THE IDEA OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE BEFORE THE PENSION AUTHORITY

The concept of justice, crystallizing over the centuries, is very important in creation of material law and shaping the procedures necessary for their implementation. The importance of ideas and principles of procedural justice for social insurance is essential not only because of the demand of law itself. Procedural justice is also important, because it influences the society. Analysis of the procedure before the pension authority on application for pension or retirement through the prism of the constitutional principle of the rule of law, concept of procedural justice and principle procedural due process indicates that justice is indispensable to realize the principle of the democratic rule of law. Robert S. Summers, recognizing other values of the process, taken from social life, sees the necessity to apply them not so much to the procedure as a means to achieve a specific goal, but to the procedure itself. In this context the procedure before the pension authority should be seen through the prism of the error risk, good result of the procedure, procedure evaluation and participatory management.

The impact of human error on medical procedures

BACKGROUND: Human error has been studied for large decades with special application to critical infrastructures and processes where the impact of such errors can induce severe or catastrophic consequences. In this sense it is of utmost importance to extend this type of analysis to other fields as medicine. OBJECTIVE: This study proposes a semi-quantitative human error risk assessment methodology, including the analysis of the so-called Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs), in order to contribute to health services improvement. METHODS: A questionnaire including the considered PSFs is answered in order to determine the impact of each PSF and its influence on human error. It allows performing a Human Error Risk Assessment (HERA) for both the patient (HERAp) and the quality of the service (HERAq). RESULTS: The results show the PSFs with the highest impact factor. After applying corrective measures, it is possible to observe the impact on the reduction of the risk for patient and for the quality of the service. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the methodology with the inclusion of the impact of PSFs allows minimizing or mitigating failure modes with greater risk as well as increasing patient safety and promoting a better quality of medical procedures.

Evaluating the Appropriateness of Free Text Notes in Electronic Prescriptions Across Time and Electronic Prescribing Version (Preprint)

BACKGROUND The free-text note field of the NCPDP SCRIPT schema allows prescribers to communicate information which the schema does not otherwise accommodate. Including inappropriate (could be sent in a dedicated field) or unnecessary (provides no value to the prescription) notes has a negative impact on patient care, ranging from wasted clinician time to introducing error risk by including conflicting, or incorrect information. OBJECTIVE The research team hypothesized that appropriate usage of the notes field would improve using NCPDP SCRIPT version 2017071 (V2017071) in comparison to NCPDP SCRIPT version 10.6 (V10.6). METHODS As a follow up to the study “Analysis of Prescribers’ Notes in Electronic Prescriptions in Ambulatory Practice”, a qualitative analysis was performed on 5 000 randomly selected prescriptions for which the note field was populated. Notes were classified as appropriate, inappropriate, or unnecessary and then sub-categorized based on content. The team performed three analyses: 1) Comparing the original study to current results 2) Comparing current notes in V10.6 to V2017071, and 3) An updated evaluation of V2017071 notes with reclassified sub-categories. RESULTS No difference was found in the rate of inappropriate and unnecessary notes from the original study (71.45%) to the present-day sample (71.64%), nor when comparing current V10.6 (71.28%) to current V2017071 (72.00%). A 3.23% lower note population rate for V2017071 did reduce the normalized rate of inappropriate and unnecessary notes when comparing V10.6 (11.62%) to V2017071 (9.41%). Lastly, when reclassifying V2017071 sub-categories, the rate of inappropriate and unnecessary notes increased to 89.24%. CONCLUSIONS For most prescriptions containing a note, the note is either inappropriate or unnecessary. This highlights a need to develop e-prescribing and pharmacy software to better utilize available schema elements and influence users to reduce the overall note population rate.

A Systematized Review of Nurses’ Perceptions of Medication Errors Contributing Factors in Developing Countries

Introduction: Nurses are a main factor in maintaining the safety of a patient. Nurses are the main component and are indeed at the front of dispensing medicines to patients; they also have a responsibility to maintain the patient’s safety. Objective: This systematized review intends to review studies that assess and explore nurses’ attitudes and perceptions of medication errors in developing countries within the Middle East region, thereby contributing to knowledge regarding medication error risk. Methodology: a database search has been conducted for studies related to the research question that has been formulated using PEO framework, the database includes: MEDLINE and CINAHL EBSCO and OVID, NICE, Science Direct and ERIC. The reference lists and bibliographies were also analyzed, all the studies founded during the search process were assessed according to predefine inclusion and exclusion criteria. 10 studies (6 quantitative studies, 3 qualitative and 1 which used mixed methods) were chosen and were included in this review. Result: The studies assessed in this review were noted to have moderate to strong quality. The review found a range of factors that contribute to medication error, including both human and environmental factors. Among the contributing factors that most frequently mentioned inthis review were insufficient pharmacological knowledge, fatigue and overwork, communication breakdown, inadequate staff training, and high patient-to-nurse ratio. Conclusion and Recommendation: It would behave Saudi Arabia and neighboring countries to invest attention in this topic. Particularly advised would be additional theoretically focused research to determine the causes of medication errors.

Binomial Count Information: How Do the Usual Approximations Fare?

Focus Decision-making is often aided by examining False Positive Error-risk profiles [FPEs]. In this research report, the decision-making jeopardy that one invites by eschewing the Exact factorial-binomial Probability-values used to form the FPEs in favor of: (i) Normal Approximations [NA], or (ii) Continuity-Corrected Normal Approximations [CCNA] is addressed. Results Referencing an audit context where testing sample sizes for Re-Performance & Re-Calculation protocols are, by economic necessity, in the range of 20 to 100 account items, there are indications that audit decisions would benefit by using the Exact Probability-values. Specifically, using a jeopardy-screen of ±2.5% created by benchmarking the NA & the CCNA by the Exact FPEs, it is observed that: (i) for sample sizes of 100 there is little difference between the Exact and the CCNA FPEs, (ii) almost uniformly for both sample extremes of 20 and 100, the FPEs created using the NA are lower and outside the jeopardy screen, finally (iii) for the CCNA-arm for sample sizes of n = 20, only sometimes are the CCNA FPEs interior to the jeopardy screen. These results call into question not using the Exact Factorial Binomial results. Finally, an illustrative example is offered of an A priori FPE-risk Decision-Grid that can be parametrized and used in a decision-making context.

The impact of СOVID-19 on the global economy in the context of globalization

Research background: When analyzing the results, hypotheses were tested for the presence of a statistically significant relationship between the studied variables with a 5% error risk. The chi-square method was used to test for a statistically significant relationship, and the Cramer coefficient was used to determine the strength of the relationship. A survey conducted in Azerbaijan found mostly moderate statistically significant relationships between individual variables. Purpose of the article: The article discusses the most important aspects of the contemporary global problem of coronavirus infection COVID-19, shows the distribution of coronavirus across countries, analyzes the ability of different countries to counteract epidemics and pandemics by the Global Health Safety Index, shows the real situation of the effectiveness of the health systems of some countries in the fight against a pandemic. The aim of this study is to examine several aspects in connection with the pandemic and its impact on the education and tourism sector. The work also shows the impact of the pandemic on the global economy in general and on international tourism in particular. To activate the tourism market, the development of virtual tourism is proposed, which has great prospects in terms of quarantines and border closures. Methods: The article applies such general scientific research methods as analysis and synthesis, a systematic approach, methods of comparisons, expert assessments, as well as a method of analyzing hierarchies. Findings & Value added: Universities - many of which rely heavily on revenue from their foreign intakes - are being pushed to the brink. Around the world, international students and their parents are weighing their options as the pandemic wreaks havoc like never before on the overseas university education business. What was relevant this morning is already outdated by noon. Our task is to track existing trends, moods and suggest some prospects for getting out of the situation or adapting to it.

Pilot training and surgical education: flying towards a brighter future

AimHuman factors, surgery and aviation are intimately tied together by the common threads of error, risk and interpersonal relationships. A plethora of research abounds in all disciplines individually. The lessons learnt in one domain however are not unique and can be shared between all to promote best practice, further research and a greater understanding at a fundamental level.MethodsA structured, thematic, literature review was performed. PubMed, EMBASE and Ovid MEDLINE databases were interrogated directly. The Health Foundation, National Health Service and Department of Health online databases were used through querying intrinsic search functions.ResultsWith expanding use of technologies such as checklists, there is a gap left to better address and understand the nuances and roles of stress, communication and emotion on both learning and clinical practice. These can be prominent in the high-pressure environments shared between aviation and surgery.ConclusionsThe authors explore lessons learnt from aviation, the human factors applicable to both and how they can be extrapolated to improve patient safety outcomes and promote the use of the ‘Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware’ tool to aid practice.