Techniques to Deal with Off-Diagonal Elements in Confusion Matrices

Confusion matrices are numerical structures that deal with the distribution of errors between different classes or categories in a classification process. From a quality perspective, it is of interest to know if the confusion between the true class A and the class labelled as B is not the same as the confusion between the true class B and the class labelled as A. Otherwise, a problem with the classifier, or of identifiability between classes, may exist. In this paper two statistical methods are considered to deal with this issue. Both of them focus on the study of the off-diagonal cells in confusion matrices. First, McNemar-type tests to test the marginal homogeneity are considered, which must be followed from a one versus all study for every pair of categories. Second, a Bayesian proposal based on the Dirichlet distribution is introduced. This allows us to assess the probabilities of misclassification in a confusion matrix. Three applications, including a set of omic data, have been carried out by using the software R.

Efektivitas Penerapan Terapi Musik Mozart (Violin Concerto) Terhadap Nyeri Haid Primer

Menstrual pain is a symptom that occurs when hormone progesterone in the body is in balanced which can relief with classical music therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Mozart music therapy on primary menstrual pain in students of the nursing Program at Tribuwana Tunggadewi University Malang. The research Science design used one-group pre-post test design. Samples are Student of Nursing Science program of UNITRI bortch 2020 which experienced menstrual used or primary menstrual pain amounted 30 people. Data collecting used purposive sampling. Instrument research used by observation level pain or NRS (numerical rating scale). Data analyzed by Marginal Homogeneity Test. The result of the study prove almost half the of student of nursing science program at tribhuwana tunggadewi university malang batch 2020 said the experienced level of primary menstruasi pain are very severe and most of them experienced severe level of paint. The result of marginal homogeneity test obtained ñvalue: (0,000) (0,005) so that there is on effect of therapy classical music mozart against primary menstrual pain on Student of Nursing Science Program At Tribhuwana Tunggadewi University Malang. Batch 2020. Based on this research, it is hoped that further researchers can ensure other factors that reduce the level of primary menstrual pain

Survey of the Relationship Between Extroversion and Transition in Cigarette and Hookah Smoking Stages in High School Students in Tabriz: A Longitudinal Study

Background: Smoking is a major public health problem that specifically affects the adolescent population health and future. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between extroversion and transition in cigarette and hookah smoking stages in high school students in Tabriz city.Methods: A sample of 2256 high school students aged 15-16 years old in Tabriz was included in the study. Demographic characteristics, cigarette, and hookah smoking status, and Eysenck’s extroversion questionnaires were completed by all students in the selected schools. Eight months later, cigarette and hookah smoking status was assessed again to determine transition in smoking stages. Marginal Homogeneity test was used to compare the smoking status at the beginning and eight months later. The Generalized Estimating Equation method with the ordinal link was applied to estimate the effect of extroversion on transition in smoking stages.Results: The mean (SD) age of the students participating in the study was 15.5 (0.5) years old. Marginal homogeneity test results show that, in general, transmission in the stages of both cigarette and hookah smoking in eight months was significant in students (P-Value <0.0001). Extrovert personality had a significant positive effect on the transition from lower stages to higher cigarette and hookah smoking stages according to GEE with ordinal link (P<0.0001). In cigarette and hookah smoking, extrovert persons transited to higher stages 1.56 and 1.68 times than introvert persons.Conclusions: Being an extrovert person had a significant effect in the transitioning to higher stages of smoking cigarettes and hookah.

Measure of departure from average marginal homogeneity for the analysis of collapsed ordinal square contingency tables

Summary In clinical research, collected data are often classified into ordered categories using a set threshold to evaluate efficacy and safety of treatment. Data can be summarized as a shift table, which displays the change in the frequency of subjects across specified categories from the baseline to post-baseline. Although ordered categories are sometimes recombined into three categories, the combined patterns vary. To consider various collapsed patterns comprehensively, this paper proposes a new measure that represents the degree of departure from average marginal homogeneity, and can distinguish between two kinds of marginal inhomogeneity. Additionally, applications of the proposed measure to clinical data are discussed.

An Educational Video For Earthquake Disaster Preparedness In Students At St. Aloysius Weetabula Christian Middle School, Southwest Sumba

Bencana gempa bumi dapat memberikan dampak bahaya dan ancaman atau kerugian bagi masyarakat. Diperlukan upaya untuk mencegah dan meminimalisir dampak dari gempa bumi. Edukasi kesiapsiagaan bencana dengan media video dinilai efektif dalam peningkatan kesiapsiagaan bencana gempa bumi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh edukasi video kesiapsiagaan bencana gempa bumi pada siswa SMPK St. Aloysius Weetabula Sumba Barat Daya. Desain penelitian menggunakan One-Group Pra-Post Test Design. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMPK St Aloysius Weetabula Sumba Barat Daya pada 25 februari – 6 Maret 2020. Populasi penelitian ini adalah 338 siswa – siswi di SMPK St Aloysius Weetabula Sumba Barat Daya dan sampel sejumlah 327 responden dengan teknik simple random sampling. Variabel dependent dalam penelitian ini adalah kesiapsiagaan bencana gempa bumi. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner. Analisa data bivariat yang digunakan yaitu uji marginal homogeneity (p value < 0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebelum diberikan edukasi video kesiapiagaan bencana sebagian besar peserta (59,9%) memiliki kesiapsiagaan kurang sedangkan sesudah edukasi video, sebagian besar peserta (54,1%) memiliki kesiapsiagaan baik. Hasil uji marginal homogeneity menunjukkan p value= (0,000).

Pendidikan Gizi dengan Audio Visual Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Ibu Menyusui tentang Pemberian Makan pada Bayi dan Anak

Kesalahan dalam Pemberian Makan Pada Bayi dan Anak (PMBA) dapat mengakibatkan terganggunya pemenuhan gizi. Data riskesdas 2018 melaporkan kasus gizi buruk pada anak Balita di NTT mencapai 29,5%. Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap pemenuhan gizi anak yaitu pengetahuan ibu. Pengetahuan ibu perlu ditingkatkan melalui pendidikan gizi terkait PMBA menggunakan audio visual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur perbedaan pengetahuan ibu menyusui sebelum dan sesudah pendidikan gizi tentang pemberian makan bayi dan anak di Kota Kupang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian preeksperimen dan rancangan one group pretest–posttest design. Intervensi yang diberikan yaitu pendidikan gizi tentang PMBA menggunakan audio visual. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu menyusui di wilayah kota kupang dan samplenya yaitu ibu menyusui yang memiliki anak usia 6-23 bulan. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan purposive sampling. Jumlah sampel adalah 100 responden dengan melihat tabel hasil rumus sampel pada Hulley. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Marginal Homogeneity. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kota kupang selama bulan Agustus 2020. Analisis bivariate menunjukkan nilai p=0,000 (p<0,05), yang berarti terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan pada ibu menyusui setelah diberikan pendidikan kesehatan. Bagi tenaga kesehatan, sangat perlu melakukan pendidikan gizi untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu menyusui tentang PMBA.

Pre-Existing Cardiovascular Conditions as Clinical Predictors of Myocarditis Reporting with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A VigiBase Study

Although rare, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related myocarditis can be life-threatening, even fatal. In view of increased ICI prescription, identification of clinical risk factors for ICI-related myocarditis is of primary importance. This study aimed to assess whether pre-existing cardiovascular (CV) patient conditions are associated with the reporting of ICI-related myocarditis in VigiBase, the WHO global database of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs). In a (retrospective) matched case-control study, 108 cases of ICI-related myocarditis and 108 controls of ICI-related ADRs other than myocarditis were selected from VigiBase. Drugs labeled as treatment for CV conditions (used as a proxy for concomitant CV risk factors and/or CV diseases) were found to be associated more strongly with the reporting of ICI-related myocarditis than with other ICI-related ADRs (McNemar’s chi-square test of marginal homogeneity: p = 0.026, Cramer’s coefficient of effect size: Φ = 0.214). No significant association was found between pre-existing diabetes and ICI-related myocarditis reporting (McNemar’s test of marginal homogeneity: p = 0.752). These findings offer an invitation for future prospective pharmacoepidemiological studies to assess the causal relationship between pre-existing CV conditions and myocarditis onset in a cohort of cancer patients followed during ICI treatment.

PENGARUH TERAPI MUSIK SUARA AIR MENGALIR DENGAN BRAINWAVE TERHADAP PENURUNAN TINGKAT DEPRESI PADA LANSIA DI RUMAH PELAYANAN SOSIAL LANJUT USIA WENING WARDOYO UNGARAN

Saat masa usia lanjut sering terjadi penurunan kondisi fisik/ biologis, kondisi psikologis, serta perubahan kondisi sosial dan ekonomi, yang akan berpengaruh pada seluruh aspek kehidupan termasuk kesehatannya. Depresi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan jiwa yang sering muncul pada lansia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh pemberian terapi musik suara air mengalir dengan brainwave terhadap tingkat depresi lansia di Rumah Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Wening Wardoyo Ungaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain pre-eksperimen design dengan menggunakan pendekatan one group pretest-postest design. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling dengan jumlah sampel 31 responden. Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menilai tingkat depresi lansia menggunakan kuesioner Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 3 hari pada pagi dan sore hari selama 15 menit. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji Marginal Homogeneity. Penelitian ini menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan dari uji Marginal Homogeneity yaitu p value 0,003 yang artinya p< 0,05. Ada Pengaruh pemberian Terapi Musik Suara Air Mengalir dengan Brainwave terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Depresi pada Lansia di Rumah Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Wening Wardoyo Ungaran.