Exploration of Plastic-Degrading Bacteria From Marina Beach, Semarang, Central Java

Plastic waste has threatens the environment and affect to the economic and tourism sectors, marine life, coastal ecosystems and human health. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) states that 85% of waste in the oceans is plastic. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry also noted that Indonesia experienced an increase in plastic waste from 14% in 2013 to 16% in 2016. By 2020 the volume of plastic waste in Indonesia predicted to reach 67.8 million tons. Plastic waste takes 100-500 years to completely decompose. An alternative solution is to involve microorganisms to decompose plastic polymers. However, plastic waste reducing bacteria isolated from coastal ecosystem has not been much explored. In this study, an exploration of natural bacteria that degrades plastic waste from coastal ecosystems is carried out. Plastic samples were collected from the Marina Beach Semarang, Central Java. Plastic samples were taken from a depth of 0-10 cm in three coastal ecosystems: coastal sand sediments, rocks and mangroves. Samples then isolated and screened to obtain bacteria that have the potential to degrade polyethylene. Selected bacteria were identified by biochemical physiology according to the method of Cappuccino and Sherman and classified to genus level according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The results showed that three genera of bacteria had high polyethylene degradation potential with the speed of degradation: Enterobacteriaceae 0.0091%; Moraxella spp. 0.0066%; and Pseudomonas spp. 0.0076% per week.

Bacteriological Biodiversity and its Relationship with the Quality of Water in Panvel Lakes (Vishrale, Krishnale and Dewale Lake) at Raigad (Maharashtra), India

This research is carried out to study the bacteriological biodiversity and quality of water during premonsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon in Panvel lakes, Maharashtra, India. Most Probable Number (MPN) count was carried out by using Mac Conkey’s broth in order to classify the lakes into different categories. Pathogenic bacteria colonies were isolated from water samples collected from different lakes, by spread plate method. After incubation, different colonies from incubated plates were picked; purified by repeated sub-culturing before being examined for gram reaction, microscopically bacteria were identified into positive or negative, cocci or bacilli, rod or spiral. Biochemical analysis was carried out using different tests. The results were analyzed using Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Many different types of bacteria were isolated from water samples that helped in classifying the lakes and knowing the bacterial loads of each lake.

KARAKTERISASI BIOKIMIA DAN IDENTIFIKASI ISOLAT BAKTERI PADA MAKROALGA Padina australis DARI PERAIRAN PANTAI TANJUNG TIRAM

Padina australis merupakan salah satu makroalga yang memiliki potensi sebagai antibiotik. Sifat antibiotik yang dimiliki diduga tidak hanya bersumber dari makroalga tersebut namun juga dihasilkan oleh bakteri simbion pada inangnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan identifikasi isolat bakteri yang dikultur dari makroalga P. australis berdasarkan pengamatan morfologi bakteri dan karakter biokimia. Sampel makroalga P. australis diambil dari Desa Tanjung Tiram, Kecamatan Moramo Utara, Kabupaten Konawe Selatan menggunakan metode koleksi bebas (free handpacking). Sampel makroalga dihaluskan dan diencerkan hingga 10-5, kultur bakteri dilakukan dari pengenceran sampel 10-4 dan 10-5. Bakteri dikultur dengan menggunakan metode cawan sebar pada media agar zobell selama 2x24 jam pada suhu 35oC. Koloni bakteri yang tumbuh dipurifikasi dengan cara dikultur kembali sebanyak dua kali pengulangan dengan metode gores. Kultur murni bakteri yang diperoleh kemudian dibiakkan pada media agar miring zobell. Isolat bakteri yang tumbuh dari sumber pengenceran sampel 10-4 dan 10-5 selanjutnya dikarakterisasi berdasarkan pengamatan morfologi dan uji biokimia. Kedua isolat bakteri dari makroalga P. australis memiliki ciri morfologi yang sama, namun terdapat perbedaan pada karakteristik biokimia yaitu pada uji motility, OF (oksidatif/fermentatif), TCBS (Thiosulfate Citrate Bilesalt Sucrose), ornitin, gelatin, uji produksi asam pada media berbahan D-manose, maltose, rhammose, urease dan citrase. Berdasarkan identifikasi jenis bakteri yang merujuk pada Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology diketahui bahwa isolat bakteri simbion makroalga P. australis teridentifikasi sebagai bakteri Halomonas salina dan Vibrio alginolyticus.Kata Kunci : Padina australis, karakterisasi, bakteri simbion

Antimicrobial Activity of Herbal Toothpaste against Organisms Causing Dental Caries

Aim: Dental caries occurs as a result of acid produced by bacteria which destroys the enamel and underlying dentin. A study was carried out to isolate microorganisms that cause dental caries in patients belonging to different age groups and find out the antimicrobial activity of various toothpastes against them. Study Design: Collection of samples for isolation of caries causing organisms, to identify them using biochemical tests and test the activity of herbal toothpastes against them. Place and duration of study: Samples were collected from Krish Multispeciality Clinic and Prashanth Dental Clinic, Nagole between June’2016 – December’2017 and worked on, at Microbiology Department, St. Francis College for women, Hyderabad. Methodology: Ten samples of each age group from 10-20 yrs., 20-40 yrs. and 40-60 yrs. were isolated. The organisms were identified by carrying out various biochemical tests according to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and molecular characterization based on 16s rRNA typing. Identified organisms were used to test the antimicrobial activity of herbal toothpastes by employing agar well diffusion method. ANOVA is used for statistical analysis. Results and Conclusion: Patanjali herbal products like Dantkanti are gaining lot of importance and have become a part of life of common man because of their effectivity. Our studies revealed that out of the various toothpastes tested, Patanjali toothpaste had good antimicrobial activity against all the isolates. On comparative analysis of f-ratio and P significant value (< .05.) of all pairs, it is observed that Patanjali has good antimicrobial activity against all isolates tested. The efficacy of Meswak is almost similar to that of Patanjali.

The Numerical Phenetic of Taxonomy Vibrio in Shellfish (Meretrix meretrix) at Edu-Tourism Mangrove Cengkrong Beach Trenggalek

HighlightIdentify the Vibrio bacteriaDiversity of shellfish Vibrio bacteria (Meretrix Meretrix)Relationship similarity of Vibrio bacteria with MVSP 3.1 Program produces DendogramAbstract Meretrix meretrix is one type of shellfish that is potential, and economic value, which high animal protein content as well as seafood that is widely consumed in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the diversity and similarity of Vibrio in M. meretrix at eduwisata mangrove Cengkrong Beach, Trenggalek. Isolation and identification of Vibrio was conducted by using the media TCBSA (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Agar) streat plate through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests based Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology conducted in the laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gajah Mada. Data analysis was performed using the MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Package) 3.1 in the form of a dendrogram showing the similarity relationship Vibrio bacteria. The results of the identification of Vibrio bacteria in M. Meretrix are V. herveyi, V. parahemolyticus, V. nereis and V. proteolyticus. V. herveyi has similarities with V. parahemolyticus 66% and 62% with V. proteolyticus while with V. nereis bacterium 54%.

PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM CELLULOSE AND BENZOATE USING ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL CONSORTIA

Among the energy sources, the depletion of non-renewable energy is of great concern in thepresent days. The non- renewable energy deposits are continuously depleted by humanwithdrawals. An alarming situation of continuous depletion in the natural resources by anincreased consumption of energy, the urge to look out for alternate ways for energyproduction in on the high stand. Anaerobic bacteria are known to be efficient energyproducers. In the present study, the anaerobic bacterial hydrogen production from differentconsortia isolated from different sources was studied. Anaerobic consortia were isolated fromdifferent sources by inoculating into specific media, Beibl and Pfennigs medium anaerobicallyin the light (2000 lux). Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (1994) was adopted foridentification of phototrophic bacteria. Growth was determined using UV-Visspectrophotometer at 660nm. The effect of two major substrates i.e. Benzoate and Cellulosehas been investigated. The amount of biogas produced varied with benzoate and cellulose assubstrates. Among the 10(ten) consortia, for most of the consortia cellulose was confirmed tobe utilized as a major substrate for the production of biogas.

Isolation and identification of a strain producing riboflavin

Aim. Aim of investigation was to receive riboflavin strain-producers using natural sources for development of riboflavin technology. Methods. Strain-producers were isolated by the method of imprints (replica). The identification of stains was done by commonly used techniques using the «Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology». The resulting clones were tested for accumulation of riboflavin by fluorometric method. Results. 9 natural sources (seeds of corn and potato tubers) were investigated, pure cultures of microorganisms werr isolated and their identification was carried out. Two types of bacterial colonies of the genus Bacillus were identified. Selected strains weretested for antibiotic susceptibility and for the ability to accumulate riboflavin. Conclusions. As a result of the research, strain-producing riboflavin is isolated, the strain is classified as B. subtilis. The strain accumulated 4.3 g / l of riboflavin in a sucrose medium during a 72 hours cultivation. This strain was accepted as a source for the development of riboflavin technology. Keywords: riboflavin, stain, microbial synthesis, Bacillus subtilis.

Semut sebagai vektor mekanik bakteri di dalam gedung Balai Litbang P2B2 Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan Selatan: studi pendahuluan

Ants are now now noticeable as a mechanical vector of pathogenic bacteria, some of which have been resistant to certain antibiotics. Its wide presence allows ants to easily transmit disease agents. This study aims to determine the type of ants in Balai Litbang P2B2 Tanah Bumbu and possible role as a vector mechanical bacteria. This research was conducted at Balai Litbang P2B2 Tanah Bumbu from August to September 2017, the sample was obtained from 15 rooms by using the sugar solution feed placed in the microtube, then the ant was identified by referring to Key to Identifying Common Household Ants and Pictorial Key to the Common Urban Ants of North Carolina, followed by identification of bacteria on selective and biochemical media referring to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 2. Out of a total of 16 samples, five types of ants are known: Tapinoma melanochephalum, Paratrechina longicornis, Tetramorium caespitum, and Anoplolepis gracilipes , and Solenopsis spp. Bacteria are found in all types of ants. The bacteria identified were Bacillus alvei, Bacillus badius, Bacillus insulitus, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter aglomerans, and Klebsiella ozonae, and Enterobacter spp. The ants found in Balai P2B2 Tanah Bumbu are potentially bacterial mechanical vectors.

The combinations Lysobacter enzymogenes subsp. enzymogenes Christensen and Cook 1978, L. enzymogenes subsp. cookii Christensen 1978 and Streptococcus casseliflavus (Mundt and Graham 1968) Vaughan et al. 1979 were in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria at the time of publication in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, but are not to be considered to be included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Opinion 95

The Judicial Commission affirms that, according to information presented to it, the combination Lysobacter enzymogenes subsp. enzymogenes Christensen and Cook 1978, the combination Lysobacter enzymogenes subsp. cookii Christensen 1978 and the combination Streptococcus casseliflavus (Mundt and Graham 1968) Vaughan et al. 1979 were in accordance with the wording of the 1975 and 1992 revisions of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria but they are not to be considered to be included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names.

Definitive Assignment by Multigenome Analysis of the Gammaproteobacterial Genus Thermithiobacillus to the Class Acidithiobacillia

The class Acidithiobacillia was established using multiprotein phylogenetic analysis of all the available genomes of the genus Acidithiobacillus (comprising Family I, the Acidithiobacillaceae, of the Acidithiobacillales, the order created for Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology), and for representative genomes of all available bacterial orders. The Acidithiobacillales contain a second family, the Thermithiobacillaceae, represented by Thermithiobacillus tepidarius, and created on the basis of nearest neighbour 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence similarities. This could not be included in the original multiprotein analysis as no genome sequence for Thermithio bacillus was available. The publication of the genome sequence of Thermithiobacillus tepidarius in 2013 has enabled phylogenetic assessment of this organism by comparative multigenome analysis. This shows definitively that Thermithiobacillus is a member of the class Acidithiobacillia, distinct from the Acidithiobacillus genus, and confirms it to represent a second family within the Acidithiobacillia.