Влияние никеля на время жизни носителей заряда в кремниевых солнечных элементах

It has been shown experimentally that nickel clusters on the surface of a silicon sample contain a large amount of oxygen and recombination impurities - Cu, Fe, Cr, which shows good gettering properties of clusters. The optimum temperature of nickel diffusion into silicon is determined - Т=800-850 ° С. Doping with impurity nickel atoms with the formation of clusters makes it possible to increase the lifetime of nonequilibrium charge carriers in the base of a solar cell by up to 2 times, while the formation of a nickel-enriched region in the face layer is more efficient. It is shown that the effect of additional doping with nickel weakly depends on the sequence of the processes of nickel diffusion and the creation of a working p–n-junction.

KAJIAN ESTETIKA ARSITEKTUR FASAD PADA RUMAH TINGGAL DESA KENALI

The façade is the part that separates the outer and inner areas of the building, which can be interpreted as the leather or face layer of the building. Aesthetics is an architectural term for visually assessing a beauty in an architectural product, which has the value of abstract beauty. In assessing an aesthetic must have 3 things namely utility/ usability, firmness / robustness, and venusitas / beauty. Research using qualitative methods that compare observation results with existing theories. The building that was used as an object is the building of kenali village residence which is a development of the traditional house of pesagi. The purpose of this research is to analyze the aesthetics of the facade and typical facade according to the development of the times in the traditional house of Kenali Village. The elements of the facade are color, wall, ventilation, entrance, column, roof, signboard, balcony and staircase. The aesthetic value highlighted on the facade is the rhythm, composition, proportions, and symmetry shown by the arrangement and selection of openings, the material of the facade walls, and the arrangement of materials on the facade. The balance of aesthetic values on the façade of the building can make an interesting visual that has its own uniqueness.Abstrak: Fasad merupakan bagian yang memisahkan area luar dan dalam bangunan, yang dapat diartikan sebagai lapisan kulit atau muka dari bangunan. Estetika merupakan istilah arsitektur dalam menilai suatu keindahan pada produk arsitektur secara visual, yang memiliki nilai keindahan abstrak. Dalam menilai suatu estetika harus memiliki 3 hal yaitu utilitas/kegunaan, firmitas/kekokohan, dan venusitas/keindahan. Penelitian dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif yang membandingkan hasil observasi dengan teori yang ada. Bangunan yang dijadikan sebagai objek adalah bangunan rumah tinggal Desa Kenali yang merupakan perkembangan dari rumah tradisional pesagi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis estetika fasad dan tipikal fasad sesuai perkembangan zaman pada rumah tradisional Desa Kenali. Elemen pembentuk fasad adalah warna, dinding, ventilasi, entrance, kolom, atap, papan tanda, balkon dan tangga. Nilai estetika yang ditonjolkan pada fasad adalah irama, komposisi, proporsi, dan simetri yang diperlihatkan dengan penyusunan dan pemilihan bukaan, material dinding fasad, serta penataan material pada fasad. Keseimbangan nilai estetika pada fasad bangunan dapat menjadikan suatu visual yang menarik yang memiliki keunikan tersendiri.

Effect of face-layer moisture content and face–core–face ratio of mats on the temperature and vapor pressure behavior during hot-pressing of wood-based panel manufacturing

Wood-based panels are made by consolidating mats of resinous wooden raw materials under a hot-pressing process. This study investigates the effect of face-layer moisture content (MC) and face–core–face (FCF) ratio of mats on the temperature and vapor pressure behavior during the hot-pressing process. Raising the face-layer MC and lowering the face-layer thickness was expected to reduce the time of reaching 100 °C in the hot-pressing process. When the temperature rise was limited or the core temperature decreased after reaching 100 °C (defined as plateau in this study), the mats with 25% and 30% face-layer MC with 1:2:1 FCF ratio reached the highest plateau core temperature, but required a longer time to complete the plateau. The relationship between core plateau temperature and maximum core vapor pressure was well described by the Antoine equation, which empirically models the vapor pressure as a function of temperature. The Antoine equation held across both face-layer MC series (varying face-layer MC at constant FCF ratio) and FCF series (varying FCF ratio at constant face-layer MC). The mat with 20% face-layer MC and 1:2:1 FCF ratio reached 180 °C within the shortest time, regardless of the evaluation conditions.

Vibration-Based Thermal Health Monitoring for Face Layer Debonding Detection in Aerospace Sandwich Structures

This paper investigates the potential of a novel vibration-based thermal health monitoring method for continuous and on-board damage detection in fiber reinforced polymer sandwich structures, as typically used in aerospace applications. This novel structural health monitoring method uses the same principles, which are used for vibration-based thermography in combination with the concept of the local defect resonance, as a well known non-destructive testing method (NDT). The use of heavy shakers for applying strong excitation and infrared cameras for observing thermal responses are key hindrances for the application of vibration-based thermography in real-life structures. However, the present study circumvents these limitations by using piezoelectric wafer active sensors as excitation source, which can be permanently bonded on mechanical structures. Additionally, infrared cameras are replaced by surface temperature sensors for observing the thermal responses due to vibrations and damage. This makes continuous and on-board thermal health monitoring possible. The new method is experimentally validated in laboratory experiments by a sandwich structure with face layer debonding as damage scenario. The debonding is realized by introduction of an insert during the manufacturing process of the specimen. The surface temperature sensor results successfully show the temperature increase in the area of the debonding caused by a sinusoidal excitation of the sandwich structure with the PWAS at the first resonance frequency of the damage. This is validated by conventional infrared thermography. These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed novel thermal health monitoring method for detecting, localizing and estimating sizes of face layer debonding in sandwich structures.

Effects of Flat-Shaped Face Layer Particles and Core Layer Particles of Intentionally Greater Thickness on the Properties of Wood-Reduced Particleboard

Against the background of the intention to reduce the amount of wood used in the production of particleboard for economic reasons, the associated reduction in panel density and consequently the panel properties, the influence of the alternative use of flat-shaped face layer particles and core layer particles of intentionally greater thickness on the panel properties was investigated. Appropriate particles were made for this purpose, panels with typical (650 kg/m3) and reduced wood usage (500 kg/m3) were produced, and e.g., their bending properties and internal bond strength were determined. Particle size characterization was done with sieve analysis, image analysis (length and width measurement), and manual thickness gauging. It was found that the alternative use of the flat-shaped particle significantly increased the bending properties and thus the level of the reference can be achieved despite the reduced use of wood. The reason for the increased bending properties was assumed to be the higher strength of the particles themselves and the more effective adhesive bond between the particles. The increase in internal bond strength when using alternative particles could be attributed solely the different production history (e.g., use of fresh cutting blades and laboratory scale production).

Evaluation of in-plane compressive densification strain of honeycomb paperboard

The compressive densification strain of honeycomb paperboard is one of the important parameters which affect the energy absorption property of honeycomb paperboard. The in-plane bearing mechanism of honeycomb paperboard in plastic zone was analyzed based on compression tests of the single row and multi-rows of honeycomb paperboard. The result indicates that the core layer plays a supporting role in resisting the buckling of the face layer. The double inner folds are formed in machine direction and the symmetrical inner folds are formed in cross direction in a honeycomb core. The core single wall and the face layer play a critical role in the load bearing in machine direction, and the core double walls, core single wall, and face layer all play critical roles in the load bearing in cross direction. On this basis, the evaluation equation of the compressive densification strain was obtained based on the energy absorption efficiency method and geometric scale effect, which are verified so that the experiment and test results are in good agreement.

An analysis of selected traits of typical supply of oak logs and a comparison of the efficiency of their processing into flooring

An analysis of selected traits of typical supply of oak logs and a comparison of efficiency of their processing into flooring. The research was performed on typical supply of oak wood logs of WC02 class, diameter from 29 to 34 cm, measured in the middle of its length (full log length 2.3 m). Wood came from Bobolice forest district, Lubowo forest subdistrict. This type of raw wood is used in standard machining processes (sawing) of multi-layer flooring face layer (top layer, lamella). The application of X-ray computed tomography allows to perform full valuation of raw material quality. The introduction of partially chip-less machining technology leads to significant savings in wood in comparison with standard machining (sawing).

THE ANALYSIS OF DEFECTS AND REPAIR METHODS OF THE FRONT LAYER OF BRICKWORK OF MULTILAYER WALLS ON THE EXAMPLE OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN PERM

The article discusses the problem of defects in the front layer of brickwork of multilayer walls. At many facilities constructed using the technology of laminated masonry with brick facing, after several years of operation, defects such as vertical cracks in the masonry face layer and destruction of the bricks of the face layer begin to appear. These defects violate the aesthetic appearance of the building, reduce the thermal characteristics of the external walls, and, in some cases, can lead to the collapse of certain sections of the brick cladding layer. This problem is considered on the example of a 10-storey residential building with external multilayer walls, located in Perm. The building was commissioned in 2005, but already in 2010, many defects of the front layer of masonry were discovered. The article provides data obtained during surveys carried out in 2010 and 2019. The main defects of the external masonry verst are described, among which one can distinguish the destruction of the masonry face layer, vertical cracks, the absence of stitching along the supporting corner of the masonry, and the absence of expansion joints. The main causes of damage are associated with numerous deviations from the project. The results of calculating the outer verst of brickwork for eccentric compression are presented. As measures aimed at eliminating defects, the article describes possible methods of repairing the face masonry: the installation of vertical and horizontal expansion joints, longitudinal reinforcement and anchoring with BIT rods to prevent the development of vertical cracks and destruction of the masonry.