-test method to reveal the performance of SAP used in cementitious materials due to time-saving and simple setups.

Quantitative Evaluation of Asphalt Binder Extraction from Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement Using Ashing and Centrifuge Methods

Asphalt binder requires more investigation to be accurately and precisely extracted since it is a significant procedure for quality control quality assurance (QC/QA) and subsequent binder characterization. In this research, the authors provided a hands-on experience with binder extraction to deliver recommendations concerning the sensitive steps that may affect the outcomes (extracted binder content, Pbe%). Based on the extraction by the centrifuge method, two mineral matter determination methods (ashing and centrifuge) were addressed. Field cores were investigated with comparing the Pbe% to the actual binder content, Pba%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Post-Hoc statistical analyses, in addition to linear least square regression analysis, were used to show the significance of difference according to 38 variant cores randomly obtained from the field segments (in-service roads) via the first two weeks from the construction date. Such cores involved reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS), and a wide range of additives. The two extraction methods were compared with concluding that the centrifuge method was highly recommended based on a quantitative evaluation, which delivered the same average Pba% based on the 38 cores. Furthermore, the centrifuge method provided much saving in the experimental time (almost half the time required for the ashing method). It was found that the ashing outcomes were equal to the centrifuge outcomes with disregarding the ammonium carbonate addition. Thus, it could be recommended to reassess the ammonium carbonate addition as it might excessively compensate for fake minerals that have not been lost by the ignition oven.

Proteomic Characterisation of Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) Milk as Influenced by Extraction Techniques, Seed Coat and Cultivars

Lupin seeds are rich in proteins and other essential ingredients that can help to improve human health. The protein contents in both whole and split seeds of two lupin cultivars (Mandleup and PBA Jurien) were used to produce the lupin milk using the cheesecloth and centrifuge method. Proteins were extracted from the lupin milk using thiourea/urea solubilization. The proteins were separated by a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then identified with mass spectrometry. A total of 230 protein spots were identified, 60 of which showed differential abundances. The cheesecloth separation showed protein extractability much better than that of the centrifuge method for both the cultivars. The results from this study could offer guidance for future comparative analysis and identification of lupin milk protein and provide effective separation technique to determine specific proteins in the cheese-making process.

High-Efficiency Plasma Separator Based on Immunocapture and Filtration

The shortcomings of standard plasma-separation methods limit the point-of-care application of microfluidics in clinical facilities and at the patient’s bedside. To overcome the limitations of this inconvenient, laborious, and costly technique, a new plasma-separation technique and device were developed. This new separation method relies on immunological capture and filtration to exclude cells from plasma, and is convenient, easy to use, and cost-effective. Most of the RBCs can be captured and immobilized by antibody which coated in separation matrix, and residue cells can be totally removed from the sample by a commercially plasma purification membranes. A 400 µL anti-coagulated whole blood sample with 65% hematocrit (Hct) can be separated by the device in 5 min with only one pipette. Up to 97% of the plasma can be recovered from the raw blood sample with a separation efficiency at 100%. The recovery rate of small molecule compounds, proteins, and nucleic acid biomarkers is evaluated; there are no obvious differences from the centrifuge method. The results demonstrate that this method is an excellent replacement for traditional plasma preparation protocols.